Straw mushroom (Latin name Volvariella volvacea (Bull.:Fr.) Sing.), also known as orchid mushroom, culm mushroom, hemp mushroom, etc., is an important tropical subtropical mushroom, the world's third largest cultivated edible mushroom. The following is the organization I made for you, I hope it is useful to you.
Straw Mushroom Cultivation Techniques
Mushroom Room Setting
China's indoor straw mushroom cultivation began in the early 1970s, most of the use of summer unused plastic greenhouses, shiitake mushrooms, mushroom rooms, or old warehouses for production, in addition, in 2010, the south of the country mainly used foam board as the material to establish mushroom rooms. Most of these mushroom houses are located in high terrain, open to the sun, back north to south, warm in winter and cool in summer.
Each mushroom room is about 15~20m2, 2.5-2.8m high. too large, slow heating and warming, it is difficult to maintain a constant temperature; too small, the area utilization rate is low, poor ventilation, easy to induce disease. Indoor set on, in, under the window and bed frame, under the window 0.1m above the lowest bed frame, bed height 2.3m, width 0.7-0.9m, 4-6 layers, each layer of distance 0.5-0.6m, indoor exhaust fan and fluorescent lamps, illuminance 50lx, the ground paved pipeline in order to pass into the steam disinfection or warming.
Selection of varieties
Straw mushroom strains are divided into three types of individual size: large, medium and small, with a single weight of less than 20g as small, 20-30g as medium, and more than 30g as large. The color and luster of straw mushrooms can be gray, light gray, gray and white, etc., which are different according to the strains. Which type of strain to use depending on the cultivation season and use, dry with the appropriate choice of large and medium-sized, fresh food and canned with the appropriate use of medium and small. 2010 choose more is the V series of varieties. The main varieties are as follows:
V20: mouse gray, easy to open umbrella, more resistant to low temperature, small species.
V23: mouse gray, not easy to open the umbrella, high yield, a large species. However, it is weak in resistance, and young mushrooms are easy to die under high or low temperature.
V37: light gray, easier to open the umbrella, is a medium-sized species. Strong resistance and higher yield, the strain is easy to degrade.
V35: grayish-white, good quality, medium-sized species, also higher yield. However, it is sensitive to temperature, when the temperature is stabilized above 25 ℃ to develop normally.
V844: medium temperature medium-sized species, easy to open, strong resistance to low temperature, weak resistance to high temperature, 24-30 ℃ mushroom.
V733: gray or light gray-black, medium-sized species, not easy to open umbrella, strong resistance to low temperature, more resistant to low temperature, mushroom at 22-35℃.
V16, V2, Vt: lighter color, medium-high temperature and medium-large species. Strong resistance, high yield, but the envelope is thin, not resistant to high temperature, easy to open the umbrella, 26-32 ℃ under the mushroom.
GV34: gray-black, low-temperature medium-sized species, not easy to open umbrella, high yield, strong resistance, wide range of adaptation to temperature, mushrooms under 23-25℃.
Cultivation Season
The south of Yangtze River such as Wuhan, Shanghai area in June-August is more suitable, the north of Yangtze River such as Shijiazhuang, Beijing area in late June to early July is more suitable. Guangdong is located in the tropical subtropical, under natural conditions, spring and early summer to fall can be cultivated, i.e., April-October, and to the spring season in April-June is the most suitable, this period of time, the temperature rises slowly, fluctuations are not big, more rain, humidity is more constant. Summer is susceptible to high temperatures and heavy rainfall, the yield is not as spring and fall seasons, special attention should be paid to ventilation and cooling and humidity control, such as material temperature is higher than 35 ℃, the substrate is difficult to form; air humidity is too large (often greater than 90%), will affect the mushroom buds to absorb and transport nutrients, thereby inhibiting the growth; after the fall of the cultivation of the temperature decline is slower, but the high and refreshing autumn, the humidity is not easy to control the yield than the spring is not low.
In general, the local average monthly temperature of 22 ℃ or more, the temperature difference between day and night is not big, the relative humidity of the air can be cultivated under the climatic conditions.
Preparation of culture material
(1) culture material formula
indoor straw mushroom cultivation with waste cotton, bagasse, straw as the main raw material, commonly used culture material formula is as follows:
① waste cotton 69-79%, straw 10%, wheat husk 5-15%, 6-8% of the lime, pH 8-9, 68-70% moisture content
② waste cotton 100kg, straw powder 12.5-25kg, bran 25kg, dry cow dung 12.5kg, calcium superphosphate 2.5kg, calcium carbonate 2.5kg, moisture content 65-68%.
③ Bagasse 100kg, bran 15-20kg, lime 3 kg, moisture content 60%.
④ Straw 100kg, straw powder 30kg, dry cow dung 15kg, gypsum powder 1kg, water content 60-65%.
⑵ Preparation of culture material
Summer cultivation of waste cotton dosage of 7-8kg / m2, wheat husk dosage of 5%; spring and fall 12-15kg / m2, wheat husk dosage of 10%; anti-seasonal cultivation of wheat husk dosage of up to 15%.
When the pile of culture material, choose to wet the raw materials, add one-third of the lime, mix well, so that excess water leaching, water content control at 65-70% (hand-held material in bunches of droplets dripping down), cover the film, composting and fermentation for 2 days, and then turn over the heap, and then wheat husk and other auxiliary materials and one-third of the lime sprinkled into the culture material, mix well, and then start the heap, cover the film and fermentation for 2 days, and so on. After turning the heap for 2-3 times, sprinkle the remaining one-third of the lime into it and mix it well.
Disinfection of mushroom room
After the end of the previous crop of mushrooms, use 3-5% bleach to add diluted milk of lime or 3% polymyxin to spray the walls, floors, beds and frames, and then close the room after drying, and then disinfect the mushroom room by fumigating it with 40% formaldehyde one day before feeding (15g per cubic meter), and ventilate it after disinfecting it, and then feed it after the smell of formaldehyde disappears.
Cultured material into the room
A, the thickness and dosage of cultured material into the room: general material thickness of about 10-15cm, the dosage of 7.5kg (dry material)/m2
B, post-fermentation of cultured material: cultured material into the room after the process of re-fermentation, i.e., the cultured material into the room to let it warm up to 60 ℃, maintain 2~4h, and then cool down to 50~52 ℃, keep 4~7 days. ~7 days.
C. Turning of the culture material: Turning of the culture material once after the end of the second fermentation, to remove the toxic gases in the culture material.
Sowing
The seeds can be sown when the material temperature drops to about 35℃. Sowing methods are spot sowing, strip sowing and scattering. But in practice to point sowing plus sowing effect is better, point sowing hole distance of 10cm or so, 3-5cm deep, about 1/5 of the strains scattered on the surface of the material, with a wooden board gently patted flat. Can also be used for sowing, that is, layered seeding, each laying material thickness of about 5cm sowing seeds a layer, and finally capped with mycorrhizal seeds. Generally 100m2 cultivation area needs 300-400 bottles of mushroom seeds (750ml).
Mushroom management
① Covering and mulching
After inoculation in the bed covered with plastic film for 2-3 days, 2-3 days after lifting the film, in the bed evenly covered with a layer of burnt earth or fine garden soil, about 1cm thick, or a layer of pre-moistened long straw, and sprayed with 1% lime water, to keep the soil surface moist.
② Management of temperature and humidity
After sowing, close the doors and windows, in 4 days the room temperature is maintained at about 30 ℃, the material temperature is maintained at 35 ℃, such as daytime temperatures are high, can be plastic film snapped, and then re-covered at night when the temperature is lower. If the room temperature is too low, steam or other measures should be taken to warm up. Mycelium stage is 30~36 ℃, the relative humidity of the air is usually required to reach more than 95% in the first 3 days after sowing, and then drop to about 95% from the 4th day.
5-6 days after inoculation, the mycelium began to twist and produce the substrate protoplast. During the development of the substrate, the optimal temperature is 28-32 ℃, if it is higher than 35 ℃, the mushroom body grows fast, easy to open umbrella, low yield, poor quality; if it is lower than 25 ℃, it is difficult to produce mushrooms.
When the protoplast is formed, it is necessary to increase the humidity of the surface of the material in time, play the mushroom water, increase the indoor light, strengthen the ventilation and air exchange, and promote the formation of the protoplast.
The humidity of the air during the formation of the substrate should be controlled between 80-90%. If the humidity is too high, the ventilation is poor, which will easily lead to rotten mushrooms, and if the humidity is too low, it is not easy to form the substrate.
The humidity of the mushroom room and the culture material can be implemented by spraying water on the ground or in the air. If the pH of the culture material is lower than 8, 1% lime water can be sprayed.
③ Ventilation
During the period of mushroom formation, the respiration of the substrate is enhanced and a large amount of carbon dioxide is released, and the accumulation of too much will affect the development of the substrate. Especially in high temperature, high humidity environment, poor ventilation, easy to produce stray bacteria, so during the formation of the substrate should be ventilated in a timely manner in order to keep the mushroom room with sufficient fresh air. Ventilation should be carried out according to the climate change, before and after the afternoon when the temperature is low, and in the morning and evening when the temperature is high. At the same time, combined with ventilation, there should be a certain amount of diffused light during the mushrooming period to promote the formation of the substrate and improve the yield and quality.
④ Strictly control the occurrence of ghost umbrella
During the cultivation of straw mushroom, the most common competing stray bacteria are black juice ghost umbrella and membrane ghost umbrella. The ghost umbrella usually appears about 7 days after the seeding of straw mushrooms, if not removed in time, the spores will spread quickly after maturity. The prevention method is to strictly sterilize the culture material, especially the post-fermentation to strictly control the temperature, at the same time, the culture material can be sprayed with 2.5% lime clarifying liquid 5-6 days after sowing and mushroom emergence, so that the pH of the culture material can be kept at 8-9, and the ghost umbrella should be removed in time if it is found.
Harvesting
Under suitable temperature and humidity conditions, a small amount of young mushrooms can be seen in 6-7 days after sowing, and harvesting starts in 11-12 days. Straw mushrooms grow rapidly and must be harvested in time. When harvesting, use one hand to hold down the culture material at the growth place, one hand to hold the mushroom body to rotate left and right, and gently take off. If it is a clump, it should be cut one by one with a small knife, or most of the mushrooms in a clump are suitable for harvesting when they are picked together. Do not pluck the mushrooms when harvesting to avoid pulling the mycelium and affecting the mushroom production in the future. The bio-conversion rate of straw mushroom varies according to the culture material, generally the conversion rate is 30-40% with the waste cotton as the culture material, and the high one can reach more than 45%.
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