Has anyone read the writing of the Xia Dynasty? I think it's called Xia Chuan. I haven't seen it anyway.

The music of Xia Dynasty first promoted Xia Qi's Nine Songs and Nine Debates, but what we see now has been polished by Qu Yuan.

The calendar of Xia Dynasty is the earliest calendar in China. At that time, the month could be determined according to the direction indicated by bucket handle's rotation in the Big Dipper, and the summer calendar started from the so-called "Yin Jian" month in which bucket handle pointed to the northeast. Dai Xia Zheng Xiao is an important existing document. It records the astrology, meteorology, celestial bodies, agriculture and politics of each month in the order of twelve months in the summer calendar. To some extent, it reflects the development level of agricultural production in Xia Dynasty and preserves the oldest and most precious scientific knowledge in China.

The agricultural civilization of the Xia Dynasty reached a high level. Archaeological findings showed that there were many agricultural products such as grain, rice, wheat, glutinous rice and melon in the Xia Dynasty. In summer, the tax system of "50 tribute" is implemented, and all tribes have to pay taxes to the central government according to a certain proportion of their income. The mining field system of later generations also existed in Xia Dynasty, but it was not widely promoted.

According to legend, Yi Di, the minister of Yu Dynasty, began to make wine, and Xia Wang Shaokang invented the method of making wine. In order to meet the needs of agricultural production and explore the laws of agricultural time, the lunar calendar, sometimes called the summer calendar, was invented at that time and is still popular in modern times.

Animal husbandry has developed. There are a large number of slaves engaged in animal husbandry, and some clan tribes specializing in animal husbandry. The breeding of horses has received great attention. In addition, the pottery industry may have become an independent and extremely important industry in the Xia Dynasty. As for bronzes, China has discovered bronze knives of Erlitou culture. If Erlitou culture is regarded as Xia Dynasty culture, then this bronze ware belongs to Xia Dynasty. The bronze wares of Xia Dynasty are very similar in shape to pottery, and the history of casting bronze wares is not long, so they don't have a good specification, so they look a bit like pottery, just like the pottery unearthed in Xia Dynasty, very primitive, without many patterns, small dots and simple lines.

The tools used by Xia people are mainly stone tools. There are cars in the capital of Xia Dynasty, but it is impossible to confirm whether it is a rickshaw or a carriage, because the rut is only 1 meter wide, which is different from the rut of Shang Dynasty, which is 2 meters wide. Shang Dynasty has confirmed the use of carriages.

The characters of Shang Dynasty are Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen. I can't type here The landlord will go to Thunder to download some fonts. There are many in it.

Businessmen have been a nation dominated by agriculture from the very beginning, and Shang Tang once sent thousands of people to help the Kuwaitis farm. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions, we often see "Can it get a bumper harvest?" , reflecting the importance attached by the Shang rulers to agriculture. In terms of animal husbandry, in the Shang Dynasty, besides the remains of six animals, there were elephant bones, indicating that there were tamed elephants in the north at that time. And mastered the castration technology of pigs and began to raise freshwater fish artificially. Handicrafts are all managed by the government, with fine division of labor, huge scale, large output, many kinds and high technological level, especially the casting technology of bronzes has reached its peak. Become a symbol of commercial civilization. Moreover, Shang people have invented primitive porcelain. The white and delicate white pottery is quite level, lifelike in shape, and the finely carved jade tools show the superb skills of jade workers in Shang Dynasty. Silk products include leno with plain weave and twisted yarn structure, crepe with thousands of patterns, etc., and jacquard technology has been mastered.

The progress of agriculture and handicraft industry in Shang dynasty promoted the development of commodity exchange, and many businessmen engaged in long-distance traffic in vehicles and boats appeared. In the late Shang Dynasty, vendors specializing in various transactions appeared in Du Yi. Lu merchants used to kill cattle in Chao Ge and sell rice in Jin Meng.

Since the Shang Dynasty, China's music has entered an era of trust in history. Folk music and court music have made great progress. Due to the development of agriculture, animal husbandry and handicraft industry, the smelting and casting of bronze reached a high level, which made the production level of musical instruments leap forward and a large number of exquisite and luxurious musical instruments appeared. Music and dance are the main forms of court music. Textual research can be found in Sanglin and Hu Da, which is said to have been written by Yi Yin, a minister of music and dance in Shang Tang. There are three main types of people who are engaged in music professional work: witches, music slaves and fools. There is little information about the folk music of Shang Dynasty, and The Book of Changes and One Tun Liu Er are the folk songs of Shang Dynasty.

In Shang Dynasty, there were many word-formation methods in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, such as pictographic characters, knowing characters, pictophonetic characters, metonymic characters, and signifier characters. And it is already a mature writing. Among the unearthed Oracle Bone Inscriptions, 4,672 words have been found, among which 1072 words are known to scholars. Oracle Bone Inscriptions's writing materials are hard, so the font is square. At the same time, bronze inscriptions, because they are cast, have a round font.

Editing this paragraph of scientific development

Astronomy: The calendar of Shang Dynasty has been divided into big and small months, with a period of 366 days. The length of new moon and tropic year is adjusted by the boudoir at the end of the year. There were many eclipses and new stars in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty.

Mathematics: There were as many as 30,000 numbers in Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Shang Dynasty, and the concepts of decimal, odd, even and multiple were clear, which enabled him to have a preliminary calculation ability.

Optical knowledge has been applied for a long time, and the micro-convex mirror unearthed in Shang Dynasty can reflect the whole face on a smaller mirror.

The script used in the Western Zhou Dynasty is Da Zhuan, so you'd better go by yourself.

Zhou Wuwang wiped out many small countries, established a larger vassal state, and forced small slave countries to accept the feudal system of the Zhou Dynasty. The Zhou Dynasty was divided into five titles, namely male, male, male and male. It is divided according to the close relationship between governors and Zhou royal family. In order to consolidate his dominant position, King Zhou adopted the enfeoffment system of "the masses build a monarch and the people crack the soil". "Well-field system" is the basis of social relations of production in the Zhou Dynasty, and it is also the economic basis on which aristocrats live. Agriculture is still the main sector of social economy.

Etiquette and punishment

The Zhou Dynasty had strict etiquette and punishment, "rudeness is not enough for Shu Ren, and no punishment is not enough for a doctor". Zhou Li is based on the patriarchal clan system formed under the patriarchal social system, and is used to mediate and adjust the contradictions and relations within the ruling class. Punishment is used to control and suppress civilians and slaves, including a whole set of litigation and trial systems such as death penalty, ink punishment, exile punishment, flogging and redemption, which is extremely cruel.

Commerce and transportation

Bronze farm tools were used more widely than in Shang Dynasty, and drainage and water diversion techniques were also well mastered. Among the crops, Sang Ma melons and fruits are planted. There are many departments in handicraft industry, and the division of labor is more detailed than that in Shang Dynasty. Known as "all-round workers", business has further developed. In the "state" and "capital", a bigger market has emerged.

Well-field system was implemented in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Each male main labor force grants 100 mu (equivalent to 3 1 mu now), and the allocated land is changed every three years. At that time, mature and barren farming systems were widely adopted, and agricultural production made great progress.

During the Western Zhou Dynasty, commerce was developed, and there were merchants specializing in trade activities. Shellfish, mussels and tortoise shells used for divination are often contributed and exchanged from far away. Haibei was also used as currency at that time, and it was calculated in units of friends. Ships and carriages are important means of transportation.

Social life

Gathering was the main source of daily life of civilians at that time, and hunting was the entertainment of nobles.

War and communication

After the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, it continued to fight with neighboring countries such as Jingchu, Guangxi, Yanyun, Dongyi, Huaiyi, etc., and there were frequent wars with each other. On the contrary, it is more about friendly exchanges and economic and cultural exchanges with neighboring countries.

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are the heyday of China culture.

economy

Iron farm tools began to be used in the Spring and Autumn Period, but in order to popularize (Warring States Period), in addition to using iron blocks, the advanced technology of smelting pig iron was mastered in the Spring and Autumn Period. The use of iron makes it possible to reclaim wasteland on a large scale, promotes the development of private fields and provides sharp tools for handicrafts. Niu Geng is becoming more and more popular, and the development of technology in Niu Geng can only play a role if it is coordinated with the use of iron. In bronze smelting and casting, new technologies such as gold dislocation, silver dislocation and red copper inlay were invented. The excavation of a large number of cast pottery models in Houma shows that the bronze smelting and casting industry and mining industry in this period were large in scale and high in level. After the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, the vassal states have used a lot of money. The circulation of metal currency promoted the development of handicraft industry and commerce.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, iron farm tools were widely used and popularized in Niu Geng, which greatly improved agricultural productivity. Many wasteland has been reclaimed in Cheng Liangtian, and the farming technology has changed from extensive farming to intensive farming, which has greatly increased the agricultural output. The increase of private land, the disintegration of well field system and the development of land relations towards privatization. Governors had to carry out reforms one after another, recognizing private ownership of land, allowing land to be bought and sold, and collecting land taxes from landlords, so farmers' enthusiasm for production was high. The number of horses has increased due to the needs of the war. Animal husbandry in the Central Plains has basically become a vassal of agriculture, and few people specialize in animal husbandry production.

In the Spring and Autumn Period, the engravings on bronzes tended to be meticulous and neat, and the shape was light and light, which led to the wrong gold inscription. The existing bronze sword of wuyue is rare in the world for its refined smelting and quenching, skillful alloy technology, exquisite external plating and casting patterns. Salt boiling, iron smelting, lacquer ware and other departments have developed. Iron tools are mainly handicraft tools and agricultural tools. Silk products of Qi and lacquerware of Chu are of high level. Some craftsmen become individual producers and operators, living in the "boss" of the city, producing and selling. Lu Ban, known as the ancestor of craftsmen, lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Metal coins were cast in the Spring and Autumn Period, and Jin was one of the earliest areas where coins were cast and used. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, the grain price in Yue was the highest in 60 yuan and the lowest in 30 yuan.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, a new tax system was created. In the fifteenth year of Shandong (the first 594 years), the initial tax on mu was implemented, and the state levied a certain kind of tax on landlords according to the land area. This is the beginning of ancient land tax. During the Lucheng period (590 BC), Ren Jia collected a certain amount of military tax (A) according to the land area, so that the tax and tax were combined into one. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was very common to collect local taxes. In the seventh year of Gong Jian (the first 408 years), Qin implemented the "initial tax" in kind tax system. During the Warring States period, the tax systems of different countries were different. Qin first implemented the household registration system, which was used to collect land rent tax and "head meeting" (population tax).

culture

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were a period of great cultural development in China, which realized the historic transformation from the religious superstition culture of divination to the rational humanistic culture centered on people in the ideological and cultural history of China. In the transition period of the Spring and Autumn Period, although the traditional ideas since Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties still play a huge role in people's minds, the influence is universal. The political authority of Zhou and his princes was shaken and declined, and the situation of official learning was broken, which was followed by changes in all aspects of society, such as the downward movement of academics and the popularization of Confucian classics, which made people's ideas change. These changes are the historical conditions for the ideological and cultural transformation in the Spring and Autumn Period.

religion

There was no widely popular religion in the Spring and Autumn Period, because Taoism only appeared in the Han Dynasty, and Buddhism was introduced to China in the Western Han Dynasty. However, there may be some primitive religions that are not well known in the Spring and Autumn Period.

art

The art in the Spring and Autumn Period is mainly the carving on bronze wares. The famous three-legged sheep tripod is a bronze work of art in the Spring and Autumn Period. During the period of 1923, a large number of bronze Ding and Jue from the Spring and Autumn Period were unearthed in xinzheng city. Compared with the bronzes of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the technology has developed greatly. The decorative patterns on bronzes are also very particular.

science and technology

Mozi's first secretary described the lever principle similar to a balance. This is the earliest lever principle theory.

The popularity of ironware and Niu Geng in the Spring and Autumn Period promoted the development of history.

In astronomy, physics and medicine, China in the Spring and Autumn Period was at the leading level in the world.

The theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements formed during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period brought the whole world, including astronomy, into the five elements system. "Heaven" shows "destiny" not only through astronomical phenomena, but also through various celestial bodies. Therefore, people should observe "fate" with various symbols, which has changed the previous method of observing fate with people's hearts. These symbols should be displayed in the "Five Virtues Turn". Expressed in "five elements of luck". Astronomical observation is not only applicable to national politics, especially abnormal astronomical phenomena, because it is related to "fate" and is highly valued. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, some cutting-edge medical technologies were invented and applied in clinic. Lingshu Four Seasons Steaming recorded the earliest abdominal puncture in the medical history of China.

Chinese traditional agriculture began to take shape in the Spring and Autumn Period. During the Spring and Autumn Period, people invented new farm tools such as iron plow head, iron hoe, flail and stone mill, which were not available before.

Bronze casting in the Spring and Autumn Period is also a feature of this era, represented by the bronzes of Zeng, Chu and Xu.

Philosophical thinking

The source of China's thought and culture is Yi. As one of the six Confucian classics, The Book of Changes has a long process of formation and development. What is called "River Map" and "Luo Shu" by later generations is the expression of burning Oracle bones and the reflection of the mutual connection and infiltration of rational thinking and image thinking realized by ancient ancestors in their long-term life and divination practice.

According to legend, it was summed up by Fu, who arranged yarrow repeatedly and painted it as gossip, covering all the phenomena between heaven and earth, which was primitive and relaxed. Later, it is said that after careful study by Zhou Wenwang, it was standardized and sorted out, and it was interpreted as 64 hexagrams and 384 hexagrams. With divination and diction, it is called Zhouyi. It uses simple images and numbers, and the opposite changes of Yin and Yang to explain all kinds of complex social phenomena, and displays thousands or even infinite numbers, which has the characteristics of using few to show many, using simplicity to show many and being full of changes. It is called "Yi" because Zheng Xuan has three meanings: one is simplicity, the other is change, and the third is difficulty. That is to say, The Theory of Everything has changed, the phenomenon is constantly changing, and some of the most basic principles will not change, which abstracts rich and simple dialectics from the dialectical development of the objective world. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius explained and discussed the Book of Changes and completed the Ten Wings, namely the Book of Changes. In this way, Zhouyi has developed into a profound philosophical work about the change of the universe. The academic origin of Chinese civilization is very early, but it didn't develop until the Spring and Autumn Period. The academic thought at this time can be said to be the great golden age of Chinese civilization. China people call this period a period of "a hundred schools of thought contend".

Edit the political system of this paragraph

During the Warring States period, under the monarch, the vassal state formed a central bureaucratic system with separation of official posts and separation of civil and military powers. Xiang, also known as Xiangbang and Prime Minister, is the first of all officials. A general, also known as a general, is the head of a military attache. In the second year of King Wu (309 BC), the State of Qin began to set up a prime minister. The most distinguished prime minister was Xiangbang, and the highest military post was Liang Zuo at the beginning. It was not until King Qin Zhao established a general. Chu has always regarded gold and silver as the highest official position, or God as the highest military attache. The second-level military attache in various countries is Wei, or Guo Wei. The secretary of the monarch is called the suggestion and has the responsibility of supervision. The setting of counties is more common, and the pattern of counties is gradually formed. It turns out that officials are hereditary and have their own fiefs. Beginning in the mid-Warring States period, the monarch changed to give officials at all levels a certain amount of food as a salary, or rewarded them with gold coins and coins. At the same time, the seal system was formed, and the appointment and dismissal of officials were based on the seal, and the transfer of troops was based on the military symbol. In order to concentrate all power in the hands of the monarch. There are townships, villages and collective societies below the county level. There are three old people in the countryside, the court and the inside. Living in a village, there are five things under it, five things are one thing, five things are one thing, and ten things are one thing. How long is it?

In the early Warring States period, the reforms in various countries further systematized the law. The codes compiled by Li Kui of Wei State include Theft Law, Theft Law, Prisoner Law, Arrest Law, Miscellaneous Law and Use of Force Law. Stealing by law, stealing by law, thieves killing by law. The Prison Law and the Arrest Law are procedures for investigating and arresting thieves. Miscellaneous laws are punishments for crimes other than thieves and thieves. The law is a provision to reduce or increase the punishment for crimes according to the situation. Qin has clan punishment. Shang Yang's political reform established the method of sitting, and even formulated severe and severe laws, which increased punishments such as corporal punishment, big monarch, gouging the top, lacing the ribs, and frying in an iron pan. Other countries are also competing to make strict and cruel laws. For example, there are punishments such as boiling, killing, brewing and golden knife. In the State of Chu, there were punishments such as slaughtering, dismembering, cooking, piercing ears, flogging, smashing, cutting, smashing, destroying homes, Zong Yi and Sanzu. And Yan has a hole, a belly, a prison, etc.

Edit this technological progress

During the Warring States period, iron farm tools have ruled out the extensive use of wood and stone farm tools in production, which facilitated Ding's cutting down trees, building water conservancy projects, reclaiming wasteland and intensive cultivation, and promoted the development of agricultural production. While deep ploughing and weeding, farmers should pay attention to identifying soil properties and choose different crops according to local conditions. With the improvement of fertilization technology, we know how to use fertilizer juice to seed dressing, and manure, green manure and plant ash are widely used. We began to pay attention to seed selection, pest control, border planting, proper sowing density, ventilation and drainage, good at bacon, weeding, thinning seedlings and grasping the farming season. Popularizing the double cropping system in one year has greatly increased the annual output per unit area. Li Kui, the state of Wei, once estimated the grain output at that time, saying that an acre of land (about one third of today's acre) can produce a stone and a half millet in a normal year (about 4 1 kg today), and the large, medium and small harvests can reach six stones, four and a half stones and three stones, while the small, medium and large harvests can only hit one stone, seven buckets and three buckets. Farmers need to ration 1.5 stone per person per month on average, and a family of five eats 90 stones a year, so in normal years, the grain produced by a family of 100 mu is enough for the whole family to eat for one and a half years.

During the Warring States period, the handicraft industry developed greatly, and the production levels of iron smelting, copper casting, lacquerware and silk weaving all improved significantly. He mastered the pig iron smelting and casting technology by high-temperature liquid reduction method, and was able to forge high-carbon steel for sword body, and the cast iron began to soften. Casting, welding, wax etching, gold and silver inlaying and other processes are widely used in the production of bronzes, resulting in the process of painting, gilding and carving on the surface of bronzes, which is light and smart in shape, meticulous and complicated in pattern and has superb technical and artistic level. Lead-barium glass has been produced. Lacquer manufacturing has become an independent handicraft sector. There are more than ten colors of wooden lacquerware, such as black, red, yellow, blue, purple and white. Painted all kinds of beautiful patterns on the utensils and invented the dryer. There are tapestries and hand-woven fabrics with complex structures and patterns. Some private craftsmen appeared, such as Yi Dun, the chef supervisor of Lu, Qin, the widow of Zhusha, and Guo Zong, the smelter of Zhao.

In order to meet the needs of commercial development, there were many kinds of coins in circulation during the Warring States period. Different countries have different styles of copper coins. Knife-shaped coins were mainly used in Qi and Yan Dynasties, shovel-shaped cloth coins were mainly used in Sanjin Dynasty, circular coins with holes were mainly used in Qin and Zhou Dynasties, and shell-shaped ant nose coins were mainly used in Chu Dynasty. Gold coins include Chu cube and Chen cube. In the early years of the Warring States, Wei sold 30 yuan for every stone of millet, and farmers planted 100 mu of land every year. Excluding meals and taxes, the remaining 4,500 millet can be sold to 1350 yuan. It took 300 yuan for each household to taste the new Spring and Autumn Temple, and each person dressed in 300 yuan for one year, and the whole family 1500 yuan, not 450 yuan.

Prose creation was very prosperous during the Warring States period, with various historical essays, philosopher essays and other prose works. These essays are written in words close to spoken language, or Wang Yang is as arrogant as Zhuangzi, or eloquent, or impassioned, or witty, or metaphorically like Julian Hanfeizi's fable, or thoroughly analyzed like Mencius, or logically rigorous. The perfect combination of realism and romanticism makes Qu Yuan's poems have great artistic appeal. While imitating Qu Yuan, Song Yu's works developed and created Chu Ci, changing Sao style into Fu style, which had a great influence on later literary creation.

Major social changes

I. Development of agricultural production

1, further promotion of iron tools: a large number of iron tools have been unearthed in various places, indicating their universality. The method has been improved, which provides a material premise for the development of agricultural production.

2. Promote animal-drawn farming: Besides Niu Geng, there is also horse farming, which has a wider coverage.

3. Progress of farming technology: soil identification and fertilization technology is earlier than Europe 1000 years.

4. Types and distribution of food crops: Due to the different soil and climate in different countries, the crops planted are also different, and the varieties of food crops are also different.

5. Improvement in agriculture: At that time, a stone was equivalent to 60 Jin today, which shows that there was no fundamental breakthrough in agriculture in China, and the foundation was laid at that time.

B, the development of handicrafts and commerce

1, the development of handicraft industry

Types: Handicrafts in the Warring States Period, including household handicrafts as agricultural sideline, individual handicrafts operated independently, large-scale handicrafts operated by Hao Min, and government-run handicrafts operated by governments at all levels.

Personnel: farmers, craftsmen, dependent poor, employees (tenant farmers), slaves and government slaves.

Technology: The textile industry has new products and local characteristics. Woodworking has rules (compasses), moments (rulers), ropes (Mo Dou) and hidden squares. Mining and exploration technology.

Products: Jade articles, swords and seals made of colored glass.

2. Business development

Due to the development of agriculture and handicraft production and the expansion of social division of labor, it has brought about the development of commerce. The government also recognizes the legal existence of businessmen and levies various taxes.

Types of merchants: (1) Ordinary merchants and small business merchants. (2) Dajia, a wealthy businessman, has both political status and strong financial resources. For the merchants in the Warring States Period, see Sima Qian's Biography of Historical Records and Huo Zhi.

3. The rise of cities

With the development of agriculture, handicrafts and commerce, the formation of autocratic centralization promoted the concentration of politics, economy and culture, which led to the development of cities. The representative ones are Linzi, the capital of Qi State, Ying, Dingtao of Chu State and Handan of Zhao State. Cities are strongholds where the ruling class exercises power over the countryside, and also places where officials, landlords, businessmen and usurers live together. Cities rule the countryside politically and exploit the countryside economically.

4. Active monetary relations

With the development of commodity exchange, monetary relations become active. During the Warring States period, not only the country minted money, but also many cities minted money, so the styles of money in different places were different and varied. After liberation, there were hundreds of currencies in the Warring States period. Judging from its casting materials, there are copper coins and gold coins. From the shape, it is divided into: knife coins, popular in Qi, Yan and other countries; Shovel coins, circulating in Sanjin and other countries; Money, circulating in Qin and Eastern and Western Zhou Dynasties; Copper shell (ant nose money) circulating in Chu State. Chu also has gold coins: Yingcheng and Chencheng. The variety and circulation reflected the development of commodity exchange at that time. The variety of currency is complex, which also reflects great regionality.

With the development of money, usury became popular. In addition, there is a policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business.

During the Warring States period, the social economy made rapid progress, but the development in different regions was uneven. Qi and Wei countries not only had good natural conditions, but also had early social reforms, so they became relatively developed countries in the early Warring States period. Qin was originally backward, because it was located in Woye, Guanzhong, and the reform was thorough, so it came from behind and became the most powerful country in the late Warring States period. Chu has the largest territory, fertile land and developed handicrafts and commerce. Once a powerful country in Chyi Chin, it was destroyed by Qin because of its weak military strength.

C, landlords and farmers

Three kinds of social contradictions in the Warring States period: the contradiction between the feudal landlord class and the peasant class, the contradiction within the landlord class, and the contradiction between the residual forces of the landlord and slave owners.

The main contradiction is the contradiction between landlords and peasants. It constituted the main contradiction of China feudal society.

1, landlord type

The feudal monarch was the general representative of the landlord class and the largest landlord.

Noble grain landlords: four sons of the Warring States Period: Tian Wen of Meng Qi Changjun, Zhao Sheng of Zhao, Wei Wuji of Wei Xinling, and Huang Xie of Chu Chunshen. They have political status, and they can collect taxes from private households in land fiefs economically, and they can also lend usury. They have diners and slaves at home, and they are the conservative class among landlords.

Military bureaucrat landlord: Land and power can be obtained mainly through military exploits and politics, partly from former generals. For example, Guo Wei's uncle and uncle won 400,000 mu of land at a time, and Wang Jian begged for land. Some use the money given by the monarch to buy fields, such as Zhao Kuo.

Landlord in Hao Min: started by economic means, mainly by craftsmen and businessmen, and finally made money and kept it.

Cloth landlord: yeoman becomes a landlord by being an official, buying land or doing business. Lu Chunqiu Pian records that Ning Yue, a farmer from Zhao Zhongmou, became a teacher of Wei Gong in the Western Zhou Dynasty after studying in order to get rid of the hard work of growing crops, got a lot of land and became a landlord.

Although the above-mentioned landlords are not exactly the same politically and economically, they have formed the ruling class of society and their power is constantly expanding.

2. Types of farmers

Citizen: At that time, it was the main part of farmers. Farmers are granted land by the state, pay taxes to the state, perform corvee and military service, have independent economic and production capacity, but cannot move, so they can be called farmers.

Tenant: No land, but some means of production. It is up to the peasants to rent the land of the landlords.

Yeomen: First, the literati class, and second, soldiers with military achievements.

Farm labourers: Not only do they have no land, but even the most basic production tools and seeds, so they have to sell their labor.

3. The contradiction between the peasants and the landlord class

It was exploited by various tax corvees in feudal countries, such as "levying silk, millet and labor", exploited by usury and extorted by exorbitant taxes, which intensified the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class.

Editing this paragraph of scientific development

During the Warring States Period, the outstanding astronomer Qi Rengan had astronomy, while Ren Weishi had astronomy. They found that the fluorescence (Mars) and Venus (Taibai) in the five major planets are retrograde, determined the length of the rendezvous period between Venus and Jupiter, and determined that the value star period of Mars is 1.9 years and that of Jupiter is 12 years, which is very close to the determination of modern science. Measuring the distance between the 28 constellations and other stars is an important achievement of quantitative observation of early stars. Later generations collectively called their works "The Passage of Shi Gan". During the Warring States period, the division and arrangement of the 24 solar terms were basically completed, which played an important role in agricultural production. The Zhuan Xu calendar was implemented in the Qin Dynasty, with October as the beginning and September as the end of the year.

There are many geometric propositions in the book Mo Jing in the Warring States Period, such as equidistant between two parallel lines, straight line between three points, equal radius of the same circle, right angles between the four corners of a rectangle, etc. Invented the computing tool "computing chip", using ten sticks with different shapes to represent numbers, which greatly accelerated the computing speed. In addition, eight-light brushwork is also an important achievement of Mohist Classics. There are simple concepts and names of fractional arithmetic and special angles in Gong Ji. The book Zhou Bi suan Jing may have been written in the early Han Dynasty, but it is a summary of surveying and mapping experience in the pre-Qin period, in which quite complicated fractional algorithm and Kaiping method are used.

The knowledge of mechanics is also well expounded in Mo Jing. It is considered that force is a means for human body to transmit and change motion, and it is pointed out that the balance of lever is related to the weight of both ends and the length of force arm. It is found that there is a certain balance between the size of the ship and the depth of its sinking in the water, which is a simple expression of the principle of buoyancy.

Philosophical thinking

During the Warring States period, the drastic changes in society put forward a series of requirements for academic culture. Coupled with the formation of the literati class and the advocacy of the rulers, many schools have emerged one after another, forming a situation in which a hundred schools of thought contend. At that time, in addition to Confucianism and Taoism, there were Mohist school represented by Han Fei, Legalist school represented by Han Fei, Yin and Yang school represented by Zou Yan, famous family represented by Gong Sun, strategist represented by Sun Bin, farmer represented by Xu Behavior, strategist represented by Yi Cheung, Gongsun Yan and Su Qin, and sage represented by thought. All factions wrote books, widely taught their disciples, participated in the discussion of state affairs, criticized and infiltrated each other, and their academic thoughts were extremely prosperous. Qin unified the six countries, advocated legalism, used both yin and yang as teachers, burned books to bury Confucianism, and superstitious violence, which brought legalism to the extreme.