Catalog
1.Growth habit
2.Morphological characteristics
3.Geographic distribution
4.Cultivation techniques
5.Nutritional value
1.Growth habit
Born in warm wetlands of 63 ° N latitude, tolerate -4 ° C low temperature, but fear of the summer. Fava bean growth on temperature requirements vary with fertility, the appropriate temperature for seed germination is 16 ℃ ~ 25 ℃, the lowest temperature is 3 ℃ ~ 4 ℃, the highest temperature is 30 ℃ ~ 35 ℃. In the nutrient growth period requires a lower temperature, the minimum temperature of 14 ℃ ~ 16 ℃, flowering and fruiting period requires 16 ℃ ~ 22 ℃. If it meets -4 ℃ below the low temperature, its aboveground will suffer frost damage.
While broad beans rely on rhizobacteria to fix nitrogen in the air, but still need to absorb a large number of various elements from the soil for its growth, the lack of vegetation often out of a variety of physiological diseases.
2. Morphological characteristics
Annual herb, 30-100 (120) cm high. The main root is short and thick, with many fibrous roots, and the rhizomes are pink and dense. Stem stout, erect, 0.7-1 cm in diameter, quadrangular, hollow, glabrous. Leaves even-pinnate, with apical tendrils shortened to mucro; stipules hastate or subtriangular-ovate, 1-2.5 cm long, ca. 0.5 cm wide, slightly serrate, with dark purple dense glandular dots; leaflets usually 1-3 pairs, alternate, upper leaflets up to 4-5 pairs, fewer at the base, leaflets elliptic, oblong or obovate, sparsely orbicular, 4-6(-10) cm long, 1.5-4 cm wide, the apex rounded, mucronate, base cuneate, entire, both surfaces glabrous.
Racemes axillary, pedicels nearly absent; calyx campanulate, calyx teeth lanceolate, lower calyx teeth longer; with 2-4(-6) flowers in clusters inserted in leaf axils, corolla white, with purple veins and black halo, 2-3.5 cm, flag petal constricted at middle, base attenuate, pteropetalous petals shorter than flag petals, longer than keel petals; stamens 2-bodied (9+1), ovary linear sessile, ovules 2-4(-6), style densely white pilose. ), style densely white pilose, apical distal axial surface with a bundle of bearded hairs.
Pods plump, 5-10 centimeters long, 2-3 centimeters wide; epidermis green tomentose, with white spongy, transverse membranes, epidermis turning black at maturity. Seeds 2-4(-6), oblong, suboblong, medially concave, testa leathery, lime green, gray-green to tan, sparsely purple or black; hilum linear, black, located at one end of the seed. Flowering April-May, fruiting May-June.
3. Geographic distribution
Fava beans can be planted in most provinces in the country, south of the Yangtze River to autumn sowing winter seed-based, north of the Yangtze River to early spring sowing-based. In addition to Shandong, Hainan and Northeast provinces rarely planted beans, the rest of the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government) are planted with broad beans. Among them, the fall sowing area of Yunnan, Sichuan, Hubei and Jiangsu Province, more planting area and production, accounting for 85%, spring sowing area of Gansu, Qinghai, Hebei, Inner Mongolia accounted for 15%. Yunnan is the largest province of broad bean planting area, accounting for 23.7% of the country, year-round planting in about 350,000 hectares, mainly autumn sowing.
4. Cultivation techniques
Fava bean is one of the earliest human cultivation of legumes, the world's cultivation of fava beans in more than 50 countries, concentrated in the Black Sea and the Mediterranean coast, our country has more than 40 varieties of cultivars, the 50s of this century, the world's first production, with an annual output of more than 3 billion kilograms. As a grain milled flour made of pastries, snacks. When young as a new vegetable or fodder, the seeds contain 22.35% protein, starch 43%. Folk medicine to treat hypertension and swelling. There are reports of anticancer substances extracted from fava beans abroad.
Cultivation Methods
The open ditch moisture. In order to ensure that the seedling Qi, seedling strong, to prevent rotten beans dead seedlings, the general field 2-2.5m open moisture, ridge head higher field 2.5-3.5m open moisture, ditch depth of 18-20cm, 30cm wide. Dali City, Haixi piece of the higher water table fields such as the implementation of the monopoly, the ridge width of 50-55cm, ditch depth of 30-55cm, the ridge width of 50-55cm, the ridge depth of 50-55cm, the ridge depth of 50-55cm, the ridge depth of 30-55cm.
Sowing period: broad bean sowing period should be able to avoid the emergence of heavy frost during the bloom period based on the emergence of time, to determine the best sowing season for broad beans in different ecological regions. That is: altitude 1550-1700m bean area October 5-15 sowing; altitude 1750-1900m bean area October 10-20 sowing; altitude 1950- 2200m and above areas in October 15-25 sowing.
Reasonable dense planting, standardized strip point sowing: at an altitude of 1550-1700m bean area sowing basic seedling 12-1.5 million plants / 667m2, row spacing of 15-18750px; at an altitude of 1750-1900m bean area sowing basic seedlings. In the bean crop area at an altitude of 1900m, the basic seedlings are sown at 18,000-22,000 plants/667m2, with a spacing of 13,650px or 16,500px; in the bean crop area at an altitude of 1950-2200m and above, the basic seedlings are sown at 23,000-28,000 plants/667m2, with a spacing of 13,000-15,450px. 15450px. Sowing method adopts strip-pointing bright beans.
Reasonable fertilization: after sowing mu cover high-quality stable fertilizer 1500-2000kg/667m2 or cover the appropriate amount of straw; in the bean seedling 2.5-3 Taiwan leaves period of the application of calcium 30kg/667m2, potassium sulphate 10-15kg/667m2; in the Erhai lake area of In Dali City and Eryuan County, in order to reduce the pollution of the Erhai Lake and other lakes, in order to reduce the amount of phosphorus fertilizer, seeding with 0.5-1kg/667m2 soil phosphorus activator (anglisin) mixing, bean seedling 2.5-3 Taiwan leaves period of application of calcium 15-18kg/667m2.
Flooding: throughout the reproductive period should be timely irrigation of the bud blossom water, flower pod water, grouting drum grain water, etc. 3-4 times.
Field management
Seedling management measures: in the seedling period according to the seedling situation to control water or irrigation to achieve pier strong seedlings, so that the seedling Qi, seedling uniform, seedling strong. Gum stained mud bean field, after sowing to cover the grass in time to keep warm and moisturize.
Midterm management measures: do a good job of predicting pests and diseases, timely prevention and control of pests and diseases, grass and rodent hazards, good water management. The field of rectification between seedlings, pulling out weak plants and diseased plants, to ensure the healthy growth of the group.
Later management measures: to ensure that the irrigation period of the water needs, so that the soil moisture content to maintain 20-25%, below 18-20%, must be immediately irrigated; high-yield fields and late maturing fields, the final flower scattered tip period for the top of the core, conducive to the ventilation and light, increase grain weight, and promote precocious maturity.
5. Nutritional value
Fava beans contain protein, carbohydrates, crude fiber, phospholipids, choline, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, nicotinic acid, and calcium, iron, phosphorus, potassium and other minerals, Utah is phosphorus and potassium content is high.
Motherland medicine believes that lentils are sweet and slightly pungent. Attributed to the spleen, stomach meridian. It has the effect of treating spleen and stomach not key, edema and other diseases.