2. Since the Song Dynasty, "Four Treasures of the Study" refers to Xu Anbi (Xuancheng, Anhui), Huimo (Shexian, Huizhou, Anhui), Xuan Paper (Jingxian, Xuancheng, Anhui), (Shexian, Huizhou, Anhui), (Zhuoni, Gansu) and Duanyan (Zhaoqing, Guangdong, formerly known as Duanzhou).
3. Brush, ink, paper and inkstone: refers to brush, black ink, rice paper and inkstone.
Structure: more formal
Usage: as subject and object; Refers to the pen, ink, paper, inkstone.
Example: "The son of heaven was forced to take a pen and paper. Your servant immediately praised Four Treasures of the Study. " (Shi Ming Naian's "Water Margin" eighty-first)
Canon: "Four Treasures of the Study is from two counties, and I have come to reward him recently." (Song Mei Yao Chen's "Re-harmony with Pan Yizhou's Paper and Ink Stone")
Expansion: the old name of paper, ink, pen and inkstone stationery. The inkstone, alias Mr. Mo, is the oldest treasure in Four Treasures of the Study. A study is a study.
In the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Yijian wrote Four Books and Four Treasures of the Study, describing the types and authenticity of these four kinds of stationery. These stationery have a long history of production and a wide variety, with famous products and artists throughout the ages.
For example, Anhui Jingxian (formerly Ningguo House, whose paper was produced in the name of governing Xuancheng), Shexian (formerly Huizhou House) Huimo, Zhejiang (formerly Huzhou House) Hu Bi, Anhui Jingxian (formerly Ningguo House, whose pen was produced in the name of governing Xuancheng), and Guangdong Duanyan (formerly Zhaoqing House, formerly called Duanzhou).
Extended data
Xu Anbi 1
The history of writing brush is longer. Before the Qin Dynasty, the writing brush had different names. Chu called the brush "Yu" and Yan called it "Fu". After the Qin Dynasty unified China, the writing brush was given a unified name. Xu Anbi can be said to be the birthplace of writing brush. Because a long time ago, Xuancheng had the saying that "Mao Ying's skills are the best in the world".
About the origin of Xu Anbi, there has been a saying that Meng Tian wrote it since ancient times. According to Han Yu's Biography of Mao Ying in the Tang Dynasty, in 223 BC, Meng Tian, a general of the Qin Dynasty, led an army south to attack Chu and arrived in Zhongshan (Xuancheng). There are two specific directions.
One said that Zhongshan is in Xuanzhou District and Jingxian County of Xuancheng City today; On the other hand, Zhongshan is in Lishui County, Jiangsu Province. According to the twenty-eight volumes of Yuanhe County Records, Zhongshan is fifteen miles southeast of Lishui County in Xuanzhou. Lishui County was under Xuanzhou's jurisdiction because of its vast territory in Tang and Song Dynasties.
Meng Tian found that Zhongshan rabbit's hair was long and fat, with the best texture, so he made a brush with bamboo tube as the pen and rabbit hair (also called purple hair) as the pen tip. The world calls it "Mengtian Pen", which is the originator of Xu Anbi.
There is controversy in the history circle about Meng Tian's theory of writing brush. According to research, Qin used to have a writing brush. For example, in 1954, Chu brush was unearthed from the Warring States Tomb in Zuojiagongshan, Changsha City, Hunan Province, with a length of 462.5px, a diameter of 10px, and a nib of 62.5px: the pen holder is made of bamboo, and the nib is the arrow hair of a rabbit. Different from Meng Tian pen, the pen tip is fixed by the traditional wrapping method, that is, the pen tip is clamped on the bamboo pole head divided into four sections, wrapped with hemp and coated with lacquer juice.
Thus, Meng Tian was not the inventor of the brush, but made a historic improvement on the making of the brush. That is, one end of the pen holder is hollowed out to make a pen cavity, and then the pen tip is placed in the cavity. Compared with brushes manufactured by clamping and winding methods, brushes manufactured in this way have three advantages; First, the nib is fixed in the pen cavity as a whole, which can keep a round state for a long time and is beneficial to writing; Second, the pen can keep the correct position; Third, it is more stable. Therefore, the brush has continued the style of writing cavity initiated by Meng Tian.
There is another difference between the ancient brush and the modern brush, that is, the ancient brush sharpened the end of the pen for the convenience of people not to wear it on their hair or scarves, so the ancients had the saying of "hairpin pen".
Pen-making from the Qin Dynasty to the Tang and Song Dynasties was mainly concentrated in Xuancheng, and it was listed as a "tribute" together with Xuan paper for a long time. Xu Anbi's production has always been famous for its strict selection of materials and meticulous workmanship.
According to textual research, the rabbit hair used to make excellent Xuan pen should be the hair of an adult male rabbit, which has been caught in autumn for many years and specializes in eating wild bamboo leaves and drinking mountain spring water. There are only a handful of black and elastic double arrow hairs on his back to choose from. It can be said that it is rare to see. Only in this way can the brush made of rabbit hair meet the requirements of sharpness, uniformity, roundness and pointiness, and it can also be regarded as a "treasure" by painters and painters.
The so-called sharp, neat, round and key all have such meanings;
Sharp: the nib should be as sharp as an awl, which is useful for writing strokes such as hooks and strokes;
Qi: after the brush hair is scattered, the front hair is flush, which is beneficial to uniform ink jet;
Round: the root of the pen is cylindrical, round and full, and the hair is evenly covered. Its function is to write fluently without splitting.
Keys: When writing and painting, the pen tip is flexible and can show the pen force.
The preciousness of rabbit hair (purple hair) is evidenced by the poem "Purple Brush" by Bai Juyi, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty: there are old rabbits on the rocks in the south of the Yangtze River, and Xuanzhou people use bamboo drinking springs to produce purple hair, so choose one among thousands of hairs. Every year Xuancheng writes, and the price of purple hair is as expensive as gold.
The preciousness of rabbit hair (purple hair) is proved by Tang Law. Xu Anbi was listed as a tribute in the Law of the Tang Dynasty, and it was clearly stipulated that "six taels of tribute and three taels of purple goods". Taking two as the unit of measurement, among the "tributes" listed in the Tang law, only six Liang and three Liang may be the only ones.
Scholars of all ages praised Xu Anbi. Use poems and songs to express one's yearning for Xu Anbi, or to express the feeling of using Xu Anbi, or to express the excitement of getting Xu Anbi from friends.
Take the great calligrapher Huang's poem Xie Songxuan as an example. The poet wrote:
"The distance between Xuancheng and the chicken is different. Master Zhuge caresses me, and a bunch of happiness comes from public office. One thousand yuan is not available in the market." As can be seen from the three or four sentences in the poem, Xu Anbi's masterpiece Zhuge Pen at that time could only get gifts from friends, even if it cost a lot of money, it could not be bought in the market. In today's words, Zhuge pen is a special gift.
Mr. Liu Haisu, a contemporary master of calligraphy and painting, praised Xu Anbi, presented it to Xu 'anbi Factory in Jingxian County in eight characters, and personally supervised Peng Lian's pen-fighting.
From the Qin Dynasty to the Tang and Song Dynasties, there were many famous pen makers in Xuancheng, the most representative of which was Zhuge in the Tang Dynasty. According to historical records, most of his family run this line, and the pens they made are treasures purchased by the great calligraphers Wang Xizhi and Liu Gongquan in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty. Both of them wrote "calligraphy invitations" to Zhuge's family, or gave them to friends or used them for their own use. The ancients praised this Zhuge pen as "both rigid and flexible, suitable for people to use, no matter how hard."
Xu Anbi also has stories with many famous historical figures. Just give two idiom stories, in which the protagonist is closely related to Xuancheng. One is "dream pen gives birth to flowers". According to the Records of Kaiyuan Tianbao Legacy, Li Bai was brilliant and created many famous works in his life. Why? It is said that Li Bai dreamed that his pen was full of flowers when he was a child, and he woke up with a sharp mind. He is famous all over the world for his heroic poems about fighting wine, and is called "Poet Fairy". Too much wine will make a poem in a daze.
The other is "Jiang Lang is exhausted". According to the dream, there was a man named Jiang Yan in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. When he was young, he dreamed that a man gave him a five-color pen. He claimed to be Guo Pu. Jiang Yan became famous from this article, but he did not see the history of this matter.
Although there is no record of sending pens, there is a record of returning pens. According to the Biography of Nan Shi Jiang Yan, Jiang Yan spent the night in Ye Ting Pavilion and dreamed of an old man who claimed to be Guo Pu. He said to Jiang Yan, I have a pen in my hand, which has been used for many years, and now it is time to return it to me. Jiang Yan took the five-color pen out of her arms and returned it to the old man. Since then, Jiang Yan's thought has failed, and there are no quatrains handed down from generation to generation. "Jiang Lang is at his wit's end" has become another name for the decline of people's talents and literary thoughts.
In the Yuan Dynasty, due to the contempt of the rulers at that time and the frequent wars in Xuancheng, pen makers fled to the south to take refuge, and then Xuanbi was replaced by Hu Bi. This situation was not changed until after the reform and opening up.
2. Lake Peninsula
The origin of tiger skin is Shanlian Town, Xing Wu County, Zhejiang Province. Lake brush is exquisite in material selection, fine in technology and wide in variety, ranging from coarse bowls to fine embroidered needles, with four characteristics: sharp, neat, round and healthy.
Tip: refers to the conical tip; Qi: after the nib is flattened, it is as neat as a knife;
Round: the pen is round and full; Jane: The pen holder is upright and elastic.
Tiger skin can be divided into four categories: Yang Hao, Langhao, Shuangshua and Zihao.
According to the size specifications, it can be divided into four types: block letters, inch letters, middle letters and small letters. Tiger wall, also known as "tiger shadow".
Ying refers to the neat and transparent part of the pen tip, which is called "black spot" by pen makers, which is the biggest feature of the lake pen. After this pen is dipped in black, its nib is still sharp. When it is scattered, the hair inside and outside is neat and not short.
On average, goats in this area only produce three or two hairs, and the ones that are young are only six yuan. In a lake pen, each nib has sharp-edged hairs, which are selected from countless hairs with thickness, length, hardness, straightness and roundness, and have the advantages of pointy, fine, pure and durable.
The depth of the "sunspot" reflects the length of Feng Ying. Hu pen is generally made of fine goat wool through nearly 100 processes, such as soaking, drawing, combing, splicing and combining. The fame of Shanlianhu Brush is closely related to Zhao Mengfu, a great painter and calligrapher in Yuan Dynasty. Zhao Mengfu, a native of Huzhou, who is known as "Japanese calligraphy is full of characters", is very concerned about and attaches great importance to the local skills of making Hu Bi.
According to "Huzhou Prefecture Records", he once asked someone to make a pen, but once he was not satisfied, he took it apart and made it again. This strict quality requirement has been passed down to this day. Bai Juyi once described the exquisiteness and complexity of pen-making skills as "one stroke in a million" and "one stroke is light, but it is very important". Tiger skin has the characteristics of being sharp, neat, round and healthy, and is called the "four virtues" of tiger skin, so it is said that "Mao Ying's skill is the best in the world".
Tiger Pen: Also known as Tiger Shadow, it is one of the "Four Treasures of the Study" and is known as the "crown of pens". China's brush originated very early, and the "Lake Pen" was famous in the world, which was in the Yuan Dynasty six or seven hundred years ago. Before the Yuan Dynasty, Xu Anbi was the most famous city in China. Su Dongpo and Liu Gongquan both like to use Xuanzhou pen; After the Yuan Dynasty, Xu Anbi was gradually replaced by the Ministry of Housing.
According to "Huzhou Prefecture Records", "Feng Qingke and Lu Wenbao made pens in the Yuan Dynasty, taking the method of their hometown, so Hu Bi became famous all over the world." "Huzhou Feng Bimiao incoherent, Shen Rixin can work. If you wave your hand in Yutang, you will not hesitate to ask for it like a pearl. " People are willing to buy lake pens at a high price, which shows their excellent reputation. Hu Bi's hometown is Shanlian Town, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province. According to legend, Meng Tian, a general in Qin Dynasty, invented a brush with dead wood as the tube, deer hair as the column and wool as the quilt.
Later, Meng Tian once lived in Shanlian, Huzhou, improved his writing brush, took the hair of rabbits and sheep, and "took good care of it" to make what later generations called a "lake pen". After the success of Hu's pen-making reform, he passed on his skills to the Shanlian people, so that almost every family in the local area could write and make pens. With a history of more than 2,000 years and the leading role of Han, Jin, Sui, Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties and contemporary calligraphers, Hu Bi has been deeply integrated into this land.
Therefore, Shanlian built Mengtian Temple for it. After Montaigne's death, Shanlian's calligrapher did not forget his ancestors' kindness and donated money to build "Meng Gong Temple" next to Yongxin Temple, also known as Meng Xi. Every birthday of Meng Tian and Bi Niangniang (according to legend, it is March 16 and September 16 of the lunar calendar), a grand commemorative event will be held. For thousands of years, people have gathered in Shanlian to worship their ancestors, hoping that the pen industry will flourish. Such folk activities have been going on.
The tiger wall is also called "Tiger Shadow", which is its greatest feature. The so-called "ying" means that there is a neat and transparent front ying at the tip of the pen, which is called "sunspot" in the industry. The depth of the "sunspot" is the length of Feng Ying, which is carefully made of fine mountain wool through nearly 100 processes, such as soaking, pulling, combing, splicing and combining. Bai Juyi once described the fineness and complexity of pen-making skills as "one in a million", "light hair and heavy work", so he said that "Mao Ying's skills are the best in the world".
Zhao Mengfu, a great painter and calligrapher in the Yuan Dynasty, was very concerned about and attached great importance to the local Hu pen-making skills. According to Huzhou government records, he once asked someone to make a pen for him, even if one pen was not satisfactory, the requirements were very strict. This strict quality requirement has been passed down to this day. At present, there are nearly 300 varieties in four categories: Yang Hao, Shuangshua, Zihao and Langhao. 1983 Vice Chairman Deng visited Japan and gave hundreds of sets of lake pens as gifts to Japanese friends.
3. Huimo
Huimo is produced in Tunxi, Shexian and Jixi in Huizhou. It has a history of thousands of years. Huimo is made of pine as the basic raw material and infiltrated with more than 20 other raw materials. The finished product has the characteristics of deep color, solid luster, no smudge when entering the paper, no fading for a long time, rich fragrance, corrosion resistance and moth resistance, and is suitable for painting and calligraphy. High-grade Huizhou ink includes ultra-top lacquer smoke, tung oil smoke and ultra-pine smoke.
The production of Huimo began in the Southern Tang Dynasty. The founder is Chao Heting. From the middle of the Tang Dynasty to the end of the Tang Dynasty, a large number of population and economic centers moved south due to the chaos in the buffer regions. The Xi family moved south from Yishui (now Yixian) in Hebei Province and settled in Cangzhou, attracted by the wonders of Huangshan Baiyue, Lianxi and Xin 'an.
Xi's father and son are ink makers. At this time, Gu Song in southern Anhui was used as raw material, and the tamping and gluing processes were improved. Finally, a good ink "rich in muscle and greasy, shiny as paint" was created, which lasted for a long time and was full of fragrance. Li Yu, the queen of the Southern Tang Dynasty, loved calligraphy and painting, and made Xi Ting an ink official, giving him a "national surname" as a reward. As a result, the family changed to the Li family. Li Ting became a master of Mohism in ancient and modern times. During Song Xuanhe's reign, there was a situation that "gold is easy to get, but Li Mo is hard to find".
In the Song Dynasty, with the prosperity of the Confucian system, the grand occasion of "Hui people's learning" and "Xin 'an people set an example to create ink" was formed. Changyu in yi county, Shen Gui in Huangshan, Pangu in Zhou She, Woods in Xin 'an, etc. They are all famous figures in the ink industry of 10, 1 1 century.
Zhang Yu is the founder of youyan ink, famous for making "imperial ink", and his "dragon fragrance" is a treasure sought after by collectors in past dynasties; When burning loose coal with grease and lacquer, the smoke is extremely black, which is called lacquer smoke. People call its ink "ten years as stone, a little as paint"; The beauty of Wu Ci's ink painting lies in "I don't leave an inkstone", and he was once awarded 20,000 yuan by Song Xiaozong.
Pangu, the master of ink making in past dynasties, was praised by the world as "Mo Xian". His ink products such as "Matsumaru" and "Sister-in-law" have the advantages of "fragrant bones, fragrant without losing" and are called "magic products in ink". In his later years, Su Dongpo wrote poems to mourn after he fell into the water and drowned.
4. Xuan paper
Xuan paper was named after it was produced in ancient Xuanzhou. Xuan paper production has a history of 1000 years, mainly concentrated in Jingxian county. Xuan paper is famous for its thin texture, softness, whiteness and compactness. It is characterized by aging resistance, strong tensile force and no discoloration, and is known as "Millennium Life Paper". Hongxing brand rice paper won the national famous brand.
Xuan paper Xu Anbi was produced in Jingxian County with a long history of 1000 years. The record of Xuan paper in history books was first seen in the Tang Dynasty. During the reign of Tang Ganfu, Zhang Yanyuan, a critic of calligraphy and painting, wrote "Clouds in Tears of Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties". "Good people should buy one hundred pieces of rice paper; Prepare copying with wax. " This shows that the papermaking technology in the Tang Dynasty was quite developed, and the calligraphy and painting used Xuan paper, but the production level was not high, so it was necessary to "wax" first and then "copy".
According to the Book of Old Tang Dynasty, in the second year of Tang Tianbao (AD 743), Jiangxi, Sichuan, southern Anhui and eastern Zhejiang all produced paper tribute, especially in Xuancheng County. When I arrived in Nantang, Li Yu, the late master, supervised Cheng Xintang Paper. "The skin is like an egg membrane; It is as clean as jade, delicate and smooth, and it is crowned for a while. It can be described as a boutique in rice paper. Li Zeng, a great painter in the Song Dynasty, painted a five-horse map with Tang paper, which is famous throughout the ages.
5. inkstone
One of the four famous inkstones in China. Because this stone was taken from Wei Long in ancient Zhou She (now Shexian), it is called "She Yan". She inkstone has a history of 1200 years. She inkstone is tough, with the characteristics of fast inking, no damage to the nib, non-drying ink and easy cleaning, among which the word "firm and moist" embodies the characteristics of She inkstone. There are many kinds of inkstones, among which ribs and eyebrows are the top grades.
She inkstone began in the Tang Kaiyuan period. According to the Five Dynasties' Emotions, the "Longlin Yueyan inkstone" given by Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty to Prime Minister Zhang and Zhang in the second year of Tang Kaiyuan was a precious Venus inkstone, which was produced in Zhangzhou. It can be seen that she Yan has been circulating for at least 1200 years.
Because Baoqing Yingyan inkstone is fine in texture, firm as jade and silent in grinding ink, it won the favor of Yuan Zong Li Jing in the Southern Tang Dynasty. Therefore, an inkstone service was established in Zhangzhou, and Li Shaowei, a master inkstone worker, was recruited as an inkstone service officer. Specializing in making inkstones. Li Yu, the queen of the Southern Tang Dynasty, said that Honesty Hall Paper, Li and Jujube Core Ink were the best in the world, making them famous all over the world.
At the end of the Five Dynasties, there was war in the south of the Yangtze River, the inkstone pit was flooded, and the inkstone industry was declining. It was not until the Song Dynasty that Qian Zhi, a captain, went to Shexian County to work, sent someone to find the submerged inkstone pit and took measures to dredge the stream. Shi Naian didn't come back, and inkstone industry rose again. Later, during the Jiayou period, migrant workers were recruited to dig. As a result, the production of she inkstone once again showed a prosperous scene, with continuous fine products, and a number of ink stone carving masters represented by Zhou Quan emerged.
During this period, some monographs on ink reception, such as "Ji Pu", "Ji" and "Ji", also came out one after another. Today, in the Anhui Provincial Museum, there are still a number of Song Dynasty inkstones unearthed after liberation. The stones are firm and fine, the carvings are simple and elegant, and there are no complicated ornamentation, which is refreshing and pleasing to the eye.
It belongs to Sinian system after its geological age, and it is a kind of argillaceous clay rock one billion years ago. The geological age of Duanshi in Guangdong is Devonian, which is a kind of argillaceous limestone 400 million years ago. The average hardness of stone is about four degrees, which is 0.5 degrees higher than that of end stone. Because it moistens Shi Jian, it has the advantage of "Su Mo for many years, a drop of jade-like stone embellish", which is beyond Duan's reach. There are many poems praising She Yan in history.
For example, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang, the four great calligraphers of the Northern Song Dynasty, all spoke highly of She Yan. Su Shi said in a poem: "Luo Jiao is flat, and the rhinoceros wall of rice pills covers the clouds. People sleep in the afternoon window and listen to the sound of the west wind. "
Look at the poet's infatuation with She Yan. Cai Xiang, a calligrapher with a bachelor's degree in Duanming Temple, once got an inkstone and said happily, "Jade is pure, pure and refined. The spirit of ink is silent and smells like incense. It is willing to compare Baoyu inkstone to a priceless jade, which shows how precious and rare it is to have a pair of fine couplets.