Planting method of Fritillaria Fritillaria. Land selection: Land selection is the key to Fritillaria Fritillaria production, because once planted, Fritillaria Fritillaria will continue to grow for many years, and improper land selection will cause great losses. The most suitable soil for Fritillaria is black oil sandy soil and butter sandy soil with sufficient water, good drainage, fertility and looseness and rich humus. Sandy soil, loess, saline-alkali land and low-lying waterlogged land are not suitable for farming.
Second, land preparation and border planting: Fritillaria is mostly cultivated in border planting in Heilongjiang Province, with border width 100? 200 cm, the side length depends on the terrain, and the working lane is 0.3? 0.4 meters, you should dig deep before making the border. Fritillaria Fritillaria needs a lot of fertilizer. Before ploughing, fully decompose pig manure, horse manure, deer manure, etc. It should be applied as base fertilizer, and the border height should be determined according to the topography and groundwater level, which is generally 15? 20 cm is appropriate.
Third, the propagation method: bulb propagation and seed propagation can be used. At present, phosphorus stem propagation is mostly used in production. The seed breeding cycle is long, but the breeding multiple is high, which can improve the seed quality and prevent degeneration.
1, bulb propagation When harvesting bulbs, divide them into 3? Fourth class. The big ones are selected and processed into medicine, and the small ones are used as seeds. Infected and damaged species should be removed before planting. When planting, determine the planting density according to the planting size, equidistant (generally 1.5? 3 cm) planting. In order to make the planting spacing uniform, equidistant screens should be prepared before planting, and the screen holes should be determined according to different densities. When planting, first lay the sieve flat on the bed, and put a seed in each hole. After the whole hole is planted, lift the sieve and move it to the seedless bed. After placing the seeder, the soil should be restored in time with a thickness of 4? 6 cm, depending on the size of the seeder, the small seeder can be shallower and the large seeder can be deeper. After soil reclamation, the surface of the border should be flat, the middle of the border can be slightly higher, and the sides can be slightly lower, in order to prevent the border area from being flooded in rainy season, causing the flat shell to rot. Then paint a layer of 3 on the border? Cover with 4 cm thick manure to increase fertilizer efficiency, keep moisture and overwinter safely. The planting amount is large. Single seed 600 per mu? 800 Jin, 500 in the middle? 600 kg, 300 kg smaller? About 400 Jin.
2. Seed propagation: after the fruit is ripe, it is picked together with the fruit stalk, dried in the sun and sown. The sowing date can be spring sowing and autumn sowing, autumn sowing and seedling emergence in the following spring. Because the seeds of Fritillaria have a post-embryonic maturation process, it is necessary to treat the seeds when sowing in spring. The method is to soak the seeds in water and absorb them, mix them with the same amount of clean river sand, and put them in 5? At low temperature 10℃. After the seeds are mature, the emergence rate after sowing is high and neat. Keep the soil moist after sowing.
Fourth, on-site management:
1. Erect windbreak barrier: When planting flat shells in spring, the seedlings are frozen out, which makes them brittle and vulnerable to sandstorms in spring. Therefore, sorghum and corn stalks should be placed on the windward side to protect the flat shell from heavy wind and rain, and at the same time, the ground temperature can be increased and the seedlings can be promoted early.
2. Planting shade crops: Pingbei is cold-resistant, likes cold and wet climate, the growth period of aboveground parts is short, and the high ground temperature is not conducive to the development of underground bulbs. Shading crops should choose crops with strong shading effect, small roots and increased soil fertility, especially leguminous crops such as soybeans. It can also be intercropped with corn and perilla. ; Shady crops can be planted in rows or holes, and sowing should not be too dense and too deep.
3, intertillage weeding: combined with shaded crops, weeding early, weeding when the roots are shallow. When weeding after deep roots, it is easy to hurt the bulbs of flat shells, which is not conducive to growth. Weeding should also be carried out frequently until the aboveground part of the flat shellfish withers in autumn, so as to keep the boundary free of weeds.
4. Drainage and irrigation: Pingbei is prone to drought in spring. In case of drought, irrigation should be done frequently, and the soil should be loosened in time after irrigation to prevent hardening. When there is too much rain, the accumulated water should be removed in time to avoid bulb rot.
5. Fertilization: Mytilus has high density, short growth period and large fertilizer requirement. Therefore, the effect of fertilization is significant, and base fertilizer and topdressing should be applied. In addition to applying mulch fertilizer after planting, it should also be chased before winter. Alkaline fertilizers such as plant ash and Kangdong soil should not be applied, so as not to affect the growth of mussels. Five, pest control: rust is the main disease of Fritillaria, which can cause serious yield reduction. The pathogen is basidiomycetes. At the beginning of May, the disease started. After the disease, the stems and leaves withered and the seedlings died early. The control method can eliminate weeds and diseased plants, and spray 300 times sodium dichloride, 800 times carbendazim and 7? Spraying once every 10 day. Underground pests, such as grubs, cutworms and crickets, can be controlled by zinc and phosphorus toxic soil.
6. Harvesting and processing: the above-ground part of the flat shell will wither completely in mid-June, and then it will be excavated. First, dig out a part of the border soil at one end of the border bed to expose the bulbs of the flat shell, then turn the soil above the bulbs of the flat shell into the ditch with a flat shovel, and pick out the big bulbs to remove impurities and soil for treatment. The remaining small and medium bulbs are cultivated in grades. The processing method can be kang drying and sun drying. Generally, the kang is used, that is, in a closed room, a layer of small ash is screened on the kang, and then the bulbs of Fritillaria are scattered into different sizes. The big ones spread out on the kang one by one, and the small ones spread a thin layer on the kang, then screened a layer of wood ash, and then began to heat. The temperature of the kang should reach about 40℃, and it can be dried after 24 hours. At the beginning of heating, the temperature is not easy to be too high. When it reaches about 40℃, it will be kept at a constant temperature of 7? 80% of the time, the temperature should be gradually lowered to avoid burning, and it is not advisable to turn the frequency when it is dry, in case? Oil cake? .
Key points of mussel planting 1. Land selection and land preparation
Choose the plot with sunny lee, loose and moist humus soil or black oil sandy soil, beans or corn are better in the previous crop, and depression, clay land, saline-alkali land and air leakage land are not suitable. In early spring, after the soil is thawed, plough and dry. After harrowing, apply base fertilizer (decomposed deer manure, horse manure and pig manure are the best, 2000~4000kg per mu) to make a border with a width of 1.2m, a height of 15- 18cm and a length of 30-50cm. You can sow corn in the furrow for shade first. Fritillaria likes fertilizer, but because of its small bulb, few fibrous roots, poor fertilizer absorption ability and short growth period, it is necessary to ensure sufficient water and fertilizer to obtain high yield.
2. Breeding method
There are two ways of reproduction: bulbs and seeds. Because of the long production cycle of seed propagation (it can only be harvested after 6 years of sowing) and the large propagation coefficient of Fritillaria bulb (1 mother bulb 1 year, as many as 20 ~ 50 daughter bulbs of different sizes can grow), bulb propagation method is generally used in production.
Usually in? Mangzhong? When the stems on the ground become Huang Shi during this period, they should be planted together with the harvest. The harvested bulbs are screened by holes and divided into four grades: large-scale processing of human medicinal materials; Second-class (such as hazelnut size) can be harvested after planting 1 year; Third-class (such as corn size) needs to grow for 2 years to harvest; The fourth grade (below the third grade, the smallest is like rice) needs to be harvested after 3 years. Planting method: planting large balls horizontally, with row spacing 10cm and plant spacing of 5cm, medium-sized plants can be planted with plant spacing of 4cm*8cm; Minimum sowing, master the plant spacing 1.0 ~ 1.5 cm, spread it evenly on the border, and then cover it thinly. Cover the frame with humus soil after screening or excavated topsoil, and level the surface of the frame after covering, so that the frame is turtle-backed. Finally, cover the border with a thickness of 2 ~ 3 cm? Covered feces? , you can use decomposed deer manure or horse manure, pig manure and litter or humus. It has the functions of preserving moisture, preventing frost cracking and increasing fertilizer. The sowing amount varies according to the bulb size, and the big bulb is 300-400 kg per mu, the middle bulb is 200-300 kg, and the small bulb 100-200 kg.
3. Tian Tuan management
(1) shading: planting shading crops to create a low-temperature and humid environment for Fritillaria. It is best to plant corn and soybeans on the side, and both of them are on demand. The spacing between corn plants is 30 ~ 40 cm; Soybean row spacing is 25 ~ 30cm, and 2- 1-3 rows can be planted along the border length.
(2) bud picking:
In order to improve the yield and quality of Fritillaria bulbs and reduce the consumption of a large number of nutrients in flowering and fruiting, buds should be removed in time. In the early stage of germination, in the sunny morning, after the dew is dry, pick the buds again.
(3) Top dressing and cold protection:
Every year in late autumn and early winter, the border is covered with a layer of manure, which is about 3 ~ 5 cm thick. It not only plays the role of topdressing, but also can prevent cold and keep warm, and promote the early emergence of Fritillaria in early spring. Fritillaria Fritillaria likes pigsty manure best, followed by horse manure and green manure. Cow manure is easy to produce insects and has short fertilizer efficiency. Because plant ash, Kangdong soil, chicken and duck manure, human excrement and urine and other alkaline fertilizers are easy to cause Fritillaria rot, they are the most unsuitable for application.
(4) Water:
In case of spring drought affecting seedling emergence, water should be used to help seedling emergence. Loosen the soil in time after watering to avoid soil hardening and cracking. However, if too much rain causes water accumulation in rainy season, attention should be paid to drainage to avoid the rot of Fritillaria caused by water irrigation.
(5) Prevention and control of pests and diseases
1) rust:
Also known as? Jaundice? The pathogen is a basidiomycete in fungi. The main producing area occurred in early May, with rusty yellow summer spore piles on the back and base of leaves. After rupture, there is yellow powder flying, and the injured part is perforated, which can cause the stems and leaves to turn yellow. Late stems and leaves are covered with black winter spore piles.
Prevention and control methods: clear the diseased plants in time and burn them; Spraying 300 times of sodium dichloride before flowering, 7 days 1 time.
2) Black rot:
Also known as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the pathogen is unknown and harms bulbs. The injury produces black spots, and the tissue under the lesion turns gray. In severe cases, all scales turn black, shrink and dry. A large number of millet-like black sclerotia were formed under the epidermis of the bulb, and the overground parts of the damaged plants wilted and withered.
Prevention and control methods: dig out the diseased plants in time and sprinkle lime to disinfect the diseased spots; Irrigate the affected area with 50% carbendazim 1000 times solution. Continuous cropping is easy to get sick, so try to choose new land for planting.
3) Gray mold:
The pathogen is unknown, and the main producing area occurred in the middle and late May. At the onset, a leaf edge and tip of a plant appeared waterlogging spots, and the whole plant withered and died in the later stage.
Prevention and treatment: before or at the initial stage of the disease, spray 1: 100 bordeaux mixture, 7 days 1 time, 3-4 times in a row. There are also underground pests, such as grubs and grubs, which harm bulbs or cut off the base of stems. Can be killed with poison bait.
4. Cultivate improved varieties
As far as possible, choose bulbs without pests and diseases and black spots. Individual selection is relatively uniform, such as 65438+ diameter 0 ~ 2 points for planting. Bulbs appear evenly, which is convenient for management.
Propagation method of bulb with flat shell When bulbs were harvested in June, they were divided into three grades: large, medium and small. Large ones are processed and used as medicine, and medium and small ones are planted and planted respectively. The advantages of classification are consistent growth and convenient cultivation management and harvesting. Strip planting, the middle plant spacing is 5 ~ 10 cm, the spacing between plants is 5 cm, and the spacing between small plants is 5 cm? 3 cm, 5 ~ 6 cm after planting, watering, and then sprinkling 2 ~ 3 cm thick soil fertilizer on the border to keep the soil moisture. The planting amount per mu is 300 ~ 400 kg. Still used in production? Split? And then what? Cut the flaps? The method. Split is to divide the scales on the bulb into 2 ~ 4 petals for planting. The petals are cut horizontally into long scallops, longitudinally into wide scallops, and cut into pieces with a length of 10 ~ 15 mm and a width of 7 ~10 mm. Each petal forms one or several new individuals from adventitious buds.
Seed propagation can be carried out in spring or autumn. When the fruit is ripe in June and the seeds are slightly dry after picking, sow immediately and emerge in the next spring; Seeds sown in spring need to be layered in sand bank. When sowing, shallow furrows should be opened at the edge of the border according to the row spacing 10 cm and the depth of 0.5 ~ 1 cm, seeds should be evenly sown in the furrows, covered with a thin layer of fine soil, watered after a little suppression to keep the soil moist. The seedlings were unearthed in mid-April, and the growth basically ended in late May, and the bulbs entered summer sleep. 1 ~ 3-year-old seedlings have only 1 linear leaves, 4-5-year-old seedlings have 3-9 leaves, and the underground bulbs are 0.5-2 cm in diameter. In the sixth year, they begin to branch and blossom.
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