No one will feel strange when it comes to Guanzhong-this land not only gave birth to the great Chinese civilization, but also was the birthplace of many unified Central Plains dynasties. Since the pre-Qin era, all the military and political groups occupying this land have developed in this way. The powerful can wait and see, make progress in the world, and the weak can also separate themselves and consolidate their self-defense. For example, in the Warring States period, the state of Qin "held the land of Yongzhou, and the monarch and his subjects clung to it to get a glimpse of the surrounding room", which not only resisted the repeated attacks of the six countries in Shandong, but finally sent troops outside the Hangu Pass to forge ahead in the world. Another example is Liu Bang, who wiped out Guanzhong immediately after leaving Chencang, taking Qinchuan as the base camp and fighting Xiang Yu for several years and finally winning. Others, such as Yu Wentai Group in the Northern Zhou Dynasty and Guo Wei Group in the Later Zhou Dynasty, all took Guanzhong as their basic base and gradually grew into political and military forces that could unify the whole country. ? Above _ Jiangnan, Saibei, Zhongyuan, Guanzhong, Lingnan, Hexi and Western Regions, the reasons are the superior geographical position of Guanzhong area and the advanced level of regional development. The Chinese nation was born in the Yellow River valley, relying on advanced productive forces and gradually expanding to the outside world. Therefore, the economic level and development power of this region was the strongest place at that time, while the development of other regions was centered on it. "Those who are close to it prosper"-for example, in the Three Kingdoms period, Niu Geng technology of iron plow had become common knowledge in the Central Plains, and the Kingdom of Wu in Jiangdong had just begun to introduce it. Advanced productive forces mean abundant population, and population means the basic competitiveness of the country. Therefore, Zhongyuan Group, which has a superior population, has a stronger competitive ability. Therefore, based on national security, the Yellow River Basin in the Central Plains has always been regarded as the heart of the regime, and the establishment of the Sili Department in the Han Dynasty is for this reason. ? Above _ The zoning map of northern Shaanxi, Guanzhong and southern Shaanxi Province is more excellent than that of Guandong and Guanzhong. First, it has inherited the above economic advantages. Second, it also has mountains and rivers with great national defense significance. Tongguan in the east, Sanguan in the west, Xiaoguan in the north and Wuguan in the south. The core economic zone of Guanzhong is closely protected by mountains and rivers in the central area-the Central Plains in the east has no such advantage. It is no wonder that Duke Wu of Wei opposed the relocation of Zhou Ping to Wang Dong because the royal family had no such mountain defense after moving the capital to Luoyi. Such a treasure can be called "the capital of the emperor". ? Above _ Guanzhong Four Blocks (Tongguan in the east, Sanguan in the west, Xiaoguan in the north and Wuguan in the south) But in the chaotic and disputed Three Kingdoms period at the end of the Han Dynasty, this "emperor's capital" failed to help Guanzhong Group achieve the emperor's career, and even failed to achieve a separatist regime. After all, it depends on "people"-talent and population. Just in the Three Kingdoms period, these two factors in Guanzhong area failed to meet the standards. First of all-talent, which is closely related to the choice of capital. Chang 'an, the core city of Guanzhong, was the basic site of Emperor Gaodi of Han Dynasty. In the early Han Dynasty, when counties and countries coexisted and dangers overlapped, it was logical to be the capital for 200 years. As an important place in the capital, Chang 'an and Guanzhong area have absorbed the talent resources of the whole country, and the world is full of talented people. However, Liu Xiu, the Guangwu Emperor who established the Eastern Han Empire, started in Hebei and made Luoyang his capital, and the Guanzhong area including Chang 'an was subsequently conquered by him. Therefore, after the founding of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the capital was chosen in Luoyang, a well-established and long-established Liuxiu Group. ? Above _ Schematic Diagram of the Geographical Location of Chang 'an The siphon effect of all countries has absorbed talents from all over the country. Therefore, two hundred years later, in the Three Kingdoms period, the popularity of Guanzhong area to which Chang 'an belongs could not be compared with Luoyang. The number of talents is actually closely related to the success or failure of the group, especially the entrepreneurial group. Because in the case of lax law and discipline, only talents can re-maintain discipline and integrate people's hearts and resources. Qiao Zhou, Minister of Shu and Han Dynasties, repeatedly requested to stop the Northern Expedition, because Shu and Han Dynasties were short of "good generals" and could not compete with each other in the long-term border competition environment. In Sweeping the Fan Brush, "there is no general in Shu, and Liao Hua is the pioneer" is a satire on the reality that Liu Bei's veteran had to be requisitioned for lack of talents in Shu and Han Dynasties. ? Above _ Liu Wei (57-88), that is, Emperor Zhang of Han Dynasty, followed by population, which is the basic strength of a regime. The outbreak of war will inevitably reduce the population. Guanzhong, which failed to become a political center, accidentally became a national defense center. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Han Empire allowed Qiang people to immigrate to Liangzhou, which was adjacent to Guanzhong. After Emperor Hanzhang in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the court struggle became more and more fierce, and the mastery of the border became more and more relaxed. Therefore, in the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the rebellion of the Qiang nationality began to be staged in Liangzhou, and its destructive power was amazing. In the period of Emperor Huan of Han Dynasty, the long-term war not only destroyed Liangzhou's economy, but also brought instability to Guanzhong area. In the period of Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty * * * was determined to solve the rebellion of the Qiang people, and sent Zhang Huan and Duan Ying to attack the Qiang rebels successively. Although the situation was controlled for a while, the Han empire was dying because of the high military expenditure. Duan Ying's expedition alone cost 4.4 billion yuan before and after, while Guanzhong, which is close to Liangbing and Bingzhou war zones, paid a lot of expenses for corvee, military service and grain, with huge losses. In the period of Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty, there was another rebellion in Liangzhou, and the Qiang-Hu rebel forces approached Chang 'an, which dealt a serious blow to the Guanzhong area. Emperor Han Ling sent Huang Fusong, Zhang Wen and others to Liangzhou to counter the rebellion again, and Guanzhong directly became a war zone. ? Above _ During the Three Kingdoms period, it was hard to survive the rebellion of Qiang and Hu, and the prelude of the Three Kingdoms period gradually opened. Guanzhong became the first place to suffer, and three wars were staged successively: first, Li Jue Guo Si counterattacked, and after Lu Bu Wang Yun killed Dong Zhuo, Li Jue Guo Si led hundreds of thousands of troops to counterattack Chang 'an. After the city was broken, the city fell, and Bu defeated. When the soldiers were released from Chang 'an, old and young, they were killed, and the dead were found in confusion. "Then, Marten Han Sui attacked Li Jue Guo Si, and the two sides fought in Changping, and Marten lost more than 10,000 people. Later, Li Jue and others plundered the people around them. "At that time, there were still hundreds of thousands of households in Sanfu. When Li Jue and others set out to rob the cities, the people were hungry and trapped, and they ate and ate a little in two years." In the end, Li Jue and Guo Si clashed again, attacking each other and killing tens of thousands of people. Long-term war has caused heavy losses in Guanzhong area, which had a large population and sufficient food and grass. Tens of thousands of people fled to Hanzhong and Sichuan, and more people were killed in the war between warlords and Qiang Hu. ? Above _ Li Jue (? -198) and in Guanzhong area, "more brave and less virtuous officials", the weakness of talent shortage was exposed. The masters of Guanzhong did not like Cao Cao Group to recruit refugees and rebuild order, nor did they like Jiangdong Sun Shi to urge the strongmen to gather material resources and manpower, but formed warlords with many hills and no affiliation with each other. When Cao Cao invaded Guanzhong, there were as many warlords as Ma Chao, Han Sui, candidate, Cheng Yin, Yang Qiu, Li Kan, Zhang Heng, Liang Xing, Cheng Yi and Ma Wan. It is impossible for such a scattered and fragmented small group to allocate resources in a unified way, let alone form a separatist regime. Without the advantage of "human", Guanzhong's hard power was greatly reduced and it became a weak player in regional competition. But after all, surrounded by mountains and rivers, the geographical advantage is still there, but it is this advantage that has not yet been brought into play. In August of the 16th year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao sent a great army to press Tongguan, the gate of the Middle East, and the military strength of Guanzhong was attracted, while Cao Cao sent elite to cross the river from the north of Tongguan, bypassing this natural barrier. In September, Cao Cao's main force crossed the Weihe River, and it was only a matter of time before the Guanzhong Coalition army, which was short of food and grass and distracted, was defeated. Cao Cao's "unique" strategy only accelerated the process. The decline of Guanzhong in the Three Kingdoms period was only temporary, but its story shows that the foundation of any political power lies in "people", and geographical advantages only bless this factor. ? Above _ Cao Cao (155-March 220 15) In the Tang Dynasty, Guanzhong area continued to be valued by the court as a core area, and Chang 'an became a cosmopolitan city. However, it flourished and declined. With the decline of geographical location and the explosive growth of population, the land carrying capacity of Guanzhong gradually decreased. After Jianyan crossed to the south, the economic center of gravity moved southward and the war mode changed, which made the advantage of Guanzhong in the past gradually become the advantage of Jianghuai area. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Mao Hongwu wanted to move the capital to Xi 'an, but Prince Zhu Biao, who went to investigate, died of illness, and the matter went away. Looking back, after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the ecological environment in Guanzhong area deteriorated further, and the arrival of the Little Ice Age at the end of the Ming Dynasty made Guanzhong hungry all over the ground and thousands of miles away. If the Ming Dynasty built its capital here, it would inevitably make the country suffer more bad luck. And after that, Guanzhong has never been able to become a national capital. Text: Zuo Guangdou Reference:

The characters of Biography of the Three Kingdoms in Wei Wudi, Biography of the Three Kingdoms in Ma Chao, Wei Shu and the Book of the Later Han Dynasty were created by the team of the History University Hall, and the pictures originated from the network copyright and belonged to the original author.