Knowledge points at the end of 8th grade's geography book I
First, the total amount of natural resources is rich and the per capita is insufficient (April 22, World Earth Day)
1, natural resources: land, sunshine, minerals, forests, water and hydropower that are valuable to human beings in nature.
2. Classification:
Renewable resources-can be updated, regenerated or recycled in a short time, such as land, forest, water and hydropower.
Non-renewable resources-use less, such as mineral resources.
3. Features: the total amount is large and there are many kinds, but the per capita is insufficient and relatively short.
Second, land resources (World Land Day on June 25th)
1, utilization type: cultivated land, woodland and grassland are agricultural land, and construction land is non-agricultural land.
2. The proportion of all kinds of land is unreasonable: there are few cultivated land and forest land, and there are many land that is difficult to use, and the reserve land resources are insufficient.
3. Characteristics of land resources in China:
(1) Advantages: the total amount is rich and the types are complete, which provides favorable conditions for China to comprehensively develop agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and by-product production according to local conditions;
(2) Disadvantages: less per capita possession, unreasonable proportion structure, uneven distribution and serious destruction of various land resources.
4. Distribution area
(1) Cultivated land and forest land are mainly distributed in the eastern monsoon region with humid climate. The degree of land use here is high, in which cultivated land is mainly distributed in the eastern plain and low hilly areas; Woodland is mainly distributed in the mountainous areas of northeast, southwest and southeast.
(2) Grassland is mainly distributed in the western inland areas where the annual average precipitation is less than 400 mm.. There are many hard-to-use land here, and the utilization degree of land resources is low. Animal husbandry plays a major role in agricultural production in this area.
⑶ The difference between dry land in the north and paddy field in the south: there is more land in the north and less water, mainly dry land; There is little water in the south, mainly paddy fields.
5. Existing problems: soil erosion, land desertification, indiscriminate occupation of cultivated land, etc.
6. Basic national policy: cherish and rationally use every inch of land and effectively protect cultivated land.
Third, water resources (March 22, World Water Day; March 22-28 China Water Week)
1, water is a valuable resource.
(1) 97% of the water on the earth is ocean water. Most of the fresh water resources are glaciers at poles and mountains, and most of the rest are deep groundwater. At present, the freshwater resources used by human beings are mainly rivers and lakes and shallow groundwater, accounting for only 0.3% of the global freshwater resources.
⑵ Causes of water crisis: increased water consumption, water pollution and water waste.
2. Water resources are unevenly distributed in time and space.
(1) Uneven time distribution: more in summer and autumn, less in winter and spring, and great interannual changes. Rational utilization of every drop of water: due to the uneven distribution of water resources in China, it is necessary to build reservoirs and transfer water across basins (such as diverting water from the Yellow River to Qingdao and transferring water from south to north) in order to make rational use of water resources.
⑵ Uneven spatial distribution: more in the south and less in the north, less in the east and west. In particular, the water shortage in North China and Northwest China is the most serious, and the unreasonable coordination of water and soil resources in China has further aggravated the water shortage in the north.
⑶ Measures: ① Solve the uneven seasonal distribution-build reservoirs. ② Solving the uneven spatial distribution-inter-basin water transfer. Such as the Luanhe River to Tianjin, the Yellow River to Qingdao, and the South-to-North Water Transfer Project. ③ Save water and prevent water pollution.
⑷ Three planned routes of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project: ① Eastern route scheme: pumping the Yangtze River water into the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal in Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, controlling it with a sluice, and gradually lifting it. After crossing the Yellow River, it flows from the north and supplies water along the way to Tianjin. ② Mid-route scheme: firstly, water is diverted from Danjiangkou Reservoir to the North China Plain; secondly, after the completion of the Three Gorges Giant Reservoir, Pinghu Lake will be drained by using the high gorge, and water will flow into the Han River by canal construction. ③ Western route plan: It is planned to raise the water levels of Jinsha River, Yalong River and Dadu River, and then dig some huge tunnels to introduce the Yangtze River water into the upper reaches of the Yellow River to supplement the water sources in the northwest.
3. Characteristics of water resources in China: (1) Water shortage; (2) Uneven distribution in time and space.
Knowledge points of geography 8th grade (Volume I)
Altitude and topography
(1) Absolute height (altitude): the vertical distance above sea level at a certain point on the earth's surface.
(2) Relative height is the vertical distance from one place on the earth's surface to another.
(3) Contour lines are the lines connecting points with the same altitude on the map.
⑷ Five basic forms of mountain: peak, ridge, valley, saddle and precipice. )
5] between different contour lines, different colors can be painted to make layered colored topographic maps.
[6] The various ups and downs of the surface are collectively called topography. Five basic landforms of the earth's surface: plains, plateaus, mountains, hills and basins.
(7) The common feature of the plains and plateaus is that the ground undulation is small, but the difference is that the plains are low (below 200 meters) and the plateaus are high.
Land and sea
(1) The land is divided into three parts (29%) and the ocean is divided into seven parts (7 1%), and the land is concentrated in the northern hemisphere;
(2) Seven continents (Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Oceania) and four oceans (Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean)
(3) Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean) Remember the size and orientation.
(4) The dividing line between Asia and Europe is the Urals, ural river, the Caucasus and the Turkish Strait;
5] The dividing line between Asia and North America is the Bering Strait;
The dividing line between Asia and Africa is the Suez Canal;
Once the dividing line between North America and South America is the Panama Canal.
(8) Antarctica is the continent with the widest span of longitude, the Arctic Ocean is the ocean with the widest span of longitude, and the Atlantic Ocean is S-shaped. All in the Eastern Hemisphere is the Indian Ocean.
Geography learning methods and skills
What do you think of the ingenious method of remembering the map of China?
The map of China is like a big cock, which can be cut into six parts: the head, the back and the tail, the belly, the feet and the X.X.X.
The heads of chickens are the easiest to remember: Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning.
There is only one chicken back: Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.
The chicken tail is simpler, and it is a Xinjiang.
Chicken feet are also very simple, that is, Taiwan Province and Hainan.
The difficulty is chicken belly and chicken X.X. There are too many provinces. But don't be afraid, we have a method, that is, we regard the chicken belly as an inverted triangle and a cross, and the chicken X X as a rectangle and a square with me.
Let's look at the chicken belly first:
Inverted triangle: Guangdong Province is regarded as the bottom corner of the inverted triangle, Fujian Province, Jiangxi Province and Hunan Province are regarded as the waist of the inverted triangle, and Hubei Province, Anhui Province and Zhejiang Province are regarded as the bottom line of the inverted triangle. , thus forming a nearly inverted triangle. Hong Kong and Macao are among them.
Cross means: Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong and Jiangsu provinces are made into a horizontal line, and then Hebei and Henan provinces are regarded as a vertical line, and one horizontal line and one vertical line form a cross.
We regard this inverted triangle and cross as a chicken belly, except for the chicken head, chicken back, chicken tail, chicken belly and chicken feet, then we regard the rest as a chicken X.X. And chicken X.X can be regarded as a rectangle and a square! !
Rectangle: Tibet, Qinghai Province and Gansu Province are regarded as an oblique rectangle.
Square: Sichuan, Yunnan, Chongqing, Guizhou and Guangxi are regarded as a square.
So the map of China can be said to be composed of a chicken head, a chicken waist, two chicken feet, a chicken tail, a triangle, a cross, a rectangle and a square ...
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