catalogue
1. Living habits
2. Morphological characteristics
3. Breeding technology
4. Artificial incubation technology
Step 5 prepare materials
1. Living habits
Wide adaptability, cold resistance and roughness resistance. The living environment ranges from plains to mountains, from rivers to canyons. Habitat in various ecological environments on land at an altitude of 300 ~ 3000 meters. In summer, it can tolerate the high temperature above 32℃, and in winter, it can also move in the ice and snow at MINUS 35℃, drink ice ballast water and not be afraid of rain.
In the breeding season with strong clustering, the male pheasant is the core to form a relatively stable breeding group and act alone, so other male pheasants can't invade, otherwise a strong struggle will be launched. In the natural state, the mother pheasant hatches eggs, and after the young pheasant is born, the mother pheasant leads the newborn pheasant to move. When the pheasants grow up, they regroup and forage everywhere to form a foraging group. Chickens can be large or small, and pheasants raised artificially can adapt to the feeding environment of large groups, but when the density is too large, it will hinder feeding and often peck at each other.
In the process of foraging, timid and alert pheasants often raise their heads and look around warily. If there is any movement, they will flee quickly. Especially in the case of artificial captivity, when they are suddenly frightened by people or animals, or stimulated by fierce noise, pheasants will fly, bump, break their heads or die. In the breeding season, captive male pheasants will take the initiative to attack people, and wild adult male pheasants and female pheasants often pretend to limp or flap their wings to attract enemies to protect young pheasants. Therefore, farms are required to keep the environment quiet, to prevent rough movements and sudden sharp sounds, and to prevent pheasants from being frightened.
The appetite is small, the stomach pouch of pheasant is small, and there is less food in it. If you like to eat a little, go and turn around and eat again. Pheasants are omnivorous birds and like all kinds of insects, small amphibians, cereals, beans, grass seeds, green shoots and so on. The pheasants are mainly plant feed, supplemented by animal feed such as fish meal. It is observed that the food intake of domestic pheasants is greater in the morning than in the afternoon, and the peak food intake is twice in the morning and at 5 ~ 6 pm. I don't eat at night and like a quiet environment.
Pheasants are lively, good at running and bad at flying. They like to forage everywhere, run fast and have poor flying ability. They can only fly at low altitude and short distances, and they can't last long.
Pheasants with special calls often make pleasant calls when they touch each other and call each other. It's like coughing-more-_ or coughing up a gram. When suddenly frightened, it will suddenly give out a loud or a series of sharp cacklings. In the breeding season, the male pheasant will make a loud crow at dawn, and when it is hot every day, the male pheasant will not crow or rarely sing.
2. Nutritional value
The content of calcium, phosphorus and iron in pheasant is much higher than that in general, and it is rich in protein and amino acids. It is a good dietary supplement for anemia patients and people with weak constitution. Pheasants also have the effects of strengthening the spleen and nourishing the stomach, appetizing and stopping diarrhea. Pheasant has the special function of eliminating phlegm and strengthening brain, which can cure expectoration and prevent Alzheimer's disease. Pheasant is a treasure among game.
3. Breeding technology
1. Select breeding pheasants to establish an excellent breeding pheasant flock, provided that qualified male and female pheasants are selected to form a breeding pheasant flock according to the requirements of breeding objectives. Through strict selection and scientific, reasonable and perfect feeding management, both male and female pheasants can obtain good reproductive performance and their excellent genetic potential can be fully demonstrated.
(1) According to the physical appearance and physiological characteristics, the selected pheasant must have the obvious characteristics of this breed, well developed and strong physique. Female pheasant: large in size, symmetrical in structure, well developed, lively and active, strong in foraging ability, moderate in head width and depth, slender in neck, large and flexible in eyes, short and curved in beak, wide and full in chest, flat and long in back, with glossy feathers clinging to the body, developed tail, not touching the ground when standing still, and shiny feathers clinging to the body. The anus is clean, loose and moist, the abdomen is large, the distance between the two pubis and the sternum is wide, the egg production is high and the meat production performance is good. Male pheasant: well-proportioned, well-developed, with bright red face, well-developed and upright ear clusters, wide and deep chest, wide and straight back, thick neck and gorgeous feathers, which conforms to the characteristics of this species. Male characteristics are obvious, sexual desire is strong, foot distance is wide, standing is stable and powerful, growth speed and meat production performance are outstanding.
(2) According to the recorded results, early growth rate, body weight, chest width, toe length, toe thickness and slaughter rate were selected as the main indicators. Meat pheasant requires early growth as fast as possible, short feeding cycle, quick turnover of capital and equipment, high feed reward and great economic benefits. The greater the weight of the pheasant, the more meat it produces and the higher the slaughter rate. Pheasants with wide chest and long toes are larger. The muscle quality of meat pheasant is also very important, so it should be fresh, fragrant and smooth. Meat quality is negatively correlated with growth rate. The faster the growth rate, the worse the meat taste. In addition to the above indicators, we should also choose related fertility indicators: egg production, egg weight, fertilization rate, hatching rate, brooding rate, mating rate and so on.
2. pheasant breeding technology.
(1) Suitable mating and mating time for breeding pheasants: The female pheasant was born in mid-April and put into breeding at the end of April. China has a vast territory, and the time difference between north and south is 1. The time for pheasants to enter the breeding group is also different, so before the formal breeding, one or two male pheasants should be put into the female pheasant group to observe whether the female pheasants enter the breeding period. You can also master the time of gregarious living according to the chirping, blushing or nesting behavior of female pheasants. According to experience, it is better to mate 5 ~ 10 days before female pheasants are willing to accept mating. If mating is too early, the female pheasant will not be in estrus, while the male pheasant will have courtship behavior, and the male pheasant will strongly chase the female pheasant, which will cause the female pheasant to be afraid. If it is too late to mate, there will be fierce fighting because the male pheasant's status as Lord has not been established, which will consume too much physical strength and affect the semen quality and fertilization rate. At the same time, female pheasants will also be frightened and disturbed, which will affect the egg laying rate. Adult pheasants can be used for breeding when they reach sexual maturity. The age of pheasants bred is 10 month for pheasants with few domesticated generations, and 5-6 months for American pheasants. In production, pheasants with the age of 1 are generally reserved for mating and reproduction. After the breeding period, it will be eliminated. However, for individuals or groups with particularly excellent production performance, male pheasants can be kept for 2 years and female pheasants can be kept for 2 ~ 3 years. American colorful pheasants generally use two laying periods.
(2) The ratio of male to female should be appropriate, which has a great influence on the fertilization rate of breeding eggs. If the proportion of male pheasants is high, it will not only waste feed and trample on female pheasants, but also affect the peace of pheasant flocks because of mating, and the male pheasants will suffer more casualties and affect the reproductive effect. If the ratio is too low, it is easy to miss the female pheasant in estrus, which will also affect the fertilization rate. The male-female ratio of pheasant is generally 6 ~ 8: 1, which can achieve the best fertilization effect. At the beginning of breeding, male pheasants are put in the ratio of 4 ~ 5: 1, and male pheasants who are killed or injured in the struggle and have no reproductive ability are picked out at any time during the breeding process without adding male pheasants, and the male-female ratio is maintained at 6 ~ 7: 1 throughout the breeding period. Try to maintain the stability of breeding male pheasant population order and reduce casualties caused by population adjustment.
(3) Protect the Prince Pheasant and set up barriers. After the male and female pheasants lived in groups, there was a strong struggle between the male pheasants. This process is called the process of pulling out the king After several days of fighting, the winner-the pheasant prince came into being. Once the pheasant prince is established, the pheasants will settle down. Most of the Prince Pheasants are well-developed large male Pheasants. In order to improve the fertilization rate, attention should be paid to protecting the prince pheasant and establishing its advantages, so as to control the struggle among other males in the group and reduce casualties. Protect the prince pheasant from adding new male pheasants in the pheasant flock at will, so as not to destroy the established order and cause a new struggle to pull out the king. At the same time, don't catch the prince pheasant easily. In order to prevent prince chickens from controlling the mating between other male pheasants and affecting the fertilization rate, screens or partitions can be set up in the breeding playground to block the sight of prince chickens, so that other male pheasants have the opportunity to mate with female pheasants and improve the fertilization rate of eggs; At the same time, when the prince pheasant pursues, other male pheasants also have hiding space, reducing the casualties of breeding male pheasants. The simplest method is to use large stone wool tiles to stand horizontally in the shed, 3 ~ 4 pieces per 100 square meter.
(4) heatstroke prevention and cooling After the end of June every year, the weather becomes hot, the sexual activity of pheasants decreases, the mating times decrease, and the fertilization rate of eggs decreases. At this time, measures such as shading, spraying water on the ground to cool down, increasing the content of vitamin C in feed and adding some anti-heat stress drugs should be taken to improve the fertilization rate of breeding eggs.
3. Breeding method
(1) A large number of female pheasants breed in large groups, and male pheasants are released at the ratio of 1: 5, allowing free mating. It is appropriate to have about 100 females in each group. During the breeding period, male pheasants found to be injured or infertile will be picked out at any time and no new ones will be added. This method is basically used in the production field and has the advantages of simple management, labor saving, high fertilization rate and hatching rate. The disadvantage is that this breeding method is not clear, and it is easy to cause inbreeding and germplasm degradation after a long time, so it is necessary to update blood regularly.
(2) Small group mating is a mating group consisting of 1 male pheasant and 6 ~ 8 female pheasants, which are raised separately or in cages. Both female and male pheasants have feet. This method is often used in family feeding and seed production, and its management is complicated, but it can be used in family feeding to better observe the production of pheasants. This method is often used in breeding.
(3) Artificial insemination can make full use of the fine varieties of male pheasants, which plays a great role in improving and improving the varieties. It is reported that the fertilization rate of pheasants can reach more than 85% through artificial insemination.
4. Artificial incubation technology
1. Selection of breeding eggs The colors of pheasant breeding eggs are olive, dark brown, light brown, gray and blue. The eggshell thickness is 0.25-0.28 mm, the average longitudinal diameter is 4.37 cm, the average transverse diameter is 3.43 cm, and the egg shape index is about 1.27. Average egg weight: local pheasant 25-30g, American pheasant 29-32g. Breeding eggs must be of moderate size, normal egg shape, and the color of eggshell conforms to the standard of this variety. Generally, the weight of eggs is 26-30g, less than 23g and more than 3 1g, which are not suitable for planting. Other selection methods of pheasant breeding eggs are the same as those of domestic chickens.
2. The incubation time of pheasant eggs is 23-24 days. When hatching is normal, pheasants begin to peck at the end of 22 days, individual pheasants begin to hatch, all of them hatch in 23 and a half days, and the incubator is cleaned at the end of 24 days.
3. The incubation temperature and humidity of pheasants are different from those of domestic chickens and other rare birds. The temperature is changed to incubation, and the humidity is controlled according to the principle of high, medium, low and high, as shown in Table 2- 1.
4. Cold eggs begin to cool from the seventh day after hatching. For example, when the temperature is high in summer, eggs should be cold 1-2 times a day, each time about 10 minutes.
5. Inspection and analysis of hatching effect: The eggs hatched by artificially raised pheasants have no more than 5%-6% of azoospermia and no more than 2%-3% of dead embryos. If the rate of dead embryos is too high, it is mainly due to poor storage of eggs, too high or too low incubation temperature and insufficient egg turnover. Too many azoospermic eggs are caused by improper sex ratio of breeders, breeders' illness, roosters' weakness or inability to ejaculate. At the second exposure, the number of dead embryos and eggs shall not exceed 2%-3%. Too many dead embryo eggs are often caused by poor feeding, insufficient embryo nutrition, inappropriate incubation temperature and poor ventilation of pheasants. The rate of dead embryos is 6%-7% after plate removal in the late incubation period. If it exceeds this value, it may be that the incubation conditions are not good in the middle and late incubation period, mainly because there are many dead embryos and eggs that cannot be pecked out. The nutritional requirements of pheasants are different because of the different production purposes, growth and reproduction periods of pheasants.
Step 5 prepare materials
Pheasants are generally fed with raw grain, and the feeding proportion of energy feeds such as corn and sorghum can be appropriately increased (recommended formula: corn 40%, wheat 15%, fried peas 20%, rapeseed cake 15%, wheat bran 5%, rice bran 4%, bone meal 1%, and the salt content per ton of feed is 2. If you buy domestic chicken feed, you can buy broiler growth feed. Ensure sufficient drinking water and add 10-20% green feed. Wash the sand bath at least once a week and spray 2% trichlorfon solution on the river sand to kill ectoparasites.
In the breeding period, pheasants should be nutritious, with metabolic energy of 2700 ~ 2750 calories and crude protein of more than 23%. The feed formula during this period is: corn 55%, bean cake 15%, bran 15%, sorghum 6%, fish meal 5%, shell powder 2%, 1.2% bone meal, salt 0.3% and additive 0.5% per/kloc-.
The characteristics and requirements of the diet during the breeding period are as follows:
(1) protein level
Generally, it reaches more than 2 1%, especially in high temperature season, which requires high-quality, stable and balanced supply of full-price diet.
(2) Diet preparation
① When fish meal accounts for 65,438+00%-20% and domestic fish meal accounts for 65,438+00%, salt is not needed;
(2) Cake accounts for 20%-30% of the diet and must be cooked;
③ The proportion of yeast in the diet is 3%-7%. Yeast is a kind of high-quality protein and amino acid additive feed. When yeast is used, the proportion of animal feed can be reduced appropriately.
Pheasants need more fat than domestic chickens. When female pheasants enter the peak period of laying eggs, 2%-3% fat should be added to the diet;
⑤ During this period, the green feed should account for 30%-40% of the feeding amount. If the green feed is insufficient, vitamin additives should be added; ⑥ The dietary calcium level should be increased to 2%-3%.