The singularity of the picture in the textbook is always surrounded by the visual interface. The horizon is not a physical interface, but a concept. Singularity marks a point that will be swallowed up by a black hole once it approaches, but from the perspective of relativity, this is nothing special, because the laws of physics apply everywhere. However, for quantum mechanics, the horizon is absurd, which allows information to disappear from our world, which quantum mechanics does not allow. From Lawrence, USA? George Chapline, a physicist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, said, "What you learn in school is almost certainly wrong. The classical concept of black hole space-time is contradictory to quantum theory. "
The new black hole theory completely abandons the concept of horizon. Its basic idea is that when all other actions can't stop the star from collapsing, there is still a feasible force, which is actually gravity. For substances with certain characteristics, gravity will change from attraction to repulsion. This substance, also known as "dark energy", is regarded as the driving force for the accelerated expansion of the universe.
Last year, Pavel mazur and Ross of the University of South Carolina? Emil Mottola of Los Alamos National Laboratory suggested that during the collapse of a star, matter groups can freeze like ice crystals. They call the star formed in this way "gravastar", which looks like fried ice cream: ordinary substances form a dense shell with a strange core. Here, the shell replaces the concept of horizon.
Another theory is more radical. It not only speculates that dark energy can be frozen, but also believes that relativity will completely fail. This view has become a dark horse of quantum gravity theory, and its supporters believe that the basic laws of physics are similar to the characteristics of condensed matter (dense gas, liquid and matter between liquid and solid). In many ways, the propagation equation of sound in moving fluid has always been the deadlock of general relativity; The phenomenon that sound waves are trapped in fluid is very similar to the phenomenon that black holes capture light. Maybe space-time is actually a fluid.
The reason why this theory is so attractive lies in the collective characteristics of condensed matter. The behavior characteristics of a single molecule are insignificant, and the characteristics of the whole system come from the aggregation process. When water condenses into ice, the water molecules remain unchanged, but the collective characteristics change, and the laws applicable to liquids fail. Under appropriate conditions, fluid can become superfluid, but it still obeys quantum mechanics on the macro level. Chapline and Stanford University physicists Evan Hohlfeld, Robert B. Labrin and David I. Santiago all think that a similar process occurs near the horizon. Here, the equation of relativity no longer applies, and a new theory appears. Chapline said: "If we regard space-time as a superfluid, we will naturally think that some physical changes have taken place in the horizon, that is, the classical concept of horizon has been replaced by quantum phase transition."
At present, these views are only preliminary ideas, and critics point out that there are still many problems in them. For example, what is the state change process of matter or space-time when a star collapses? Scott A. Hughes, a physicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, said, "I really don't understand how a large star made of ordinary fluid can become a strange structure like a gravitational star by observing a simple density-pressure relationship." The mainstream theory of quantum gravity is much more perfect. For example, string theory can explain the contradiction about black holes well, and it does not abandon the horizon and relativity.
For astronomical observation, this new black hole theory seems to be difficult to distinguish from the description of classical theory, but it is not impossible. Gravitational waves can show the calculated space-time shape around black holes. In classical theory, a black hole is a simple object with no surface, and it can only have two possible shapes. If one of the observatories observing gravitational waves finds an anomaly, then the current physical theory will be completely overthrown by this black hole.