Continuous cropping of calla lily is not suitable. Continuous cropping will make bulbs difficult to swell, cause more diseases and low yield. Generally, it is rotated once every 2 to 3 years. Examples of stubble collocation are as follows:
1. horseshoe and rice
The previous crop is early rice, with early and middle maturity, harvested before beginning of autumn, planted water chestnut, harvested in the middle and late of 65438+ 10, and then planted rape.
2. Calla lily or Zizania latifolia
If you plant lotus roots in the previous crop, use early-maturing lotus seeds, harvest green lotus roots before beginning of autumn, and then plant calla lilies; If the previous crop is Zizania latifolia, it is advisable to adopt early-maturing and double-cropping Zizania latifolia varieties, harvest them in summer and interplant with water chestnut. Horseshoe can also be planted after harvest in summer.
3. horseshoes and mats
Generally, in light Xia Hou, horseshoe seedlings are interplanted with rows of straw mats, and after the straw mats are removed before and after heating, horseshoes are allowed to grow, and the cultivation and management of horseshoes are strengthened in time. Both ramet propagation and bulb propagation of calla lily are seedling raising first and then transplanting. Therefore, cultivating strong seedlings is the basis for obtaining high yield. In order to cultivate strong seedlings, we must first strictly select seeds. Generally, in the late growth period of horseshoe last year, high-yield fields with neat growth, no lodging and no diseases and insect pests were selected as Taneda, which was called primary selection. When water chestnut is harvested, round bulbs with the characteristics of this variety, thick terminal buds, no damage, no cracks, full maturity and medium individual size are selected for winter storage, which is called gravity separation; Before seedling raising, every effort should be made to eliminate the diseased calla lily, and the bulbs with full bulbs, smooth epidermis, uniform skin color, large bulbs, complete terminal buds and lateral buds, strong buds, no wounds and no decay should be selected for accelerated germination, which is called final selection. In order to prevent the disease of seedlings, seeds were soaked in 500 times of 25% carbendazim solution for 8~ 12 hours before germination, and then taken out and drained to accelerate germination. The method of accelerating germination is as follows: Early-born water chestnuts start to grow seedlings in early April, because the outdoor temperature is low at that time, it should be carried out indoors or in a plastic film shed, surrounded by nest pads, covered with wet straw, arranged face up on the straw, stacked for 3-4 layers, and covered with a layer of water grass. Water every day to keep the humidity. After 10~ 15 days, the buds begin to blossom and grow to 1. When it grows to 5 cm, remove the covered grass and continue watering to keep it moist. After 20 days, when the leaflike stem begins to grow and 3~4 lateral buds germinate at the same time, it is the end of germination. In order to promote early emergence, early tillering, early sealing, early maturity and high yield of water chestnut, the method of promoting seedlings in the field after germination is usually used to promote the coarse development of roots. The method is to transplant the germinated bulbs into horseshoe-shaped nursery fields, and plant one seed ball according to the row spacing of 20-25cm and the plant spacing of 15-20cm, so that the roots on the shortened stems can be inserted into the soil together with the seed balls. Keep shallow water after planting. If the outdoor temperature is low, you can build a plastic arch shed in the rice field. About 40 days after planting, the number of tillers per plant increases, and the root system is developed, with 3~4 clumps of ramets, which can be planted in the field. Dig out the whole plant, separate the mother plant from the ramets, select the ramets or tillers with 3-5 leaflike stems, and plant them with the plant height of 15-20cm, and pay attention to eliminating the germs and seedlings.
The seedlings planted with water chestnut can be transplanted separately in the early stage of water chestnut planting, or planted in early May, when the temperature is relatively high and there is no need to accelerate germination.
Water chestnut is mostly planted after early rice harvest, generally propagated by bulbs, and seedlings are raised from late June to early July. At this time, the key points to be mastered in seedling raising are:
The first is to do a good job in planting. Because bulbs are stored for a long time, especially at high temperature in May and June, bulbs are easy to dry up or germinate, so seeds should be treated in advance before seedling raising. The method is to remove the terminal bud to promote the lateral bud germination, soak the seeds in water 1~2 days, let them absorb, then soak the seeds in 25% trifluralin 500 times for 8 hours, then take them out and drain them to accelerate the germination.
The second is to raise seedlings in the shade. Because of the high temperature and strong sunshine, it is necessary to build a shade shed or cover the seedlings with a small arch shed shade net. The method is as follows: firstly, river mud with a thickness of 1 cm is poured on the sowing site to expose the bud tips, and covered with straw or shade net to keep the soil moist. Because horseshoes are propagated by bulbs, there is no need to follow them. The distance between bulbs arranged in seeds is about 3 cm. Shade during the day and remove the cover at night. When the height of seedlings is 10~ 15 cm, the illumination time should be gradually increased to facilitate the stable growth of seedlings.
The third is the selection of seedlings. When the seedlings are 20~25 cm high and have 5~6 leaves and stems, they can be planted. Choose the right seedlings, not too big. Otherwise it is not easy to survive after planting; If the bulbs rot, the seedlings with bacteria should be discarded; Small leaflike stems and clustered seedlings, commonly known as "male horseshoes", should also be eliminated.
The amount of seed used for planting water chestnut per mu is 15 ~ 20kg. However, due to the short growth period and high planting density, water chestnut is directly propagated by bulbs, and some seeds will be lost after long-term storage, so the seed reserve per mu should be large, and 70 ~ 90kg should be planted. Planting date: Early water chestnut should be planted before the end of June, submerged water chestnut should be planted in July, and late water chestnut should be planted from late July to early August. The climate in South China is warm, so the planting period can be postponed slightly, but not in summer, that is, in late August at the latest. In principle, the sooner the better.
Choose seedlings before planting. Water chestnut has been raised in the seedbed for a long time, and the seedlings have more tillers and more ramets. This kind of seedling is dug up with the mother plant and ramets, then the tillers and ramets on the mother plant are separated one by one, the roots are straightened, and then planted in the mud 12~ 15 cm. Fertilizer in the field, thick silt layer and long growing period can be planted deeply, and vice versa. When planting, if the seedlings are too high, the top of the shoots should be cut off, leaving leaves with a stem height of 30~40 cm to avoid being blown off by the wind after planting. When you pull out the water chestnut seedlings at night, carefully dig out the seedlings together with the bulbs, wash off the muddy water and plant them correctly. The planting depth of seedlings with bulbs is about 10 cm. Too shallow planting, more ramets and less bulbs; If it is too deep, it will grow slowly and the bulbs will be deep, so it is not easy to dig.
Planting density should be determined according to planting period and soil fertility. Local fertilization, large plants such as water chestnut can be planted thinly, generally the row spacing is 63~66 cm, the plant spacing is 30~33 cm, and about 3000 holes are planted per mu, each hole 1 plant; Water-soaked horseshoes are generally 46 cm in row spacing and 33 cm in plant spacing, and about 4000 holes are planted per mu; Water chestnut, planted late, needs to increase density, planting 5000~6000 holes per mu. The field management of water chestnut mainly includes intertillage weeding, topdressing and irrigation. Water chestnut can undergo 3~4 ramets from colonization to bulb formation, and the focus of field management is 1~2 ramets. Promoting early development in the early stage, maintaining stable growth in the middle stage and not premature aging in the later stage are important measures for high yield of horseshoe.
1. Intertillage weeding horseshoe is carried out for 2~3 times from planting to sealing planting. Branching times of early planted plants are usually 4-5 times, and those of late planted plants are 3-4 times. Weeding in intertillage should be carried out during the first and second branching.
8~ 10 days after water chestnut planting, the first intertillage weeding can be carried out, and the seedlings can be checked and replanted at the same time. The intertillage method should give priority to horseshoe seedlings, push mud around, loosen the soil layer, make it flat and bury weeds in the soil. During intertillage, it was found that the leaflike stems that were not eaten by insects turned yellow, indicating that the seeds below had rotted, and bulbs should be dug out in time to facilitate the growth of new roots. In order to promote the balanced growth of calla lily seedlings, it is found that the seedlings grow in pots when the seeds are exposed, which means that the planting is too shallow, so you should gently press the seeds with your hands. However, for the water chestnut seedlings that are sunk and planted too deeply, you must put your hand into the soil and gently pick up the seedlings so that the tillering nodes will not be flooded too deeply.
Then, the intertillage weeding is carried out once every 10 days or so, and the soil is broken and weeds are pulled out. But at this time, plants grow vigorously, so they can't step into the mud flat-footed, but should go deep into the soil with their toes to avoid breaking stolons and roots and damaging bulbs. In the late tillering and branching stage of calla lily, if the plants grow too densely and affect ventilation and light transmission, some weak seedlings can be pulled out by weeding. After the horseshoe seedlings are closed, they will not go to the ground again, so as not to break the leaf stalks and trample the underground stolons.
2. Wang Huaiying and others studied topdressing. The content changes of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the leaves and stems of Perilla frutescens, and there are obvious differences in each growth period of the aboveground parts, and they show certain rules. In the early growth stage, that is, when the mother plant cluster is formed, the nitrogen content in the plant is high, and it is low at the tillering peak in July-August, the lowest at the tillering peak in early July and the flowering peak in late August, and gradually increases after the beginning of September. It shows that tillers and creeping stolons of leaflike stems need a lot of nitrogen nutrition, but less nitrogen nutrition is needed during bulb formation. The growth period of calla lily showed a low-high-low process, with the lowest in early July, then rising, reaching the highest in late July to early August, and then gradually decreasing. This shows that tillering, creeping stolon and stubble need more phosphorus nutrition. At each growth stage of plants, potassium is obviously higher than nitrogen and phosphorus, and its change process is similar to phosphorus, reaching the peak in late July, and then gradually decreasing until maturity. This shows that horseshoe needs a lot of potassium nutrition in the middle and late growth period. In addition, potassium plays an important role in the metabolism and transportation of carbohydrates, starch accumulation and the activity of bulb cambium. Therefore, fertilization of horseshoe should be based on its growth characteristics and absorption characteristics of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. In production, the principles of heavy base fertilizer, light topdressing, good fertilization, equal emphasis on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and potassium before nitrogen application should be adopted. The specific practice is: the organic fertilizer is mainly applied to horseshoe in early stage, with 20~30 kg of calcium phosphate per mu and less topdressing. If too much chemical fertilizer is applied in the early stage of growth, the stems and leaves will grow too fast, the population density will be too large, and diseases will be easily infected. Generally, from late June to early July, 5~7.5 kilograms of urea is applied per mu. In the middle and late September, the temperature dropped and entered the nodulation stage. Urea 8~ 10 kg and potassium sulfate 10 kg were applied per mu to promote the stable growth in the later period and prevent the plants from premature aging due to fertilizer removal. If 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate is sprayed again, the effect of promoting bulb expansion, enrichment and yield increase will be more obvious.
Because of the short growth period, quick-acting fertilizer should be the main method for planting water chestnut, and it is generally combined with intertillage weeding and topdressing for 2~3 times. Topdressing 150~500 kg or urea 5~8 kg at the initial stage of tillering and rameting for the first time. For the second time, from late August to mid-September, 8~ 10 kg of urea was applied per mu to promote the early closure of plants. For the third time, in the first ten days of 10 year 10, when the plants began to sprout, topdressing urea 8~ 10 kg per mu and spraying 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate as the relay fertilizer for budding. In addition, according to Wang Xiaobo's experimental report from Yiyang Agricultural Research Institute in Hunan Province, horseshoes have strict requirements on the types of fertilizers. Cow dung is the best organic fertilizer, urea is the best nitrogen fertilizer and potassium sulfate is the best potassium fertilizer. Nitrogen fertilizer, especially potassium chloride, has adverse effects on the yield and quality of horseshoe. Bulb yield per unit area is 8.9% lower than that of potassium sulfate, and reducing sugar is 9.9% lower than that of potassium fertilizer.
3. Irrigation According to the irrigation experience summarized by horseshoe high yield, it is generally shallow water irrigation in the early stage of horseshoe growth, alternating dry and wet in the middle stage and dehydration in the later stage. Specific management methods: Under normal circumstances, when planting early-water horseshoe and submerged horseshoe, thin and shallow water irrigation should be carried out in the field, with the thickness of 1.5~3 cm, and dry and wet alternate within one month to facilitate rooting and seedling return. With the increase of external temperature, plant growth and plant transpiration, irrigation gradually deepens. The water layer of calla lily can be maintained at 3~5 cm during tillering and rameting, and the water level should be appropriately deepened to about 6 cm after autumn, so as to reduce ineffective tillering and rameting, reduce nutrient consumption, facilitate early pelleting and promote nutrient transportation to bulbs. After that, the water layer in the field gradually decreased, keeping dry, wet and wet, and inhibiting overgrowth.
Eleocharis tuberosa, planted after harvest, has a short growth period. In order to promote early tillering and plant division, the whole growth period should not be short of water, but it is not suitable to irrigate deep water from August to September, and the water depth should be kept at 3~5 cm. So as not to affect the number of tillers and ramets, resulting in yield reduction.
Horseshoe pipes should pay attention to the following problems.
(1) During the growth of water chestnut, in case of high temperature and drought, the water level should be deepened appropriately; In case of northwest dry wind, deep water should be fully irrigated. However, the long-term irrigation in the growing period is too deep, and the leaflike stems are more in the water, less in light, and easy to lodging. Usually, when the water above 30℃ is wet, it should be irrigated in the morning and evening to prevent heat damage.
(2) If too much organic fertilizer is applied to horseshoe field, and the soil is floating or too thin, it is necessary to properly drain and leak the field, or apply 4~5 kilograms of alum powder per mu to facilitate soil settlement and promote root growth.
(3) Bulbs wintering in the field should still keep the soil moist in winter to avoid soil cracking and snow water leakage, resulting in bulb freezing injury.
1, main pests and diseases and their control
The main pests and diseases of calla lily are stem blight, Fusarium wilt, stem rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, gray mold, bulb brown rot and stem rot pathogens.
(1) Stem blight, commonly known as horseshoe temperature, mainly harms leaf sheaths, stems and flower organs of horseshoe plants. At the early stage of the disease, dark green water-stained irregular lesions were produced at the base of the leaf sheath, which gradually spread to the whole leaf sheath. Finally, the lesion is dry and gray, with black spots or short stripes on it, which is the pathogen's umbilical absence. The lesion on the basal leaf sheath is further enlarged, resulting in stem disease. At first, it was water-soaked, prismatic, oval or irregular dark green spots. The diseased tissue becomes soft, the depression is prone to lodging, and there are black spots on it, sometimes in a circular arrangement. When the weather is dry, it is light brown spots at first, and the diseased spots are easy to lose water and dry, with grayish white in the middle and dark brown around. When the lesions are dense, the whole stalk can die and lodging, showing dark stalk color. When the humidity is high or the dew is wet in the morning, a large number of light gray mold layers can be seen on the surface of the lesion, which are conidia of pathogenic bacteria. It harms the scales and neck of flower organs, causing inflorescence death, and the symptoms are similar to those of stems.
Fusarium oxysporum overwinters in the diseased body with mycelium and produces conidia in the following year, which becomes the primary infection source of horseshoe in the old producing area, while the bulb with bacteria is the primary infection source in the new producing area. Spores spread through wind, rain and irrigation water, and directly invade from leaf stomata or through epidermis. The incubation period is 6~9 days when the temperature is 24 ~ 26℃. Conidia are constantly produced in the affected area, leading to reinfection. Generally, the disease begins in June in the field, and it is more serious in August-September. Horseshoe can be infected from emergence to stem stop growing. The main factor affecting the epidemic of diseases is climatic conditions, and the suitable temperature for onset is 20~29. When the temperature is suitable, the humidity determines the epidemic degree of the disease. In rainy, foggy or foggy weather, the disease develops rapidly. Before the closure of the field horseshoe factory, the disease developed slowly. After enclosure, the rate of diseased plants rose fastest in rainy or foggy weather and high relative humidity. Continuous cropping fields or over-dense planting, poor ventilation and light transmission, partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, especially excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage, vigorous growth, tender stalks and susceptibility to diseases. In the late growth stage of calla lily, fertilization or frequent water shortage makes the stem grow slowly, the disease resistance is weak and the disease condition is aggravated.
Control method of stem blight: It is an important measure to implement rotation for more than three years, especially in the old producing areas. Select disease-resistant varieties, clear the field in winter, pull out diseased seedlings when planting, and pull out diseased plants in the field in time. Strengthen the management of fertilizer and water, re-apply, apply sufficient base fertilizer and apply more farm manure. Apply less chemical fertilizer at the early stage of vegetative growth, topdressing 2~3 times at tillering and early tillering stage, and topdressing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium available fertilizer at heading stage appropriately. Irrigation should avoid serial irrigation and flood irrigation to prevent the spread of germs. When transplanting, the shallow water layer 1.5~3 cm in irrigation period and the bulb expansion period is 4.5~6 cm. For chemical control, 600 times solution of 50% carbendazim or 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder or 800 times solution of 50% benomyl can be used to soak the seed balls 1 day and night. Soak horseshoe seedlings 18~24 hours with the above liquid medicine before planting. At the initial stage of the disease, spray the above liquid medicine, or 45% mancozeb wettable powder or 20% fenrust emulsifiable concentrate with a time interval of 7~ 10 for 5~8 times continuously.
(2) Fusarium wilt of horseshoe can occur in the whole growth period from seed to harvest. Before the seeds were unearthed, the buds turned brown and rotted. From seedling stage to adult stage, the initial stem base turns brown, the plant grows weak, becomes short and turns yellow. There are two kinds of symptoms in the field, namely bacterial wilt and Fusarium wilt. When the disease is acute and severe, the aboveground part shows the symptoms of bacterial wilt, which starts from the upper part of the leaflike stem and gradually expands downward, and the base rots and dies, covered with pink mucus, which is the pathogen. The diseased plants are easy to pull up or lodging, and the root system is stunted, mostly dark brown and soft rot, and generally do not form bulbs or stunted white bulbs. Dry spots will appear when the onset is mild, and the onset is late, and the general loss is light. As soon as the bulb comes up, the meat turns brown, and the vascular bundles at the base of the diseased plant turn brown to varying degrees, but there is no smell. Horseshoe planted in autumn usually begins to get sick in the middle and late September.
Fusarium wilt overwinters with mycelium and chlamydospores lurking in bulbs or attached to the outside. With the spread of fungus balls, new endemic areas spread for a long distance. Seed bulbs with bacteria are the primary source of infection. After planting, they will get sick and the bacteria will be infected again by rain. Bacteria invade from the wound or directly through the main epidermis. The infection rate of bulbs and stolons in diseased fields is as high as 20~80%. The disease centers in the field gradually spread around.
Control method of Fusarium wilt: implement rice-upland rotation for more than two years. Leave the seeds in the disease-free field and choose the disease-free ball for planting to prevent the seed ball from running outside the disease-free ball. Chemical control can be achieved by soaking seeds with 600 times solution of 50% carbendazim or soaking seeds 24 hours before sowing; Spraying 600 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder 2~3 times in the early stage of field disease, with an interval of 7~ 10 day each time.
(3) The symptoms of stem rot are similar to Fusarium wilt, but it does not cause the vascular bundle at the base of horseshoe stem to brown. The pathogen overwinters in mycelium on the diseased plant, becoming the first infected pathogen in the following year. Strong wind and heavy rain are easy to cause stem injury, which is beneficial to spore production, reproduction, germination and infection. Fields with poor soil quality, shallow soil layer, lack of fertilizer, low terrain and too deep irrigation are prone to diseases. Please refer to stem blight for control methods.
(4) Sclerotinia sclerotiorum includes Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is brown at the base of stem, and finally dies, and there are small black granular sclerotia in the diseased part. It can also infect bulbs and cause rot during storage. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum rots in the water at the base of the stem. After that, it dried up and lodging, and many black sclerotia were produced outside the leaf sheath. These two kinds of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum generally occur lightly, and the harm and loss are also small. Its prevention and control methods: after the horseshoe is harvested, clean up the site and concentrate on treating the sick and disabled. Pesticide control should be timely sprayed with 600~800 times of 50% carbendazim or 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder, or 20% likulin emulsifiable concentrate with 0/000 times of/kloc-or 50% ZK wettable powder with 0/500 ~ 2000 times of/kloc-every 5~7 days.
(5) Gray mold mostly occurs during postharvest storage, but it also occurs in the field. Usually, a gray mold layer, namely conidiophore and conidia, is formed at the bulb wound. The interior of the diseased ball is dark brown and soft rot. Pathogen overwinters in mycelium or conidia of calla lily bulb and diseased residue, and conidia spread with airflow and invade from wound to cause disease. When the humidity is high during storage, the disease will be more serious. The control method is to use disease-free balls, or soak seeds with 500 times solution of 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 800 times solution of 80% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 18~24 hours before planting. Spraying 2000-fold solution of 50% prochloraz wettable powder or 50% chlorpheniramine wettable powder 1000~ 1500-fold solution at the initial stage of field disease, and adding 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 1000-fold solution or 600-fold solution of 50% carbendazim wettable powder every 7 ~ 65438 times. During storage, spraying 3000 times of 45% Tekdo suspension concentrate on bulbs, combined with cold storage, also has certain control effect.
(6) Brown rot The brown rot of horseshoe bulbs is a disease during storage, which mainly occurs on harvested bulbs. After the bulb is broken, dense white mycelium grows, which gradually turns into powder, and the meat turns yellow-brown to reddish-brown dry rot. Bacteria invade from the wound and cause decay. The control method should choose disease-free ball to keep seeds. Be careful when harvesting, don't let bulbs cause wounds. Spraying 500 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder, or 1000 times of 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder, or 1500 times of 50% benomyl wettable powder on the harvested bulbs, or soaking the bulbs with these liquid medicines.
(7) Dry rot of calla lily bulb is generally a postharvest disease. Bacteria invade from the wound, and dense white mycelium grows on the bulb wound. The meat is waterlogged, green-brown or grayish-brown, and generally does not rot at the initial stage. Its prevention and control methods: carefully excavate bulbs during harvesting and try to avoid bulb damage during transportation. Before storage or long-distance transportation, soak bulbs with 500 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder, 1000 times of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder or 1500 times of 50% benomyl wettable powder, and store after the liquid is dried.
2. Main pests and their control
The main pests of calla lily are white rice borer, also known as striped (wild) borer and sandfly. It is the main pest of calla lily.
Morphological characteristics: adult body length11.5 ~12.6 mm, wing spread 23~26 mm, male moth is smaller. Eggs are piled up from dozens to hundreds into egg blocks, which are semi-soybean-like rectangles covered with brown fluff. The newly hatched larvae are tender white and dark gray before molting. Pupa length 13~ 15.5 mm, thickness 2.8~3.4 mm, cylindrical, most colostrum white, gradually turning yellow.
There are four generations and some five generations in the Yangtze River valley, and the larvae overwinter in the thin cocoon in the stem of horseshoe. After spring, with the temperature rising, the insect leaves the cocoon and moves to nearby weeds and crops such as Cyperaceae, Gramineae and Leguminosae to feed, develop, pupate and emerge. Overwintering larvae entered the pupal stage in early May and emerged in late May. Adults flew to horseshoe fields last year to lay eggs on plants left by bulbs, and the first generation larvae appeared harm in early June. The second and third generations lay eggs in horseshoe-shaped cultivation fields or Taneda, and these two generations of larvae are the most harmful. After the fourth generation of adults laid eggs, the larvae stopped pupating and entered the overwintering period. The duration of each generation is related to the climate, with high temperature, rapid development and short duration. Adult eggs tend to be green and dense, and eclosion and mating occur at night. More than 90% of the eggs are laid on the first night after mating. Larvae are omnivorous and larvae are in groups.
Harmful symptoms of hemiplegia: the larvae eat the stem and the diaphragm in the leaflike stem, which first makes the top of the stem fade and wither, gradually turns from red to yellow from top to bottom, the stem browns and rots, the transportation of nutrients and water is blocked, and finally the whole plant dies. The tillering ramet stage is damaged, the ramet is reduced and the number of seedlings is insufficient; Bulb damage and stem death affect bulb expansion, bulb becomes smaller and lighter, quality becomes worse, and yield decreases sharply.
The following measures can be taken to control Chilo suppressalis in calla lily.
From the harvest of horseshoe to the early March of the following year, that is, before the overwintering larvae move, the dead branches of horseshoe residues left in the field should be removed in time, burned or buried intensively, and the source of overwintering insects should be eliminated. Before the overwintering pupae emerged in early May, the spontaneous horseshoe seedlings left in the field were eradicated, and the first generation of insect sources were eliminated. In order to avoid the harm of the second generation albinism and reduce the harm of the third generation, sowing can be appropriately postponed to July to reduce losses. During the moth-killing period, you can pour deep water and kill the insect pupa by soaking in water.
Chemical control can use 40% rice insect net emulsion or 80% dichlorvos emulsion, and add 400 kg to 150 ml of water per mu each time. Pesticide control should be based on the living habits and occurrence regularity of Chilo suppressalis, and the control focus should be on the second and third generations, with two doses per generation, the first time after the incubation peak 1~2 days, and the second time every 7~ 10 days, and the field with early planting, light green growth and more insect population should be given priority. The fourth generation should be applied 2~3 days before the incubation peak. In severe areas, seedlings should be soaked or sprayed with chemical solution 2-3 days before transplanting.
In addition, there are small tortoise shells, aphids, grubs, grubs, etc., which should also be prevented in time.