The related pictures of this topic are as follows:

(Etiology) After the shell is worn, bacteria invade and cause the shell to fester.

(Symptoms) The surface of the carapace festers into holes. In severe cases, muscles can be seen, and the sick turtle does not eat, moves less and shrinks its head.

(Prevention) (1) Isolate the diseased turtle, scrub the affected area with 3% hydrogen peroxide, remove the festering part, and then directly smear it with potassium permanganate crystal powder.

(2) Turtles raised in water can be soaked in 4% salt solution for 30 minutes, and then applied with antibiotic ointment, such as Baiduobang.

Third, the rot canker

Severe skin rot. The diseased glans has been unable to expand and contract normally.

Dermatosis ulcer is most likely to occur in armpit, cross-nest, neck and other parts with more skin folds.

(Etiology) The disease is a disease caused by monospora infection. Turtle skin is infected with bacteria after being damaged, and the toxins produced during the growth and reproduction of bacteria cause necrosis of the tissues around the injured part.

(Symptoms) Ulcer and necrotic lesions appear on the skin.

(Prevention) First, clear the focus of the affected area, apply antibiotic ointment, such as Baiduobang, and change the dressing 1 time every day, and then feed the sick turtle in isolation. Can be placed in a damp place, and should not be put into water, so as not to aggravate the condition. Re-enter the pool after the injury.

Fourth, abscess

The related pictures of this topic are as follows:

(Etiology) Caused by trauma, bite or poor environmental conditions. Anaerobic bacteria isolated from turtle abscess are: Streptococcus digestion; Aerobic bacteria include Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Serratia, Salmonella, Micrococcus, Erysipelothrix, Citrobacter Ferrandi, Morganella, Proteus, Staphylococcus, and anaerobic bacteria of Escherichia, and they are often infected multiple times.

The subcutaneous abscess is nodular or swollen, which should be differentiated from parasitic nodule, tumor and hematoma.

The local abscess should be cut open, and then the local wound should be treated, and antibiotics should be applied to the whole body. Visceral abscess may be caused by blood-borne infection, and male genital abscess is more common. Sometimes it can lead to peritonitis, and it is rarely successful to use antibiotics alone for surgical treatment.

V conjunctivitis

Mild white eye disease is the most common in Brazil.

The related pictures of this topic are as follows:

Tortoise with white eye disease is obviously depressed, and in severe cases, it refuses to eat.

Severe white eye disease may lead to blindness.

Conjunctivitis is found in all other turtles, and the severity of the disease ranges from mild inflammation to panocular inflammation, and may also be caused by infectious stomatitis. Rinse with antibiotic solution (neomycin or streptomycin), and all cases should be treated with vitamin A.

(fishgun note: white eye disease)

Usually, water should be changed frequently to keep the water clean, and nutritional drugs should be fed on time to improve the turtle's own resistance. The sick turtles should be raised separately, and the original feeding containers should be soaked in potassium permanganate solution for more than 30 minutes for disinfection and sterilization. If some turtles raised in the same tank are found to have white eye disease, others can be soaked in furacilin (or furazolidone) solution. This is both a preventive measure and an early treatment. The concentration of young turtles is 20 mg/L, and the concentration of young turtles to adults is 30 mg/L. The soaking time depends on the water temperature. If necessary, soak 1 time (40 minutes) every day for 3-5 days.

For turtles with mild illness (those who can still open their eyes and take the initiative to eat), they can be soaked in low-concentration salt water or raised in15mg/L of furacilin or furazolidone solution, and they can be cured in about one week. Or soak in 30 mg/L liquid medicine for 40 minutes every day, and you can recover after soaking for about a week.

If the turtle is seriously ill (refusing to eat and unable to open his eyes), it should be soaked in antibiotic medicine solution (containing 500- 1000 units of antibiotics per milliliter) for more than one hour every day, then coated with antibacterial eye ointment and kept in the dark to promote the white secretion to fall off as soon as possible.

For turtles with serious diseases (eye erosion), the white matter and white necrotic epidermis in the eyes should be removed first, and if bleeding occurs, it should be cleaned continuously. Then, the turtle is soaked in the liquid medicine containing vitamin B and oxytetracycline. The liquid medicine is prepared according to the ratio of 1/2 tablets of oxytetracycline and 2 tablets of vitamin B per 500g of water. The sick turtle may be blind.

Six, infectious stomatitis

(Etiology) Normal bacteria isolated from turtle's mouth include Aeromonas, Pseudomonas and various Gram-positive and Gram-negative cocci.

(Symptoms) It is characterized by oral punctate bleeding. With the pathological changes aggravating, dry and cool things appear along the crown of teeth. When the disease is serious, the infection spreads to the bone structure of the oral cavity. Respiratory and gastrointestinal infections may occur when nutrition is inadequate.

(Prevention and treatment) Debridement, antiseptic and systemic antibiotics as well as supportive therapy are required. Severe cases with ulcer or granuloma should be treated by surgery. It is recommended to add vitamin drugs, especially vitamin C and vitamin A, which are particularly important for this disease.

Seven, middle ear and inner ear infection

(Etiology) It is caused by Proteus, Pseudomonas, Morganella morganii, Citrobacter, Enterobacter and other bacterial infections.

(Symptoms) It is the most common to raise turtles in boxes (also seen in turtles), and the tympanic membrane is obviously swollen, which is made of cheese-like objects.

(Prevention and treatment) It is best to perform drainage operation and treat the whole body with antibiotics. Vitamin A deficiency can be secondary to this disease, and injecting vitamin A or adding vitamin A to feed is beneficial to the treatment of this disease.

Eight, infectious cloacae

The cause may be trauma, and the imbalance of minerals and vitamins can form cloacal stones, which should be removed manually. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus have been isolated. Pericloacal abscess is often related to the migration of infection in the subcutaneous body cavity of the head, and the infection in the lower urinary tract or reproductive tract is often causal.

(Symptoms) Pericloaca is characterized by edema and blood secretion.

Corrosion treatment includes surgical debridement, local treatment and rational use of systemic antibiotics.

Nine, red neck disease

(Etiology) The disease is a first-class infectious disease, which often occurs in the season of mildew and rain, and the turtle is attacked by bacteria.

Symptoms: The throat and neck of the sick turtle are swollen, muscle edema, slow response, slow action and loss of appetite.

(Prevention) (1) The disease is highly contagious and has a high mortality rate. Once the turtle is found to have the disease, it should be isolated and treated immediately, and the breeding pond and environment should be disinfected; (2) Antibiotics such as chloramphenicol and oxytetracycline can be used to treat sick turtles; (3) intramuscular injection of chloramphenicol, with a dosage of 100000IU per 500g turtle.

Section 2 ectoparasitic diseases

Parasitic ticks on new wild turtles often appear in armpits, nests and other parts.

Except for wild turtles and newly introduced turtles, parasites outside turtles are rare, mainly mites.

Treatment: put dichlorvos cloth near the cage for 4 days. Cloth strips should not be in direct contact with turtles. The cage can be sprayed with 0. 1% or 0.2% trichlorfon. Large tortoises can be sprayed with trichlorfon.

Chigger mite larvae are occasionally found, but they are not considered to be pathogenic. Ticks are often parasitic on turtles, and severe parasitism causes anemia. Soft ticks cause paralysis and muscle degeneration at the bite site. Ticks can be removed manually.

In order to do a good job of prevention, all newly introduced turtles are thoroughly inspected and quarantined before being put into large groups.

Section III Endoparasitic Diseases

Under artificial rearing, turtles are prone to pathological changes due to parasite invasion. The stress reaction under artificial feeding, coupled with the closed environment, is easy to induce parasites. Therefore, various measures must be taken to eliminate parasites and the environment of intermediate hosts.

Tortoise may be the definitive host and intermediate host of many parasites. Although many parasites are not obviously pathogenic, they can cause weight loss and death.

Tapeworms can infect turtles. Tapeworms have a complex life history and a strict geographical range of intermediate hosts. When tapeworm is parasitic, there are nodules around cloaca or tapeworm eggs can be separated from feces. 75mg of praziquantel for treatment, 25 ~ 1 50mg of nail amidine hydrochloride, taken orally for 2 weeks 1 time, or 0 ~ 300mg of imidacloprid1time per month. The subcutaneous tissue is parasitic with Schizothorax, which is soft and swollen. These larvae can be removed by surgery.

All turtles are parasitic with nematodes, and several genera are more important. Nematodes are often parasitic in the digestive tract of turtles, while larvae are in the exudates of respiratory tract and nostrils. There are many granulomas in the whole body wall, and there are larvae in the granulomas. It can be inferred that larvae can penetrate the skin. When sanitation is poor and the environment is highly polluted, severe parasitic infection often occurs. When the illness is serious, it can cause turtle death.

Turtles are often infected with roundworms, and their eggs are similar to those of mammals.

There are many other kinds of nematodes parasitic on turtles. Capillaria eggs, Trichinella eggs,? Insect eggs. When feeding small insects that have been infected with parasites, non-pathogenic larvae and parasitic eggs (such as Cryptococcus) of the eaten small insects can be seen in feces. Artificially raised turtles should be treated with insect repellent when they have parasitic symptoms.

It is suspected or confirmed that the larvae of some nematodes can cross the skin and cross the mouth to re-infect. It happens from time to time that turtles are reinfected with parasites through this route. We should not pay attention to turtles when they have severe parasitic infections. The excreta should be removed quickly and the cleanliness should be improved, which is helpful to reduce the probability of parasitic infection of artificially raised turtles.

Oral administration of the following drugs can treat these parasites:

Mebendazole at a dose of 20-25mg/kg body weight; Thiabendazole, the dosage is 50 ~100 mg per kilogram of body weight; Thialbendazole, the dose is 50 ~100 mg per kilogram of body weight; After 2 weeks, the treatment was repeated with the above dose.

It has been reported that levamisole is effective for nematodes by intracavitary injection, intramuscular injection, subcutaneous injection or oral administration of 200 mg per kg body weight10 ~ 50 mg. Ivermectin is as toxic to turtles as parasites, even if the dose is reduced to 0.025 mg per kilogram of body weight, so it is not recommended for turtles.

A kind of dracunculiasis in spirurid worm can cause pathological changes of turtle skin. Many species of leptospira parasitize mesentery, abdominal cavity and blood vessels. The treatment includes raising the ambient temperature to 35 ~ 37 degrees Celsius and keeping it for 24 ~ 48 hours, but some turtles who only adapt to low temperature can't tolerate this treatment.

The pathogenicity of Echinocephalus and Tongue worms in turtles is different. Tongue disease is sometimes associated with pneumonia symptoms. According to reports, there is no specific treatment for these parasites at present.

The fourth quarter mycosis

First, water mold

Soft-shelled turtle infected by water mold

(Etiology) Turtles live in water or wet places for a long time, which is caused by fungi (water mold) infecting turtle skin.

(Symptoms) Water mold mostly occurs in the limbs and neck of turtles. The mycelium is white, soft and white cotton wool-like. At the beginning of the disease, the turtle lost appetite and was restless. In severe cases, the body is emaciated and weak, and finally eating less and eventually dying.

(Prevention) In the daily feeding management, turtles should be exposed to the sun frequently, so as to inhibit the growth of water mold and achieve the preventive effect. For diseased turtles, 3% ~ 4% salt solution can be used to soak the diseased turtles for 5 ~10 minutes, and the utensils for raising turtles can be disinfected. At the same time, proper amount of antibiotics or sulfonamides are mixed into the bait to improve the disease resistance of turtles.

Second, fungal infection

(Etiology) Excessive humidity, low ambient temperature, stress reaction caused by other diseases, malnutrition and improper feeding are the inducement of turtle mold. The onset of mycosis takes a long time, and the pathological occurrence of systemic mycosis is still unclear, but keeping clean and hygienic and doing well in feeding management can reduce the incidence. The molds often isolated are Geotrichum, Fusarium and Trichosporon. Most cases are secondary fungal infection after subcutaneous injury.

(Symptoms) Gastrointestinal ulcer is related to Mucor-like and Fusarium infections. Liver, kidney and spleen are infected with Metarhizium, and Paecilomyces can cause chronic visceral granulomatosis, and there are almost no obvious symptoms except weight loss before death. Animals have been feeding for a few days before they die. The most commonly infected parts of fungi are skin and respiratory tract, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus and Paecilomyces are often isolated. There must be symptoms of dyspnea before death.

(Prevention) (1) There are few reports about completely curing turtle systemic fungal infection. The treatment methods of deep fungal infection are: amphotericin B, 50 mg/kg body weight per day; Soak in 150 ml physiological saline twice a day. Thibendazole, 50 mg per kg body weight, twice a day. Thibendazole and ketoconazole can also be combined with 20 mg per kilogram of body weight, and taken orally 1 time every day. For superficial or focal fungal infection, surgical removal of infected granuloma is recommended, and then local wounds are treated. The true infection of turtle shell can be treated by local pus clearing and local application of polyepovidone or iodine glycerin. (2) Griseofulvin is recommended for the treatment of fungal infection of turtle skin, with the dosage of 20 ~ 40mg per kg body weight taken orally, every 3 days 1 time, and the dosage for 5 times is 1 course of treatment. Dakening cream is also effective in local infection. Irradiating sick turtles with ultraviolet rays is also good for treatment.

Section 5 protozoonosis

There are many kinds of protozoa in turtles, most of which are harmless. The most serious pathogenic protozoa of turtles is amitabha. The clinical manifestations were anorexia, weight loss, vomiting, mucous or hemorrhagic diarrhea, and finally death. It is transmitted by direct contact with cysts. Liver abscess is common in chronic cases, which contains a large number of amitabha trophozoites. Pathological changes can be seen by naked eyes at autopsy. Ulcer foci appear in the intestine extending from the stomach to the cloaca, and the ulcer develops into caseous necrosis, edema and bleeding. Liver-type amiba makes the liver swell, multiple focal abscesses and brittle. According to fresh stool smear, tissue compression or histological section, trophozoites or cysts can be seen.

Invasive Neiamiba is best treated with metronidazole, with the dosage of 0/60mg/kg body weight/kloc-0 for 3 days, and the maximum daily total dosage is 400mg/kg body weight. Imbued with imipramine hydrochloride at a dose of 2 ~ 2.5 mg per kilogram of body weight, once a day 1 time, for 10 days.

It has been reported that flagellates, especially hexaflagellates, can cause turtle urethropathy. The drug once used to treat flagellates was metronidazole, 40 mg per kilogram of body weight, taken orally for 5 days. Metronidazole per kilogram of body weight 1 25 ~ 275 mg, orally, repeated for 2 weeks1time.

It has been reported that there are several kinds of coccidia parasitism in turtles, namely, coccidia clostridia parasitized in kidneys, coccidia isospora parasitized in gallbladder and intestine, and coccidia eimeria parasitized in intestine. The severity of the disease depends on the species of parasites and the situation of parasitic turtles. Sulfamethoxazine, a 20% solution, can be injected intramuscularly or subcutaneously. The first dose is 80 mg/kg body weight per day, and then 40 mg/kg body weight per day for the next 4 days. If 4- sulfanilamide-5,6-dimethoxypyrimidine is used, the first dose is 90 mg/kg body weight per day, and the next five days, 45 mg/kg body weight per day, and the drug is administered by gastric tube.

Section 6 External Injury and Environmental Diseases of Turtles

First, trauma

Foot injury

(Etiology) Tortoise bites each other or other factors lead to skin damage. This situation is common in some semi-aquatic turtles.

(Symptoms) The epidermis is damaged, bleeding or local redness, and there is pus in the affected area. In severe cases, the appetite is poor and the spirit is depressed.

(Prevention and control) Reduce the feeding density. Adult turtles and larval turtles should be fed separately, especially chick turtles. (2) Sick turtles can be rubbed with iodine and keep the wound dry. In severe cases, antibiotics should be added to the bait.

Second, esophageal injury

(Etiology) The turtles bought in the market are likely to have fishhooks in their esophagus. If they are not removed in time, it is difficult to keep the turtles alive.

(Symptoms) When eating, the turtle, together with the fishhook, accidentally eats into the tube and hooks on the esophageal wall. After a long time, the wound festers and stinks, so there is a peculiar smell in its mouth, and some mouths still have a broken end of the thread.

When treating, two people need to cooperate. First, the turtle is erected to tease it to open its mouth, then a hard object is inserted into it, the upper and lower jaws are broken, the medical tweezers are inserted into the esophagus, the fishhook is clamped, and the barb is pulled out of the skin with force along the needle tip direction, and then the hook is pulled up and taken out along the esophagus. Then wash the affected area with salt water or potassium permanganate, spray watermelon frost, take antibiotics orally, and change the dressing twice a day. When treating the turtle, don't put it in a deep pool to avoid infecting its wound.

Third, the abnormal growth of the kiss process

(Etiology) If the upper and lower jaws of the turtle are malocclusion and the snout is not worn, the snout of the turtle will grow abnormally. After pruning, the disease can recur after a certain period of time.

(Symptoms) The abnormal growth of the snout of the turtle will hinder the normal feeding of the turtle.

(Prevention and treatment) The main treatment is to trim and correct the mouth opening to a normal state, so as to make the upper and lower jaws bite correctly.

Fourth, fractures

Fractures caused by trauma are common in various turtles, and long bone fractures can be repaired with splints or internal fixation devices. When the bone displacement is not obvious, radiological examination should be carried out so as to make a definite diagnosis.

Five, burns

The related pictures of this topic are as follows:

Burned by a heating rod

(related to the use of incandescent lamps or other heat sources), the treatment is to clean the burned area, apply antibiotic ointment and put the sick turtle in a clean and dry environment. Severe burn cases require intracavitary or subcutaneous infusion to prevent dehydration.

Six, contusion

Tortoise contusion will lead to the fracture of epigastric nail, dorsal nail or both. Clean the local wound, repair the tortoise shell under light anesthesia, and repair the defect with epoxy resin, but the healing is slow, which may take more than 1 year.

Seven, molting disorder

Molting disorder refers to the incomplete or improper shedding of scales. The factors of molting disorder are: low temperature and various stress reactions, including decreased thyroid function, ectoparasites, nutritional deficiency, infectious diseases and lack of suitable rough surface. Eye patch and annual ring belt at tail and toe often stay. It is best to soak animals in water at 25 ~ 28 degrees Celsius for several hours, and then gently rub them with gauze or metal. Or soak the skin in a softening solution such as glycerin to soften the retained skin, remove the eye mask with tweezers, grab the edge of the retained part, and gently tear it off from the lower tissue.

The process of hormone regulation during molting. In order to adapt to growth and development or change skin, turtles shed the outer keratinized skin. During molting, turtles linger on large rocks or other artifacts, which can accelerate normal molting. Molting begins around the mouth, and when molting, the old skin turns outwards.

Eight, maladjustment syndrome

(Etiology) That is, the turtle itself can't adapt to the artificial feeding environment.

Symptoms are lethargy, anorexia, cachexia and death.

(Prevention) Controlling the abnormal changes of turtle environment and providing its favorite food may make the recovery of the disease better, but it often ends in death. Spraying the turtle house before feeding can induce the turtle to eat. Similarly, raising the ambient temperature can also stimulate the appetite, and irradiating with full-spectrum light can also increase the appetite. According to reports, injecting vitamin B 12 can increase appetite and improve feeding behavior. Individual turtles that refuse to feed for a long time at a suitable temperature must be forced to feed, and sometimes they begin to feed themselves. If the temperature is lowered to15 ~18℃, and then it is slowly raised to the appropriate temperature of the turtle, it is sometimes beneficial for the turtle to restore its appetite, but this method can not be used for cachexia turtles with serious physical consumption.

Nine, rodent bites

It is often injured by insects or small animals eaten by turtles. It often causes traumatic injury, and secondary infection leads to abscess.

(Symptoms) Abscess, swelling, soft or hard swelling often occur in turtle wounds that are not treated.

(Prevention) The turtle should be fed with frozen, thawed or fresh dead insects or small animals as much as possible, so as to prevent the turtle from being damaged. Note: when feeding turtles, dead animals should be thrown away after 24 hours. If the turtle has been damaged, wash it with poly (vinyl pyrrolidone iodine) (1:4 dilution) and sew up the fresh bite. According to the situation, appropriate injection of antibiotics. If it has suppurated, it is advisable to remove the abscess by surgical method, cut off the cellulose capsule, sew up the defective part, scrape off the break or leakage of the abscess, rinse it with povidone iodine solution, and then inject antibiotics. Antibiotic ointment containing proteolytic enzyme is also effective.