In most areas, Zhuang people are used to eating three meals by solar eclipse. In a few areas, Zhuang people also eat four meals, that is, adding a small meal between lunch and dinner. Breakfast and Chinese food are relatively simple, generally porridge is eaten, dinner is dinner, dry rice is eaten more, and dishes are more abundant. Rice and corn are abundant grains in Zhuang areas and naturally become their staple food.
The daily vegetables include green vegetables, melon seedlings, melon leaves, Beijing cabbage (Chinese cabbage), Chinese cabbage, rape, mustard, lettuce, celery, spinach, kale, water spinach, radish, bitter herbs, and even bean leaves, sweet potato leaves, pumpkin seedlings, pumpkin flowers and pea seedlings can also be vegetables. Boiling is the most common, and there is also the habit of pickling vegetables, such as pickled cabbage, sour bamboo shoots, salted radish, kohlrabi and so on. Add lard, salt and chopped green onion when cooking.
Zhuang people can't help eating any kind of livestock meat, such as pork, beef, mutton, chicken, duck, goose, etc. In some areas, they also love eating dog meat. Pork is also cooked in whole, then cut into square pieces, and then returned to the pot with seasoning. Zhuang people are used to making fresh chicken, duck, fish and vegetables into 7-8% maturity, and then frying the vegetables in a hot pot and then taking them out of the pot, which can keep the delicious taste of the dishes.
Zhuang people like to hunt and cook game and insects, and they have a lot of research on the dietotherapy of Panax notoginseng. It is very distinctive to cook with flowers, leaves, roots and whiskers of Panax notoginseng. Zhuang nationality is also good at roasting, frying, stewing, salting and marinating, addicted to alcohol, with spicy and sour taste, and likes to eat crisp and fragrant dishes. The main specialties are: spicy blood, roasted meat, roast duck in Zhuang family, salted liver, crispy fried bee, spiced bean worm, fried worm, skin and liver, ginger rabbit meat, white fried frog with three or seven flowers, and pounded chicken.
Zhuang people also brew rice wine, sweet potato wine and cassava wine, all of which are not too strong. Among them, rice wine is the main drink for festivals and hospitality, and some rice wine is called chicken gall wine with chicken offal, chicken miscellaneous wine with pig liver. Drink chicken offal wine and pork liver wine in one gulp, and chew the chicken offal and pork liver left in your mouth slowly, which can not only relieve hangover, but also serve as a dish.
typical food: there are many famous dishes and snacks in Zhuang nationality, mainly including: horse's feet, raw fish, roast suckling pig, glutinous rice with flowers, Ningming Zhuangzong, champion firewood, white-cut dog meat, Zhuangjia Crispy Chicken, stewed dog with broken face and dragon pump.
architecture
Zhuang people who live in dam areas and near towns, their houses are mostly brick-wood structures, with whitewashed exterior walls and decorative patterns painted on the eaves. Zhuang people living in remote mountainous areas, most of their village houses are tile-roofed houses or straw houses with civil structures, and there are generally two architectural styles: semi-dry-fence and full-land residence.
ganlan, also called mulou and diaojiaolou. Zhuang, Dong, Yao, Miao and Han all have it. Mostly two floors. The upper floor is usually 3 days or 5 rooms for people. The lower floor is the foot of the wooden building column, which is made of bamboo pieces and wooden boards. It can be used as a stable for livestock, or for stacking farm tools, firewood and sundries. Some also have attics and ancillary buildings. Generally, the dry fences are surrounded by mountains and rivers, facing the fields, with broad prospects and good lighting. A stockade and a community, as a whole, are magnificent and spectacular. In some villages, every family is connected and integrated, just like a big family. The pattern of living rooms has its own characteristics. The trunk fence of Zhuang nationality in Longji Township, Longsheng County is centered on the shrine, behind the shrine, in the middle is the public house (centered on the hostess), and in the left corner is the woman's house, with a small door communicating with the public house. The housewife's room is in the right corner. The husband's room is outside the right side of the hall. The guest room is in the left corner of the vestibule, and the girls' room is next to the stairs in the right corner, which is convenient for them to associate with the boys. The biggest feature of this layout is that husband and wife live in different rooms and follow the ancient customs. At present, the internal structure of the main fence has changed slightly, but the basic pattern remains unchanged.
Clothing
Zhuang men often wear double-breasted coats with buttons tied with cloth. Sew a small pocket on the chest to match the two large pockets on the abdomen, and fold the hem inward into a wide edge; The trousers are short and wide, and some are leggings; A headscarf with embroidered patterns. Blue and black are the same hobbies of Zhuang women, who like to wear long skirts and short coats, with blue embroidered handkerchief on their heads and exquisite waists. Jackets are divided into two types: double-breasted and offset. Right-handed shirt, collar, cuffs and hem are embroidered with colored lace; With fat black pants. There are also black pleated skirts with colorful embroidery on the top and colorful cloth stickers on the bottom, which are dazzling in color. Tie cloth, embroidered waist, wearing a black headscarf embroidered with patterns. Wear embroidered shoes and embroidered shoulder pads on festivals or catch-up fairs.
Etiquette
The Zhuang nationality is a hospitable people. In the past, guests who visited any Zhuang village were regarded as guests of the whole village. Often, several families took turns to invite them to dinner, and sometimes they ate five or six meals at a time. At ordinary times, we have the habit of visiting each other. For example, if a family kills pigs, we must invite one person from each household in the village to have a meal. Be sure to prepare wine on the table to entertain guests, which will be grand. The custom of toasting is to "drink a cup". In fact, a white porcelain spoon is used instead of a cup.
when guests arrive home, they will give them the best accommodation as far as they can, especially for the elderly and new guests. When eating, you must wait for the oldest old man to sit down before you can eat; The younger generation must not eat the dishes that the elders have not moved; When serving tea and rice to elders and guests, you must hold it with both hands, and you can't hand it to your elders in front of the guests or behind your back. Those who finish eating first should say "eat slowly" to their elders and guests one by one before leaving; The younger generation can't eat after the whole table.
respecting the old and loving the young is a traditional virtue of Zhuang nationality. Old people in Lu Yu should take the initiative to say hello and give way, and don't cross their legs, swear words or cross from the old people. When killing a chicken, the head of the chicken and the nose of the chicken must be respected to the elderly. Old people in Lu Yu should be called "grandfather" for men and "grandmother" or "old lady" for women. When you meet a guest or a person with a heavy load, you should take the initiative to give way. If you meet an elderly person with a heavy load, you should take the initiative to help and send it to the breakup.
taboo
The Zhuang people are forbidden to kill animals on the first day of the first lunar month; Young women in some areas avoid eating beef and dog meat; For the first three days (some for the first seven days), women are forbidden to let outsiders in; Women who have not yet given birth to a full moon are forbidden to visit their homes. When you board the bamboo house of Zhuang people, you usually take off your shoes. Zhuang people are forbidden to enter their homes wearing hats and carrying hoes or other farm tools, so they should put down their farm tools and take off their hats and hats when they arrive at Zhuang's door. Huotang and Zaotang are the most sacred places in the Zhuang family. It is forbidden to step on the tripod and stove on the Huotang with your feet. When young Zhuang people get married, pregnant women are forbidden to participate, especially pregnant women can't see the bride. Especially pregnant women can't enter the maternal home. If there are parturients at home, it is forbidden to hang sleeves and branches or insert a knife on the door. Those who accidentally break into the maternal home must give the baby a name and give it a set of clothes. A chicken or a corresponding gift, be a child's michel platini and dopted mother.
As a rice-growing people, the Zhuang people love frogs very much. In some places, the Zhuang people have a special "frog worship instrument", so it is forbidden to kill frogs or eat frog meat in Zhuang areas. Whenever there is a flood or other major disaster, the Zhuang people will hold an ancestor worship activity to beg the Dragon for disaster relief. After the ceremony, a monument was erected at the entrance of the village, and outsiders were refused to enter the village.
culture and art
Zhuang people are also famous for singing folk songs, which are euphemistic, rhyming and infectious. Folk songs include ancient songs telling history, "production songs" teaching life skills, and "wine songs" and "love songs". Folk songs are mainly "bitter songs", such as "long-term workers' songs" and "women's bitter love songs". Zhuang people are also good at dancing, and have a long history of "bronze drum dance", with distinct rhythm and vigorous dance steps.
The Zhuang people are good at singing, and the annual folk song meeting is called Gewei. The third day of the third lunar month is the most grand. More than ten thousand people attended the big song fair. Liu Sanjie, known as a singing fairy, is a typical representative of Zhuang singers. During the Song Fair, recreational activities such as throwing hydrangeas and touching eggs were held between men and women, eating five-color glutinous rice, singing Zhuang opera and holding material exchanges. I wish the grain a bumper harvest. The Zhuang people had dances in the Tang Dynasty. There are many cliff paintings painted by the ancestors of Zhuang nationality on the steep cliffs in Ningming and Longzhou, Guangxi. Casting and using bronze drums has a history of more than 2 years in Zhuang nationality. Zhuang brocade is a famous textile handicraft.
Gexu
Gexu is popular in Zhuang areas. The fair period varies from place to place, but generally it is the most prosperous in spring and autumn. Spring is more than a period of time after the Spring Festival, which is the fourth day of the first month or the seventh day of the first month, February 19th, March 3rd, March 16th, etc. Autumn is more than a period after the Mid-Autumn Festival, such as August 15th or September 9th and October 1th. In addition, there are irregular song fairs, which are frequent and common. Regular song fairs are usually held three or two times a year, with tens of thousands of large-scale participants and one or two thousand small ones. Irregular song fairs are generally small, with 3 to 5 people and 1 to 2 people. The songs sung at the fair are mainly about the pursuit of beautiful love ideals by young men and women. Its contents are generally meeting songs, invitation songs, disc songs, new songs, love songs, vows songs, farewell songs and so on. Gewei usually lasts for one day, and there are also two or three consecutive days. In addition to young people, there are also middle-aged and young people attending the song fair. Old people and children mainly "watch the war", appreciate and judge. Some old singers take part in activities, but they don't sing, but serve as advisers to young people. The song fair is very lively. Apart from young people singing songs, there are also singers and businessmen. All kinds of daily necessities, silk fabrics, food and cakes, chicken, duck, fish and vegetables are available. In fact, Gewei also has the nature of a fair.
Gehui
Gehui is different from Gexu, probably derived from Gexu. The duration of the concert is not necessarily, and it can be held at any time as long as necessary. The number of people attending the song concert ranges from thousands to as few as thirty or twenty. The songs sung at the concert are mainly about expressing the Zhuang people's ideological passion for changing society and life and their longing for the future life. Its content generally begins with the opening song, and then goes to offering songs, competing songs, commenting songs, harmony songs, learning songs, unity songs and so on. Generally, the people who attend the concert are adults who have a sense of current politics.
Marriage custom
In the past, the marriage of Zhuang people was arranged by their parents, but they were free to fall in love before marriage. It is popular to stay at home or "sit at home", and it is still practiced in some places. Most of the houses are the same as those of the local Han nationality. In some areas, residents live on the second floor, with people living upstairs and livestock piling downstairs. In recent years, it has changed, and people and livestock are separated. Most of the costumes are the same as those of the Han nationality, but there are still many places that still retain the characteristics of their own national costumes, and they vary from place to place. Men often wear Tang suit. Cloth used to be self-woven homespun. There used to be a custom of tattooing, but now it has changed. Diet, like to eat pickled sour food, sashimi as a delicacy. The staple food is rice and corn. On the New Year's Day, rice is used to make various Zhuang women's powders and cakes. Women have the custom of chewing betel nut. When you get married, you must give betel nuts. In addition to offering sacrifices to ancestors, there are also natural worship, such as offering sacrifices to mountain gods, water gods and sun gods. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, Buddhism and Taoism were introduced into the Zhuang area first and then. In modern times, missionaries went to Zhuang towns to establish Christian and Catholic churches, but the impact was not great.
In the Zhuang nationality's residence, when people meet the old people on the road, they should take the initiative to greet them and step back to the roadside to ask them to pass first. When the old man enters the house, he should be invited to sit on the seat. If someone sits cross-legged in front of the old man, it is considered disrespectful to the old man and will be condemned by everyone.
Religion
The ancient Zhuang people did not form a unified religion, and their ancestors developed from nature worship to ancestor worship and polytheism. The Zhuang people generally worship their ancestors, and the god's wall of every main hall is dedicated to the "position of heaven and earth as a teacher" and the ancestor's god.
After the Tang and Song Dynasties, Buddhism and Taoism were introduced first, and temples were established. After 1858, Catholicism was introduced, and Christianity was introduced in 1862, but none of them spread. Every family has a shrine to worship their ancestors. In many areas, witches and witches have divined divination.
Historical figures
Every nation has emerged many great or far-reaching figures in its long history. "The types of men and women-people produced by a civilization just show the essence and personality of the civilization, that is, the soul of the civilization". (1) Zhuang nationality is no exception. Therefore, outstanding historical figures of Zhuang nationality have always emerged in an endless stream: Luo Cheng (Rong became the king), Liang Feng (the king of Zhennan), Pan Chang 'an (the king of Annan), Huang Shaoqing, A Nong (Nong Zhigao's biological mother, "Ya Wang"), Nong Zhigao (who once built "Dali Kingdom" and "Southern Heaven") and Madame Vasquez (an anti-Japanese hero) Zheng Xianfu (scholar in Qing Dynasty), Lu Tao (commander-in-chief of Guizhou Army and governor of Guizhou Province), Wei Baqun (leader of modern peasant movement in China), Wei Guoqing (former vice-chairman of the National People's Congress), Gan Ku (former vice-chairman of the National People's Congress), Huang Xianfan (founder of modern ethnology in China), Tan Yingji, Huang Rong and other outstanding historical figures can be described as books.
Festivals
The traditional festivals of Zhuang nationality mainly include "Longduan" (Zhuang language, meaning to drive the dam). According to legend, this festival has a history of more than 7 years, originally to commemorate the story of the national hero Nong Zhigao (Zhuang nationality) who rose up against the Song Dynasty in April 152. Now, Longduan Street has developed into a traditional festival for people of Zhuang, Yao, Miao, Yi and Han nationalities in Funing County to exchange materials and celebrate together. Other festivals of Zhuang nationality are the same as those of Han nationality.
the spring festival of the Zhuang nationality
the spring festival of the Zhuang nationality lasts for ***3 days from New Year's Eve to the first and second days of the first month, but the fourth to fifth days are still considered as the Spring Festival period. It is the most grand festival of the year. Generally, preparations are made from the 23rd day of the twelfth lunar month. Every household engages in cleaning, sewing clothes and trousers, buying new year's goods, posting couplets, making cakes, killing pigs and making zongzi. The Spring Festival is also a reunion day. Anyone who works outside usually goes home to have a reunion dinner before the 3th. During the Spring Festival, in addition to visiting relatives and friends, young men and women often take part in cultural and sports activities such as singing duets, playing top, dancing, ball games and acting. On new year's eve
every family kills chickens and ducks, steaming braised pork, powdered refined meat, making barbecued pork and so on. In the eight courses of dinner, "white chopped chicken" is indispensable. Families with old people will stew pig's feet and whole chicken. Rice needs to be cooked a lot and left for the next day, which symbolizes wealth.
On New Year's Eve
Every family should keep the New Year's Eve until midnight when chickens crow and firecrackers are set off to get rid of the old and welcome the new. In the past, some places called setting off firecrackers "recruiting ox spirits" (called "Ou Hunhuai" in Zhuang language), which means that the ox spirits are still scattered in the fields, and the ox spirits are recruited back. At the beginning of the new year, the ox should work hard for his master's family again. At the beginning of "recruiting cattle spirits", some people beat gongs and drums, played the flute and played the flute, and the whole village was filled with a joyful atmosphere. Zhuang family wraps zongzi for the New Year, but never eats zongzi on New Year's Eve.
On the first and second day of the first month
All visitors must eat zongzi. Zongzi of Zhuang family is a more noble food. There are large and small zongzi, the big one weighs one or two Jin, the small one weighs two or three Liang, and there is another one called "Feng Mo" (extra-large zongzi), which weighs one or two Jin. The main raw material of zongzi is glutinous rice, but it should have stuffing. The stuffing is made of peeled mung beans and semi-fat, non-thin pigskin mixed with sauce, which is held in the heart of zongzi. After cooking, its flavor is a must.
Gyro Festival
A famous sports event, Gyro Festival, is held every year in Guangxi where Zhuang people live in compact communities. The time is from two or three days before New Year's Eve to the 16th day of the first month of the New Year, which lasts more than half a month. Gyro, called "Lejiang" in Zhuang language, is large and small, light and heavy. Some are as big as Hetian pomelo, weighing about a catty, some are as small as goose eggs, and some are 232. To make a gyro, you must choose hard wood with good quality. Its head should be smooth. When you "hit", use two or three feet of hemp rope to wrap it round and round until you think it is appropriate, and then use the ring finger and little finger of your right hand to hold the end of the hemp rope quickly.