(1) Feeding in groups and stages: feeding in groups according to the variety, sex, age and strength of cattle; Avoid random changes and sudden changes to ensure the normal development and health of cattle and prevent the occurrence of infectious diseases.
(2) create a good feeding environment: the cowshed should be sunny and well ventilated, keep warm in winter, prevent heatstroke in summer, and have smooth drainage. The temperature in the barn is appropriate and the humidity is 50% ~ 70%. The playground is dry without water. Brush cattle frequently. A good feeding environment can promote the healthy growth and reproduction of cattle and prevent the occurrence of many diseases.
③ Ensure proper exercise: let the cows move freely outside the house every morning and afternoon1~ 2 hours, so that they can breathe fresh air and bathe in sunshine, enhance the functions of heart and lung, and promote the utilization of calcium salt. However, direct sunlight should be avoided in summer.
④ Provide sufficient drinking water: Beef cattle need a lot of drinking water every day. Therefore, all cattle farms with conditions should be equipped with automatic water supply devices to meet the drinking water quantity and clean and pollution-free water, ensure the normal metabolism of cattle and maintain a healthy level.
⑤ Insist on regular deworming: deworming is of great significance for strengthening the physique of cattle and preventing or reducing the occurrence of infectious diseases. Generally, the whole herd is deworming once a year in spring and autumn, usually combined with herd transfer, feeding transfer or transition. The feces after deworming should be treated centrally to prevent the spread of pathogenic parasites.
⑥ Prevention of all kinds of poisoning diseases: Toxins and toxic substances not only cause poisoning diseases in cattle, but also damage the immune function of cattle, causing many epidemics to take advantage of it and lead to infectious diseases. Therefore, it is forbidden to feed poisonous plants, moldy forage grass, deteriorated dregs and poisonous cakes. Take good care of rodenticide to prevent cattle from swallowing poisoned rat carcasses. Once the poisoning phenomenon is found, the cause must be found out immediately and detoxification measures must be taken.
(2) Prevent the introduction of epidemic diseases
① The layout of the cattle farm should be conducive to epidemic prevention: the location of the cattle farm should be far away from the main roads, factories and residential areas, and walls should be built around it, even ditches with a certain depth and width should be dug. On-site production area is separated from office area and living area. Disinfection pools should be set at the entrance of production area and cowshed. The manure storage yard, the veterinary room and the sick cowshed should be located in a remote downwind place 200 meters away from the cowshed to facilitate epidemic prevention and environmental sanitation.
(2) Carry out self-propagation and self-support: Cattle farms or cattle farmers should carry out local breeding and feeding in a planned way to avoid bringing infectious diseases into cattle from other places. When cattle farms must buy cattle, they must buy them from non-epidemic areas. Quarantine is required before purchase. The purchased cattle can only be introduced into the field after systemic disinfection and deworming. After entering the site, it should still be isolated at a distance of 200 ~ 300 meters, continue to observe for at least 1 month, and then breed in groups after further confirmation of health. Quarantine can be carried out according to the relevant provisions of the Regulations on Epidemic Prevention of Livestock and Poultry issued by the state.
③ Establish a systematic epidemic prevention system: refuse irrelevant personnel to enter the cattle farm. Those who must enter need to change shoes and wear work clothes and hats. Off-site vehicles and appliances are not allowed to enter the venue. Cattle are sold off-site. Do not buy forage from epidemic areas and markets. When the workers enter the production area, they have to change their work clothes, shoes and hats. Breeders are not allowed to string cowsheds or borrow utensils and equipment from other cowsheds. Employees in the field are not allowed to keep any domestic animals or chickens, ducks, geese, cats, dogs and other animals. People with tuberculosis and brucellosis are not allowed to keep livestock. It is forbidden to slaughter or dissect cattle in the production area, not to bring raw meat into the production area or cowshed, and not to feed cattle with unboiled leftovers. The disinfectant in the disinfection pool should be changed regularly to maintain the effective concentration, and all personnel must pass through the disinfection pool when entering or leaving the door.
④ Eliminating blood-sucking insects such as mice and mosquitoes and flies: Mice and flies, mosquitoes, grubs and midges can spread various infectious diseases of cattle, eliminate them and minimize the harm.
(3) Strictly implement the disinfection system.
In the prevention and control measures of infectious diseases, killing pathogens through disinfection is an important means to prevent and control epidemics. Due to the different transmission routes of various infectious diseases, the measures taken are not consistent. Disinfection of feed, drinking water and feeding management tools is the main way to spread diseases through digestive tract; For diseases spread through respiratory tract, air disinfection is the main method; For diseases spread by arthropods or rodents, the purpose of cutting off the transmission route should be to kill insects and rodents. It is necessary to establish a regular disinfection system at ordinary times, and combine feeding and transfer in spring and autumn every year to conduct a comprehensive cleaning and disinfection of cowshed, site and utensils.
(4) Vaccinate as needed.
Vaccination of healthy cattle in a planned way can effectively resist the corresponding infectious diseases. In order to achieve the expected effect of vaccination, we must master the types of infectious diseases in this area, their occurrence seasons and epidemic laws, and understand the production, feeding, management and flow of cattle, so as to formulate corresponding vaccination plans according to needs and carry out vaccination in time.
(5) Measures should be taken when sick cows are found.
(1) when a suspected infectious disease is found, it should be isolated in time, diagnosed as soon as possible, and the epidemic situation should be reported to the superior competent department or the local epidemic prevention and quarantine institution quickly, so as to accept epidemic prevention guidance, supervision and inspection.
(2) The sites, appliances, work clothes and other pollutants contaminated by sick cows and suspected sick cows must be thoroughly disinfected, and the leftover forage, feces and mats should be burned.
(3) The skins, meat, viscera and milk of sick cows and suspected sick cows shall be inspected by veterinarians, treated harmlessly according to regulations, and then used or burned and buried deeply. Slaughtering sick cattle should be carried out in a place far away from the cowshed, and the site, utensils and pollutants after slaughter must be strictly disinfected.