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Summary of geography knowledge points in junior high schools

China’s economic development

Gradually improving transportation network

1. The "pioneer" of economic development

Transportation is the transportation of people and goods from one place to another.

Modern transportation means transportation using trains, cars, ships, airplanes, pipelines and other means of transportation, namely: railways, highways, waterways (sea transportation, river transportation), aviation, pipelines and other transportation methods.

2. Transportation lines extending in all directions

National transportation network Railway transportation is the most important mode of transportation in our country. The crisscrossing railway lines are distributed across the country, leading to cities and factories. and mines, and connected with seaports, highways, and river transportation, forming the skeleton of the national transportation network.

The transportation network is unevenly distributed, with higher density in the eastern region and lower density in the western region.

Main railway lines

3. Choose the appropriate mode of transportation

Factors that need to be considered when choosing passenger or freight transportation are the price, speed, and volume of transportation. The amount of goods, the purpose of the person’s trip, the nature and quantity of the goods themselves, and the transportation distance, etc.

Passenger transport: mainly consider the purpose of travel, fare, speed;

Freight transport: mainly consider the nature and quantity of the goods, transportation distance, freight, speed, and purpose of transportation

Comparison of modern modes of transportation

Knowledge of geography test points for junior high schools

China’s natural resources

Section 1, Overview of natural resources

1. Natural resources mainly include climate resources, water resources, land resources, biological resources, mineral resources and marine resources.

2. Characteristics of natural resources:

⑴. The concept is not static; ⑵. The quantity is huge, but it is limited; ⑶. The quality varies in various regions. ⑷ , the distribution has a certain regularity, but is uneven; ⑸, the situation is constantly changing.

3. Distribution of mineral resources:

⑴. Main oil fields:

Between Heilongjiang Province, Liaoning Province, Hebei Province, Shandong Province, Shandong Province and Henan Province

< p> Daqing Oilfield, Liaohe Oilfield, Huabei Oilfield, Shengli Oilfield, Zhongyuan Oilfield

⑵. Main coal mines:

Heilongjiang Province, Hebei Province, Liaoning Province, Shanxi Province, Anhui Province, Henan Province, Guizhou Province, Sichuan Province, Inner Mongolia

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Anshan,

Benxi Kailuan, Fuxin Datong, Yangquan

Xishan Huaibei,

Huainan Pingdingshan Liupanshui Panzhihua Huolin River

⑶. Main iron ore:

Liaoning Province, Hebei Province, Inner Mongolia, Hubei Province, Anhui Province, Sichuan Province, Hainan Province

Anshan, Benxi, Qian'an, Baiyun Obo, Daye, Ma'anshan, Panzhihua Shilu

Note: Liaoning, Sichuan and Hebei provinces have the largest iron ore mines.

⑷. Distribution of non-ferrous metals:

Inner Mongolia Bayan Obo Rare Earth Hunan Tin Mine Antimony

Gansu Jinchang Nickel Hunan Shuikou Mountain Lead and Zinc

Shandong Zhaoyuan Gold, Guizhou Tongren Mercury

Jiangxi Dexing Copper, Guangxi Apple Aluminum

Jiangxi Dayu Tungsten, Yunnan Gejiu Tin

5. Areas with the most solar energy distribution It is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the smallest area is the Sichuan Basin.

Note: The distribution of the above mineral resources should be focused on the eighth grade geography (volume 1) P53 Figure 3-3 "China's main oil and natural gas", P54 Figure 3-4 "China's main coal mines", P54 Figure 3-5 "China's Main Metal Minerals" on the three pictures.

Section 2. China’s land resources

1. Characteristics of China’s land resources: more people but less land, with the per capita land area being less than 1/3 of the world’s.

2. Basic national conditions of land resources: the proportion of cultivated land and forest land is small, the proportion of land that is difficult to use is large, and the reserve land resources are insufficient. (Among them, grassland has the largest area).

3. Distribution of land resources: ⑴. Cultivated land: plains and basin areas in the eastern monsoon region;

⑵. Woodland: Northeast, southeast, and southwest regions;

⑶. Grassland: eastern Inner Mongolia, eastern and southern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Section 3. China’s water resources

1. The spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of my country’s water resources:

⑴. Unbalanced regional distribution: more in the east and less in the west. More in the south and less in the north;

⑵. In terms of time distribution: more summer and autumn, less winter and spring, with large inter-annual changes.

2. Construction of water conservancy projects:

⑴. Cross-basin water diversion projects - solving the problem of uneven distribution of water resources in regions. In the eighth grade Geography (Volume 1) P68-69 Figure 3-19 "Schematic Map of the South-to-North Water Diversion Route" and other pictures, identify the three water diversion projects: diversion from the Yellow River to Qinghai, diversion from Luan to Tianjin, and South-to-North Water Diversion.

⑵. Construction of reservoirs - to solve the problem of seasonal changes in water resources. For example: Xiaolangdi Reservoir on the main stream of the Yellow River, and the Three Gorges Water Conservancy Project on the main stream of the Yangtze River.

⑶. Saving water, using water scientifically, protecting water resources, and preventing water pollution are effective ways to alleviate the problem of water shortage.

Section 4, China’s Marine Resources

1. my country’s four famous seafood: large yellow croaker, small yellow croaker, hairtail, and squid.

2. Four major fishing grounds: Yellow and Bohai Sea fishing grounds, Zhoushan fishing grounds (the largest in the country), South China Sea fishing grounds, and Beibu Gulf fishing grounds.

3. Saltworks: North - Changlu Saltworks (the largest in the country), South - Yinggehai Saltworks.

Essential knowledge for junior high school geography

The climate of the world

Section 1, weather and climate

1. Weather refers to a certain place Atmospheric conditions over a short period of time. Characterized by variety. Such as: violent storms, strong winds, etc.

2. Climate refers to the weather conditions in a place for many years. It is characterized by relative stability. Such as: hot and dry, cold in winter and cool in summer, etc.

3. Recognize and memorize commonly used weather symbols, and be able to read simple weather forecast charts.

Section 2, Temperature and Precipitation

1. Temperature: (1) The distribution pattern of the world’s annual average temperature: the temperature gradually decreases from low latitudes to high latitudes; land and oceans at the same latitudes Temperatures vary.

⑵The highest average temperature of the year in the northern hemisphere is July and the lowest is January; the opposite is true in the southern hemisphere.

2. Precipitation:

⑴. Three forms of precipitation: convective rain, terrain rain, frontal rain

⑵. Distribution of annual precipitation in the world: There is more precipitation in the equatorial zone; less precipitation in the polar regions; more precipitation on the east coast of the continent on both sides of the Tropic of Cancer and less precipitation on the west coast; less precipitation in the inland areas of mid-latitudes and more precipitation in the coastal areas.

3. Representation method of climate data:

⑴. Climatic data are represented by tables, coordinate maps and contour maps.

⑵. Give examples.

Section 3. Factors affecting climate

1. Factors affecting climate include: shape of the earth, movement of the earth, distribution of land and sea, topography, human activities, etc.

2. The movement of the earth (see table below).

The phenomenon caused by the rotation period of the direction of motion of the center of rotation

The rotation of the earth's axis from west to east and the alternation of day and night throughout the day

The rotation of the sun from west to east changes throughout the year

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Note: Look carefully at the World Geography (Volume 1) P49 picture.

3. The division of the five zones on the earth:

⑴. Tropics: 23.5°N-23.5°S between the Tropic of Cancer (direct sunlight);

⑵. North temperate zone: 23.5°N-66.5°N between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle (with seasonal changes);

⑶. South temperate zone: 23.5°S-66.5 between the Tropic of Cancer and the Antarctic Circle °S (with seasonal changes);

⑷. Northern frigid zone: 66.5°N-90°N in the Arctic Circle (with polar day and polar night);

⑸. Southern frigid zone: 66.5°S-90°S in the Antarctic Circle (polar day and night);

Note: From the perspective of five-zone distribution, Africa is the hottest and Antarctica is the coldest.

4. Sea and land distribution: In places with the same latitude, the land temperature is high in summer and the ocean temperature is low, while the opposite is true in winter.

5. Distribution of terrain and topography:

⑴. Different terrain areas have different temperatures. For example: the precipitation and temperature on the east and west sides of the Andes are different.

⑵. As the terrain increases, the temperature decreases. Generally speaking, for every 100 meters of elevation in terrain, the temperature decreases by 0.6°C.

6. Human activities can affect local climate. Such as: artificial afforestation, construction of reservoirs and irrigation projects, etc.

Section 4. The world’s main climate types

1. Tropical climate:

Types of surface landscape climate characteristics main land distribution areas

Tropical rainforest climate Tropical rainforest is hot and rainy all year round

Amazon Plain, Congo Basin, and Malay Islands Tropical Monsoon Climate Tropical monsoon forest is hot all year round, divided into rainy season (June-October) and dry season (November-November) May of the following year)

The tropical grassland climate of Peninsular India and Indochina has high temperatures throughout the year. The year is divided into dry season (November to May of the following year) and wet season (June to October) < /p>

The north and south sides of the tropical rain forest climate are such as: Africa

Continental tropical desert climate Tropical desert is hot and dry all year round West Asia and North Africa, central Australia

2. Subtropical monsoon climate :

Type of surface landscape, climate characteristics, main land distribution area

Subtropical monsoon climate, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, hot and rainy summers, four distinct seasons, southeastern China, the United States, Brazil and other countries

Mediterranean climate, subtropical evergreen sclerophyll forest, warm and rainy winters, hot and dry summers, the western part of the continent at 30°-40° north and south latitudes, the most typical along the Mediterranean coast

3. Temperate climate:

< p> Type of surface landscape climate characteristics Main land distribution area

Temperate monsoon climate Temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest is cold and dry in winter, warm and rainy in summer, with hot and rainy periods in Northeast China, Southeast Russia, the Korean Peninsula and nearby areas, etc.

Temperate maritime climate Temperate grassland has warm winters and cool summers, more annual precipitation, and more even seasonal distribution on the west coast of the continent in mid-latitude areas. Such as: the Atlantic coast of western Europe, etc.

Temperate continental climate, forest, steppe, desert, cold winters and hot summers, large annual precipitation, and rainy summers in the inland areas of Eurasia and North America

Subarctic coniferous forest climate: The cold-resistant coniferous forest has long and cold winters, short and warm summers, and less precipitation. Russia and Canada

4. Boreal climate:

⑴. Alpine plateau climate: It is mainly distributed in mountainous plateaus at middle and low latitudes, with lower temperatures, less precipitation, and significant vertical changes in the natural landscape as its basic characteristics.

⑵. Polar climate: ①. Tundra climate: Along the Arctic Ocean coast of Eurasia and North America, it is cold all year round and mosses and lichens are distributed.

②. Ice sheet climate: severe cold all year round. Mainly distributed in the Arctic and Antarctica, no plants grow.

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