China Edible Mushroom Business Network 2020-11-04 14:52
Segmented wood cultivation is to cut down the trees suitable for mushroom growth, cut them into a certain length, carry out artificial inoculation, and carry out the method of mushroom cultivation under suitable environmental conditions. The specific steps are introduced as follows:
(a) Selection of mushroom farm
The mushroom farm should be selected in the place where mushroom trees are rich in resources, easy to be transported and managed, ventilated and sunny, and well-drained. Two-field system should be adopted to cultivate shiitake mushrooms, i.e. the germination room and the mushroom farm should be separated. The mushroom room should be clean, insulated and ventilated for discharging mushroom bags. The mushroom room can be utilized in old houses, simple sheds, plastic greenhouses, caves, basements, etc., and it should be sterilized and pest-control before use. The selection of mushroom farm should be based on the biological characteristics of shiitake mushrooms, to create environmental conditions suitable for the growth and development of shiitake mushrooms, and to be able to give the temperature, humidity and light control conditions during the mushrooming period. The mushroom farm should be selected in a place with sufficient sunshine, large temperature difference, near water source, flat terrain, convenient transportation and good ventilation. Build artificial shade huts in sites with poor natural shade, or plant fast-growing trees for shading in combination with long-term planning. The soil quality of the mushroom farm is the best with sandy soil containing much gravel, which can make the environment of the mushroom farm clean, and the mushroom wood is not easy to be infected with pests and diseases.
(2) Preparation of wood
1. Selection of mushroom trees
There is a rich variety of trees for edible mushroom cultivation. At present, there are no less than 200 kinds of trees that can be used for mushroom cultivation, involving more than 30 families. The vast majority of them belong to the family of Crustacea, Betulaceae, Hamamelidaceae and Mapleaceae, in addition to some species of Leguminosae, Jasminaceae, Euphorbiaceae and so on. Commonly used tree species include oak, Quercus serrata, Quercus mongolica, Quercus corkyi, Quercus alba, Castanopsis tiliacea, Quercus chinkapinensis, Castanopsis tiliacea, and maple trees. Pine, cypress, fir and other conifers are usually not used because they contain aromatic substances such as phenols, which have a certain inhibitory effect on the growth of mycelium. To the age of 15~30 years old trees is the most suitable, mushroom wood diameter 5~20 cm logs are good. Small trees, due to thin bark, soft material and other factors, although the mushroom early, but the mushroom wood is easy to rot, the mushroom duration is short, the production of mushrooms and small and thin; old trees, although the mushroom late, but can produce a lot of high-quality shiitake mushrooms, but the diameter of the old tree is larger, not easy to manage. When choosing the wood, the bark should be moderately thick and thin, tight and not easy to fall off, with good heat preservation and moisturizing, heat insulation and air permeability, with a certain degree of elasticity, moderately soft and hard wood, with well-developed sapwood and less heartwood. Mushroom wood should be selected from non-economic forests that are rich in local resources and easy to survive afforestation. After cutting down the spring of the next year to make up, in order to maintain the ecological balance and mushroom wood resources.
2, cut trees at the right time
Selected trees should be cut in time, the dormant period is the best season to cut trees, usually in late fall and winter. At this time, the tree is rich in nutrients, the sap flow is slow or stop, the bark is not easy to peel off, this time to cut down the tree is best. In the felling and handling process, the bark must be kept intact and not fall off. Without the bark of the section of wood mycelium is difficult to colonize, it is also difficult to form the original base and mushroom buds.
3. Proper drying
The purpose of drying is to reduce the water content and at the same time promote the death of the tree cells, so that it becomes a suitable substrate for the growth of shiitake mushrooms. Usually, the mushroom tree after felling is called log, and the log after cutting off branches is called segmented log. The drying of logs is to regulate the moisture content of the logs so as to facilitate the growth of mushroom mycelium in the logs. Different tree species need different drying time, the trees after felling should not be inoculated immediately because the cells will not die immediately, they should be put in place for a few days until the trees lose part of their moisture. When the heart of the tree due to water evaporation and the emergence of a few short and thin cracks, said the section of wood dry appropriate, generally in 40 ~ 50%. Sections of wood moisture content is too high mold easy to invade; moisture content is too low, after inoculation, the strain is easy to lose water shrinkage, difficult to survive. Drying time can not be generalized, often drying no sprouting power to the degree, or inoculation holes when not oozing sap is appropriate. Generally speaking would rather be wetter than too dry, so be sure to dry properly.
4, shaving branches cut off
After the log is dry, it should be timely to shave branches cut off. This work should be carried out on sunny days. Cut the log into 1 ~ 1.2m long section of wood. Cut off the ends of the section of wood and branch cut surface to be 5% lime water or 0.1% potassium permanganate solution dip coating, to prevent fungal infection.
(C) segment wood inoculation
1, determine the inoculation season
Artificial cultivation of shiitake mushrooms, in the range of temperature 5 ~ 20 ℃ can be inoculated, which, with the average monthly temperature of 10 ℃ or so is most suitable. If inoculation is too early, it is easy to be frozen; if inoculation is too late, it is easy to be infected by high temperature. Such as the Yangtze River Basin inoculation season is generally in the spring, late February to the end of April planting. South China's winter temperature is often above 2 ~ 3 ℃, can be in December to the next year's March inoculation. The most suitable season for inoculation in East China is late November to early December.
2, the selection of strains
Selection of suitable age, strong vitality, no fungi, with excellent genetic traits, suitable for segmented wood cultivation of high-quality strains, eliminating unqualified strains. Available wood chip strains, branch strains or wood block strains.
3, eyeballing inoculation
General use of electric drills or punching holes in the section of wood, regardless of the use of which strains, strains and inoculation holes around the section of wood should be in good contact with the wood, leaving no gaps, in order to facilitate the germination of strains planted. Inoculation holes are mostly arranged in the shape of a plum, row spacing 5~6 cm, hole spacing 10~15 cm, hole depth 1.5~1.8 cm. After playing a good hole, take a small piece of the strain stuffed into the hole, the amount should not be too much, to fill the hole until. Do not use wooden sticks and other things pounded plug. After loading the fungus, in the hole immediately covered with bark, with a hammer gently knocked tightly, so that the best bark and the surface of the wood is flat. The thickness of the bark cover to 0.5 centimeters is appropriate, too thin easy to be sun cracked or fall off. Good conditions, but also available paraffin sealing. Paraffin sealing material formula is: 75% paraffin, rosin 20%, 5% lard, heating melting and blending, to be slightly cooled, with a brush dipped in coated in the cover mouth, after cooling, that is, adhering firmly.
(D) Management of mushrooming period
After inoculation, the segment of wood is called mushroom wood or mushroom material. According to the geographical and climatic conditions of the mushroom farm, the mushroom wood is piled up to take measures such as temperature regulation, moisturizing, shading and ventilation, so as to create suitable living conditions for the colonization and growth of mycelium. The inoculated mushroom wood should be managed immediately during the germination period.
1, mushroom wood stacking
From the section of wood inoculation to the mushroom wood surface layer of mycelium or basically full of mycelium of the management process, need to be inoculated mushroom wood immediately in the mushroom farm stacking. The main methods of stacking are tiling and "well" shaped stacking.
(1) The tile-like stacking method is suitable for drier mushroom farms, the method is to hit two stakes on the hillside with a fork, set up a crossbar, the crossbar is about 30~40 cm from the ground, the mushroom wood against a row of about 8~10, keep a gap of 5~6 centimeters between each one, and then rely on a mushroom wood as a sleeper, against the second row of mushroom wood. So on and so forth, like overlapping tiles. In this way, one end of the mushroom wood falls to the ground, so that it fully absorbs the evaporated water on the surface.
(2) "well" shape stacking method "well" shape stacking is conducive to ventilation and moisture removal, suitable for flat terrain, the site of wet mushroom farms, or suitable for short-term mushroom farming after mushroom harvesting when stacking mushroom wood. Generally, the bottom layer is padded with sleepers, more than 10 centimeters above the ground, one layer of "well" staggered stacking, stacking height of 1.2~1.5 meters is appropriate. Then cover the branches, thatch or plastic film, rainproof, heat preservation, moisturizing. The stacked mushroom wood should be put into a cool and moist environment for mushrooming. If the natural shade of the mushroom farm is insufficient, a shade canopy should be built to let the appropriate amount of sunlight scattering mushroom wood, so as to facilitate the development of mushrooming and inhibit the growth and spread of stray bacteria. After 15-20 days, white mycelium rings will grow out of the inoculation port. If you don't see the mycelium circle in a month, you should replant it quickly.
2, turn the pile
2 ~ 3 months after the pile of mushroom wood, mycelium has grown and spread in the mushroom wood. Due to the different location of the mushroom wood, temperature and humidity conditions are different, the effect of germination is also different. In order to make the mushroom wood germination consistent at this time to turn the pile, the upper and lower inside and outside of the mushroom wood each other to change the position, and strengthen the ventilation and adjust the humidity of the mushroom wood, so that the mycelium continues to spread. The emphasis is on shading, ventilation, prevention of fungus, and promotion of further growth of mycelium. Turning the pile once a month, the mushroom wood up and down the left and right position of the head for position, adjust each other, so that the mycelium growth is consistent. When the sky clears after rain, the pile should be turned in time, and water spraying and moisturizing must be carried out in the early season or high temperature season. Mushroom wood should be sprayed with water and moisturized according to the dryness of mushroom wood. Turning the pile diligently can strengthen the ventilation, and inhibit the contamination of stray bacteria. Avoid damaging the bark of mushroom wood when turning the pile. Generally, after 8~10 months of cultivation, the mushroom will gradually develop and mature, and the mushroom can be produced under suitable conditions.
(V) Mushrooming period management
1, water replenishment to promote the bud mature mushroom wood after 8~10 months of mushrooming, often a lot of water loss, at the same time, the mushroom wood on the protoplasmic substrate began to form, and enter the mushrooming stage, the demand for moisture and humidity increases. If there is not enough water in the mushroom wood, mushroom production will be affected, so it is necessary to replenish water. Hydration must be made up at once, so that the mushrooms can be produced neatly and the normal growth of mushroom buds can be guaranteed, so as to achieve the purpose of high yield and high quality. There are two main ways to replenish water: dipping and spraying. Soaking is to immerse the mushroom wood in water for 12~24h to replenish the water at one time. Spraying is the first mushroom wood inverted together, and then 4 ~ 5 consecutive days of spraying, must do hard spraying, light spraying, fine spraying, spraying uniformity.
2, shelf wood out of the mushroom water, the mushroom wood mycelium activity peaked, in the appropriate temperature difference under the stimulation, the mycelium quickly turned to reproductive growth, mycelium in the mushroom wood surface twisting each other, the formation of mushroom buds. In order to facilitate the growth of the substrate and harvesting, the mushroom wood should be placed in the suitable site for mushroom production in time and in a certain form, i.e., rack wood for mushroom production. There are two main ways of mushrooming: the "human" shaped mushrooming and the "shingle" shaped mushrooming.
(1) The "herringbone" shaped rack wood is planted on the ground as a row of tree stumps, and above it is set up a cross wood, which is generally 60~70cm from the ground, and the distance between two tree stumps is 5~10m. The wetter mushroom farms can be set up a little higher, and the drier ones can be set up lower. Then the mushroom wood is arranged crosswise diagonally on both sides of the log, with the big head facing upward and the small head on the ground, leaving a gap of about 5-10 cm between each mushroom wood, which is conducive to the acceptance of a certain amount of sunlight by the fruiting body, normal growth, and convenient for picking. Between the racks and racks to leave the work road, generally 30 ~ 60 cm wide.
(2) tile-like frame wood that is in the mushroom field frame wood pads or stakes 30 centimeters high, the frame sleeper, emissions on the mushroom wood, the big head resting on the sleeper, the small head on the ground, the distance between each mushroom wood 10 ~ 15 cm. The distance between each mushroom log is 10-15 centimeters. The top end of the mushroom log is about 50 centimeters from the ground. In dry mushroom farms, the mushroom wood should be set up lower to facilitate the absorption of moisture by the mushroom wood; in wetter mushroom farms, the wood should be set up higher to facilitate ventilation and moisture removal. Leave working paths between the racks. It is convenient to pick mushrooms in the "herringbone" shaped racking method, but it occupies a large area and the mushroom wood loses much moisture, which is not conducive to moisturizing, so it is the method often used in mushroom farms in humid areas. The "shaped rack" method of mushroom production occupies a small area, and only half of the area of the "zigzag rack" method is occupied by the same amount of mushroom wood discharged. When producing mushrooms, it is necessary to choose a suitable method of mushroom production according to the local conditions. Under natural conditions, segmented wood cultivation in the north generally has a low yield of mushrooms in spring and fall, and only in summer is the full production period of shiitake mushrooms; while in the south, the yield is high in spring and fall. Especially in the north, attention should be paid to heat preservation and moisturization in mushroom management in spring and fall to prolong the mushroom production period as much as possible. During the mushrooming period, more water should be sprayed and moisturized to prevent the attack of dry and hot wind on the mushroom wood. At the end of fall and beginning of winter, we should also strengthen the moisturizing measures to prevent the harm of cold wave. In the process of mushroom production, create as many conditions as possible to produce more flower mushrooms. Flowering mushrooms refer to mushrooms with a pattern on the skin of the cap. Flowering mushroom is a phenomenon in which the cap forms a texture due to the unsynchronized proliferation of epidermal cells of the mushroom body stimulated by the adverse environment such as difference in temperature, dryness and humidity during the growth process of individual shiitake mushrooms. Flowering mushrooms are the best among the shiitake mushrooms, with plump flesh, short shanks, hemispherical caps, the surface cracked into obvious white patterns, and they are tender and fresh to eat, with a strong flavor. The formation of flower mushroom should have the following conditions: the mycelium in the mushroom wood develops well and accumulates enough nutrients; the mushroom wood contains just enough water to supply the water needed for the growth of the substrate, 40~50% is the most suitable; after the formation of the mushroom buds, the environment is dryer, the relative humidity of the air is below 70%, and the difference between the dryness and wetness is about 15%; the temperature can ensure the slow growth of the substrate, and the difference between the temperatures continues to be around 10℃; the light is sufficient, and more than 30% and 50% of the direct light is available. Fifty percent or more direct light.
(F) Harvesting
When the fruiting body of the mushroom grows to seven or eight maturity, the cap is not yet fully unfolded, the edge is slightly inwardly rolled in the shape of a gong, and the fungus curtain is just broken, and the fungus folds are all straightened out, then the mushroom should be harvested at the right time. If the picking is too early, it will affect the yield, and if it is too late, it will affect the quality. The method of picking shiitake mushrooms is as follows: pinch the base of the mushroom stalk with your thumb and forefinger, and gently rotate and twist it down. Be careful not to touch the immature buds. It is better to pick the stalks intact so that the residual part will not rot on the mushroom wood, causing pests and diseases and affecting the mushroom production in the future. After harvesting the mushrooms, they should be held gently and transported carefully to prevent extrusion and breakage, so as not to affect the quality of the mushrooms.
(VII) Overwintering management
The main task of overwintering management of mushroom wood is to stack the wood in a place sheltered from the wind and facing the sun, cover it appropriately, keep the heat and moisture, and cultivate the mycelium. After spring, the temperature gradually picks up, then it should be watered at the right time to promote the mushroom, clean up the mushroom site, in order to capture the high yield and quality of the segmented wood seed mushrooms to make good preparations. In warmer areas, the overwintering management of segmented wood cultivation of shiitake mushrooms is relatively simple, i.e., after picking the last tide of mushrooms, the mushroom wood will be dumped on the ground, absorbing moisture and keeping warm to overwinter, and then carry out the management of mushrooms in the spring of the next year. Overwintering in the south can make the mushroom wood rest, and the mycelium can still grow slowly, accumulating more nutrients for the mushrooms of the next year. In the northern cold areas, generally have to put the mushroom wood "well" shape stacking, and then cover the plastic film, grass curtains and other heat preservation and moisturizing safety wintering, the northern wintering can make the mushroom wood mycelium to maintain the vitality of the next year's growth and mushroom production.