Chinese cabbage, commonly known as yellow sprouts, is an annual or biennial herb of Brassica in Cruciferae. Its root system is developed and it grows into a fleshy straight root. Leaves can be divided into outer leaves and bulbous leaves. The outer leaves are green and spread over the ground; The inner bulb leaves are milky yellow or white, which is the warehouse for storing nutrients. Chinese cabbage pilling is an adaptive phenomenon to the external cold environment. Starting from the central leaf winding, the leaves are folded into a ball and the bud is wrapped in the middle to protect it from hibernation and overwintering.
There are many varieties of Chinese cabbage, including heading, semi-heading, flowering heart and loose leaves. Nodding is divided into three types: straight tube, high pile and low pile. The famous varieties are straight and oblong Tianjin green hemp leaves; Beijing Baotou Green with long cylindrical piles; Shandong Jiaocai with short piles and short cylinders, Hebei Shite No.1, etc. Improved Chinese cabbage can grow to more than 10 kg.
Chinese cabbage subspecies can be divided into four varieties: "loose leaves", "semi-heading", "flower heart" and "heading". The evolution process of these varieties evolved from the low-level type with undeveloped terminal buds to the high-level type with developed terminal buds, thus forming the so-called "horticultural varieties". There are many cultivated varieties of Chinese cabbage in China. Here, only some representative fine varieties are briefly introduced.
1.Loose leaf variety
Mainly cultivated as green leafy vegetables in spring or summer, the representative varieties are Beijing Xianhebai and Jinan Pakchoi. At present, it is basically no longer cultivated. The varieties that have been cultivated as green leafy vegetables are Beijing Xianhebai and Jinan Pakchoi, with a growth period of 30-60 days. The weight per plant is 0.6kg.
2. Semi-bulbous variety
Strong cold tolerance, growing period of 60 ~ 80 days. Now it is mostly distributed in the northeast, Hebei Province, northern and northwestern Shanxi Province and other alpine regions. Representative varieties are Shanxi Dafubian, Xingcheng Dabeng and so on. At present, it is limited to a small amount of cultivation in the country of origin, such as the big leek in Liaoning and the big burr in Shanxi. The growth period is 80 ~ 85 days. The weight per plant is 6.55kg. Moderate heat resistance, strong cold resistance and moderate antiviral disease. Strong resistance to downy mildew and soft rot. High yield, storage resistance and rough quality.
3. Flower heart variety
Generally, it is precocious, with a growth period of 60-80 days, which is warm and heat-resistant. Mostly used for early autumn cultivation and spring cultivation. Representative varieties include Beijing Fanxinbai, Fanxinhuang and Jinan Xiaobaixin. The main varieties cultivated in the flower heart variety are Fanxinbai in Beijing, Fanxinhuang and Jinan Xiaobaixin. The growth period is 65 days. Single plant weight 1.5kg. Strong heat resistance, resistance to virus disease, downy mildew and soft rot. Suitable for summer and autumn cultivation, early maturity and intolerance to storage.
4. nodulation variety
Cultivation is the most common. This variety has three basic ecotypes because of the different climatic conditions in its origin and cultivation center:
(1) ovoid type
(2) Flat head type
(3) Straight tube
The above four varieties and three ecotypes of bulbous varieties belong to the basic type. In addition, they hybridize with each other to produce the following sub-types:
(1) Flat-headed straight tube type: the growth period is 70-90 days. Strong adaptability, especially suitable for mild continental climate. Distributed in all parts of Beijing. The representative varieties are Beijing Daqingkou, Xiaoqingkou, Toutouqing and Niuxinqing.
(2) Flat-headed oval type: growing period100 ~110 days. Suitable for mild maritime climate and strong adaptability. Mainly produced in the adjacent areas of Shandong Peninsula and the mainland. In recent years, it has also been introduced in various places. The representative varieties are Chengyangqing in Jimo County, Shandong Province.
(3) cylindrical type: growing period100 ~ l10 days. Suitable for mild maritime climate. Weak adaptability, produced in northern Shandong Peninsula and other areas. Representative varieties include Huangxian Baotou, Qixia Baotou and Laiwu Baotou.
(4) Straight flower heart type: the growth period is about 90 days. Suitable for continental climate and strong adaptability, produced in Shandong along the Jin-Pu line. Representative varieties are Dezhou Xiangbazi, Taian Qingya and Huangya.
(5) Oval flower-center type: growing period100 ~ l10 days. Suitable for continental climate. Produced in Shandong along the southern section of the Jin-Pu line. Representative varieties are Feicheng Huaxin and Tengxian Lion Head.
The above varieties, ecotypes and sub-types constitute the variety system of Chinese cabbage in China.
Chinese cabbage can also be divided into spring type, summer and autumn type and autumn and winter type according to the cultivation season.
Chinese cabbage is divided into leaf number type, leaf heavy type and middle type according to the structure of leaf bulb.
Chinese cabbage can be divided into green gang type, white-help type and green-white-help type according to leaf color.
◆ Brief introduction of main cultivated varieties
There are many cultivated varieties of Chinese cabbage in China. Here, only some representative fine varieties are briefly introduced.
1.Loose-leaved varieties are basically no longer cultivated at present. The varieties that were cultivated as green leafy vegetables include Beijing Xianhebai and Jinan Pakchoi, with a growth period of 30-60 days. The weight per plant is 0.6kg.
2. At present, semi-bulbous varieties are limited to a small amount of cultivation in the place of origin, including Japanese cabbage in Liaoning and big burr in Shanxi. The growth period is 80 ~ 85 days. The weight per plant is 6.55kg. Moderate heat resistance, strong cold resistance and moderate antiviral disease. Strong resistance to downy mildew and soft rot. High yield, storage resistance and rough quality.
3. The main varieties cultivated in the flower heart variety are Fanxinbai in Beijing, Fanxinhuang and Jinan Xiaobaixin. The growth period is 65 days. Single plant weight 1.5kg. Strong heat resistance, resistance to virus disease, downy mildew and soft rot. Suitable for summer and autumn cultivation, early maturity and intolerance to storage.
4. There are eight types of nodulation varieties.
Oval-shaped varieties are represented by Fushan Baotou and Jiaoxian Erye in Shandong Province. Growth period100 ~110 days. The weight of each plant is about 6.3kg. Strong heat and cold resistance, disease resistance and storage resistance. At present, the main cultivated varieties are Fudong L, Fu hickory pattern, Jiaoxian Erye, Trial Travel Big and Small Roots and so on.
The main cultivated varieties of flat head type are Baotou in Luoyang and Baotou in Taiyuan, Baotou in guanxian and Baotou in Heze in Shandong. Growth period110 ~ l15 days. The ball weighs 4.8kg. Drought resistance, heat resistance and disease resistance are weak, but storage resistance, high yield and weak disease resistance.
The representative varieties of straight tube type are Tianjin Qingmaye and Hebei Yutian Baojian. The growing period is 60 ~ 95 days, which varies according to varieties. This type has strong adaptability to climate, moderate antiviral activity and strong resistance to downy mildew and soft rot. Very resistant to storage. Because of its strong adaptability, it is easy to ball and store, and it is cultivated all over the country. The main cultivated varieties are large, medium and small walnut patterns in Tianjin, Yutian Baojian and so on.
The main cultivated varieties of flat-headed straight tube type are Beijing's baotouqing, niuxinqing, daqingkou and xiaoqingkou. The growth period is 90 days, and the ball weighs 3.5kg. Strong disease resistance and cold resistance. It needs a large amount of fertilizer and is resistant to storage.
The representative varieties of flat-headed oval shape are Chengyangqing in Qingdao. Growth period 100 day, ball weight 3.6kg. This variety has strong adaptability, disease resistance and storability.
The representative cylindrical variety is Baotou, Laiwu, Shandong. Growth period100 ~ l10 days. The ball weighs 4.2kg. The adaptability, disease resistance and storability are moderate, and the taste is light after the Spring Festival.
The representative varieties with straight flower hearts are Xiangbazi in Dezhou, Shandong Province, yellow buds and green buds in Tai 'an, etc. The growing period is 90 ~ 95 days. Strong adaptability, moderate disease resistance and storage resistance.
The representative variety of oval flower heart is lion head in Tengxian County, Shandong Province. Growth period 100 days. The ball weighs 3.2kg. This variety has strong adaptability, moderate disease resistance and storage resistance.
It should be pointed out that the cultivation of the above-mentioned conventional varieties is mostly concentrated in the country of origin. At present, the varieties cultivated in a large area are F 1, which have been matched early, middle and late, and can be selected according to different needs in production.