Zhang Huanqiao was born in Maojiagang, his hometown of Ba County, Sichuan Province (now Shapingba District, Chongqing) on February 3, 20091933/KLOC-0. The father has been in business all his life, encouraging his children to study. He and his brother are both 1 1 years old. They are studious people and graduated from university. When he was five years old, his biological mother died. It was during War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's time. His father and brother are both in Chongqing. He studies in a primary school in the countryside. The school conditions are very poor. He taught himself. And he goes to school alone every day, and he has to walk 18 miles back and forth. Objectively, he has cultivated his perseverance, independence and self-study consciousness since childhood. 1In the summer of 946, Zhang Huanqiao was admitted to Chongqing Bashu Middle School. Because of the good teachers' conditions and personal efforts, it has made up for the shortage of rural education, and its achievements have improved year by year, ranking among the best in high schools. In junior high school, he benefited from the enlightenment education of math teacher Cai Sijing, and in senior high school, he was carefully guided by math teacher Wu Changjian, physics teacher Dong Zhenxi and chemistry teacher Wang, which made him interested in math and physics. 1May, 949, my father died of illness. In September, the paper shop left by my father was completely destroyed in the "9.2" fire in Chongqing, and my high school education was entirely supported by my brother. 1952 was admitted to the physics department of Wuhan university, and his academic performance remained at the forefront of his grade. The next year, he was one of the four students who got full marks in all subjects.

Realize the dream of physics

1in the autumn of 955, in order to develop the atomic energy industry, the state decided to transfer nearly 100 senior students from physics departments of several key universities to study in Peking University Physics Laboratory. Wuhan University transferred 10 students, and Zhang Huanqiao was selected, realizing his dream of studying nuclear physics (Wuhan University does not have this major). It is another challenge for him to go from Wu Da to Peking University, because the students come from different universities, and the teaching progress of each school is different, and some of them compete quickly, so he is faced with the problem of making up lessons by himself. He studied hard and was determined to devote himself to the development of atomic energy in China. 1In the autumn of 956, Zhang Huanqiao was assigned to the Institute of Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences (the predecessor of the Institute of Atomic Energy of China Academy of Sciences) to conduct experimental research on neutron physics under the leadership of Dai Chuanceng. They installed two neutron crystal spectrometers on the nuclear reactor. From June 65438 to June 65438+10, Zhang Huanqiao was sent to kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy of the Soviet Academy of Sciences as an intern. He studied under M. Pizhnier, and measured the neutron fission cross sections of 229 and 24 1 and 243 am on the neutron crystal spectrometer and mechanical selector respectively. Later, he participated in the study of solid phonon spectrum by thermal inelastic scattering, and also participated in the low-temperature NiF2 antiferromagnetism of the Soviet Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics. The tutor is very friendly to him. He often took him to other research institutes to attend some academic reports on solid state physics. He met kurchatov twice (the father of the atomic bomb in the former Soviet Union) and visited the comprehensive nuclear physics research work of kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy under the guidance of his tutor, which opened his eyes and left a deep impression on their innovative consciousness. 65438+65438+/kloc-0 returned to China at the end of October, and was responsible for transforming a crystal spectrometer into a neutron diffractometer. In September of the same year, in order to meet the needs of the country to develop nuclear weapons, the leader transferred him from the neutron diffraction group to the fission physics group. Under the leadership of He, he undertook the task of measuring the average cross section of the heavy nuclear fission neutron energy spectrum of 235U, 238U and 239Pu, and completed the intensity and uniformity measurement of the heteromorphic polonium α source. At the end of 1965, it undertook the performance test of domestic nuclear graphite and provided necessary data for the safe operation of natural uranium graphite production reactor. In the explosion tests of the atomic bomb containing thermonuclear materials in May 1966 and the hydrogen bomb model in February/966, he was responsible for determining the uranium content in the field samples in the Institute of Atomic Energy. In the mid-1970s, in order to meet the needs of the developmEnt of nuclear weapons, the accurate measurement of instantaneous neutron average value of 239Pu fast neutron fission with incident energy (en) was completed. At first, it was found that the slope tended to decrease in the energy range of 0. 15 ~ 2.0 MeV (En). Later, it was supported by the data of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and collected by the American Nuclear Data Center. In the early 1980s, the Institute of Atomic Energy built a tandem accelerator, and Zhang Huanqiao turned his attention to the fusion reaction of heavy ions under the barrier. 1982 65438+ 10 was invited to visit Riallot National Laboratory of Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics to participate in the experimental research of heavy ion fusion reaction on XTU- 16 tandem accelerator, build electrostatic deflection separator and complete the inspection experiment of heavy ion fusion reaction.

Return to China for development

1984 returned to China in February, and proposed to study the angular distribution of debris in heavy ion fusion fission reaction under potential barrier. Two research topics are planned: neutron multiplicity in heavy ion fusion fission and excitation function in heavy ion fusion reaction under potential barrier. Under the limited domestic conditions, Zhang Huanqiao and his collaborators systematically and deeply studied the angular distribution of fusion fission debris for eight years from the establishment of experimental conditions, and found the abnormal phenomenon of debris anisotropy. After 1984, he also visited Riallot National Laboratory in Italy six times to study the average angular momentum excitation function and barrier distribution of heavy ion fusion reaction under the barrier. In the 58Ni+60Ni system, it is revealed for the first time that the barrier distribution of fusion caused by two phonons presents a three-peak structure, indicating that the complex vibration of the nuclear surface leads to the enhancement of fusion under the barrier, which has become an important work in this field. In 1999, Zhang Huanqiao proposed using transfer reaction as a probe to study the excited neutron halo of stable nuclei. His team found single neutron halos in the excited states of 12B and 13C. In the middle and late 1990s, in view of the fact that the Institute of Modern Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences built the radioactive secondary beam streamline (HIRFL-RIBLL), he proposed an experimental scheme to find the proton halo nuclei near the proton drip line at 1998, obtained the beam time in the spring of 200 1 year, and made an experiment to find the 29S proton halo. 1997 was elected as an academician of China Academy of Sciences. 1999 served as the executive director of the seventh Council of the Chinese Physical Society. 1999 Senior Consultant of Science and Technology Committee of China National Nuclear Corporation. He has served as the fifth editorial board member of Chinese Journal of Physics, the sixth and seventh editorial boards of High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics, the fourth editorial board member of Nuclear Physics Review, the seventh editorial board member of Physics and China Science A, and is a reviewer of Physics J.of and Eur. Phys.J.A, Beijing representative office of British Physical Society. He has been invited to serve as a member of the International Advisory Committee of international academic conferences for many times.