(Cheng Huizhen)

Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) is also known as Silver Flower, Double Flower, and Two Treasure Flower. It is a semi-evergreen twining shrub of Lonicera japonica. To flower buds (honeysuckle) and vine (Lonicera japonica) into medicine. Most parts of the country are produced. Cultivation history has been more than 200 years. Among them, the Mi honeysuckle in Mi County of Henan Province and the Dong honeysuckle in Pingyi and Feixian Counties of Shandong Province are the most famous ones, which are sold well both at home and abroad. Honeysuckle and vine antibacterial active ingredients in chlorogenic acid and isochlorogenic acid-based, pharmacological tests show that a variety of bacteria have inhibitory effect. It is sweet in flavor and cold in nature, and has the function of clearing away heat and detoxification. It can be used to treat fever, wind-heat cold, sore throat, pneumonia, dysentery, carbuncle ulcers, dengue, cellulitis and other diseases. The flower buds of Lonicera japonica (L. hypoglauca Miq.), L. confusa DC. and L. dasystyla Rehd. are included in the Pharmacopoeia as medicine.

I. Morphological Characteristics

The vine can be up to 9m long, with hollow stems and many branches. Leaves opposite, ovate or long ovate, 3-8cm long, broad young leaves pubescent, gray-green abaxially. Flowers in pairs of axillary, bracts 2 leaf-like, pedicel and flowers are pubescent, corolla white at first opening, after 2-3 days to golden yellow, so it is called honeysuckle. Calyx short, 5-lobed, lobes triangular, corolla slightly bilabiate, 3-5cm long, tube about as long as the lip, upper lip 4-lobed, lower lip undivided, outside pilose and glandular hairs; stamens 5, ovary glabrous, styles a little longer than the stamens, all sticking out of the corolla. Berry globose, black and shiny when ripe (Figs. 18-11).

Figure 18-11 Honeysuckle Morphology

Two, biological characteristics

Root system is developed, many fine roots, strong rooting power, cuttings and pendulous touching the ground branch, in the appropriate temperature and humidity, less than 15 days will be able to root, ten years old plants, the root crown can reach 300-500cm in diameter, root depth of 150-200cm, the root crown can be distributed. The root crown of ten-year old plants can reach 300-500cm in diameter and 150-200cm in depth, with the main root system distributed in the topsoil layer of 10-50cm in depth. The fibrous roots grow in the topsoil layer of 5-30cm. Roots grow fastest from early April to late August. As long as there is a certain degree of humidity throughout the year, the general temperature is not less than 5 ℃, can be germinated, the spring buds sprouted the most. Young branches green, densely short hairs, old branches hairs off, the bark is brown, and then peeled, every year to be new skin generation after the old skin off. Prefer mild climate, growth temperature of 20-30 ℃, like a moist environment, to humidity and strong permeability is good. But the soil humidity is too large, will affect the growth of leaves easy to yellow off. Like long sunshine, insufficient light will affect the photosynthesis of the plant, branch tender and slender, leaf small, more entangled, bud differentiation is reduced, therefore, should be planted in the light of the plot, should not be intercropped with forest trees. The soil requirements are not strict, saline and alkaline resistance. But the soil layer is deep and loose humus soil is good.

Three, cultivation techniques

(a) Selection of varieties

There are many varieties of honeysuckle, and there are good varieties suitable for cultivation in the region in all provinces and districts. At present, there are two better varieties in the main producing areas of honeysuckle in Shandong.

1. Chicken claw flower

More branches, short branches, smaller leaves, dense buds, early flowering, but smaller buds.

2. Big Hairy Flower

Flowering branches are strong and vigorous, buds are fat, branches are longer, easy to intertwine, later blooming period. The above two varieties have high yield and good quality.

(ii) propagation methods

Propagation by seed and cuttings. To the plug propagation of high survival rate, fast yield, for the production area is commonly used.

(1) seed propagation

November picking fruit, put into the water scrubbing, remove the pulp and grain, take the actual seed drying spare. In April of the following year, the seeds will be placed in warm water at 35-40 ℃, soaked for 24 hours, removed and mixed with 2-3 times wet sand germination, such as seed cracks up to 30% or so, can be sown. Before sowing, choose fertile sandy loam soil, turn over 30-33cm deep, and make a flat bed about 65-70cm wide, the length of the bed is not limited. After finishing the bed, put water to water, when the topsoil is slightly loose and dry, leveling: bed, according to the row spacing of 21-22cm each row row row 3 shallow grooves, the seeds evenly spread in the ditch, covered with fine soil 1cm. after sowing, keep the ground moist, bed can be covered with a layer of weeds, every two days to spray water, about more than ten days can come out of the soil. After the fall or the next spring transplanting, about 1kg of seed per mu.

(2) plug propagation

And is divided into direct cuttings and plug seedlings of two kinds. Cuttings are usually taken in the rainy season. In the summer and fall rainy weather, choose the strong without pests and diseases 1-2 years old branches cut into 30-35cm, remove the lower leaves for the cuttings, cut with the use. In the selected land, according to the row spacing 165cm, plant spacing 150cm dug holes, hole depth 16-18cm, 56 plugs per hole, scattered diagonally buried in the soil, the ground exposed 7-10cm or so, after planting fill the soil compaction. In case of drought years, watering after planting to improve the survival rate.

In order to save honeysuckle branches, easy to manage, often using seedling cuttings. The method is: choose a convenient watering of the plot, deep tilling and leveling, with soil fertilizer as a base fertilizer. 23-26cm between July and August according to the line spacing ditch, about 16cm deep, plant spacing of 2cm, put the plugs diagonally into the ditch, and then fill in the soil to cover the level of compaction. Water once after planting, and then if the weather is dry, water every 2 days to keep the soil moist. Half a month or so, that can take root and germinate, the next spring or fall transplant.

(C) field management

Strengthening the field management of honeysuckle is the main part of the yield, so you must pay attention to the following management work.

(1) loosening, weeding, soil cultivation, fertilization

Honeysuckle cultivation, first of all, pay attention to loosening, weeding work, so that there is no weed around the flower dun, in order to facilitate the growth. Every spring between February and March and autumn before freezing, to loosen the soil, cultivate the soil work. Fertilizer 1-2 times a year, and cultivate the soil at the same time, the method is in the flower mound around, open a shallow ditch, the fertilizer will be sprinkled in the ditch, the top of the soil cover tightly. The type of fertilizer, available soil fertilizer and fertilizer mix, the number of fertilizer can be based on the size of the mound. Perennial large flower pier, each pier can be applied to soil fertilizer 5-6kg, fertilizer 50-100g, small flower pier can be less discretionary. After each flower picking, it is best to chase the fertilizer once, to urea fertilizer-based, in order to increase the number of flower picking.

(2) pruning and shaping

Reasonable pruning is an effective measure to improve the yield of honeysuckle, which has been popularized and applied in Shandong's main production areas, and has received good results. Honeysuckle natural renewal ability is very strong, newborn branches. Has been knotted flower branches can continue to grow that year, but no longer flowering, only in the original flowering mother branch sprouted on the new shoots, in order to re-establish flower buds. Honeysuckle pruning must be based on varieties, dun age, branch type specific determination. According to the experience of Shandong Linyi area, creeping shape of the big hairy flowers, crown 120-140cm, long branches of the old honeysuckle, to be heavy cutting, cut off the long branches, sparse short branches, cut and sparse and heavy; strong honeysuckle, to light shear mainly, less sparse and long to stay; young honeysuckle to cut mainly to promote the branching, accelerate the expansion of honeysuckle crown. Three-dimensional type chicken claw flower, the main trunk is obvious, more branches do not land, crown 80-120cm, pruning should be done to go to the top, clear the foot of the bush, hit the inside, pruning overgrowth, sickly, weak, dead, downward extension branches, so that the branches into a bush upright, the main trunk is strong, sparse and dense uniformity of branches, piers umbrella-shaped, ventilation and light, so that the new branches, buds and so much more. Pruning time: one is winter pruning. Winter pruning from December to late February of the following year can be carried out. The second is the growing season cut. Growing season cutting is carried out after each flower picking, the purpose is to promote the formation of multiple crops of flowers, improve yield. The first crop of flowers after the first cut in early June in the spring; the second in late July after the second crop of flowers cut in summer; the third in early September after the third crop of flowers cut in the fall. Growing period pruning, the requirements of light pruning is the main. Pruning on honeysuckle yield effect is obvious, in 1983 Pingyi County, Shandong test, after a winter pruning and three growing season pruning, the average total yield of flowers per pier 969.25g, not cut the average total yield of flowers per pier 684.58g, pruning than not cut the fresh flower pier yield increase of 284.67g, yield increase of 41.58%. After pruning, it improved the light energy utilization of each part of the flower pier, removed the weak branches, long branches and other ineffective branches and leaves, reduced the consumption of nutrients and water, the amount of branches and leaves is reasonable, the fertility environment is improved, the plant is robust, which is conducive to the high yield of honeysuckle.

(3) overwintering protection

In Jilin and other cold regions planting honeysuckle, to protect the old branches over winter. If the old branches are frozen to death, the following year to re-emerge new branches, less flowering, low yield. Generally in the ground before freezing, the old branches lying on the ground, covered with artemisia grass 6-7cm, grass and then covered with soil, you can safely overwinter, the following spring before sprouting, remove the cover.

(D) pests and diseases and their control

1. Lonicera brown spot disease

(Gercospora rhamni Fuck)

is a fungal disease. After the onset of the disease, the leaf spot is round or limited by the leaf veins is polygonal, yellow-brown, when wet, the back of the gray mold. July-August onset of heavy. Prevention and control methods: (1) remove diseased branches and leaves to reduce the source of disease; (2) strengthen cultivation management, increase the application of organic fertilizers, to enhance disease resistance; (3) with 3% Jinggangmycin 50 ppm liquid or 1:1.5:200 Bordeaux liquid spray in the early stage of the disease, every 7-10 days, 2-3 times in a row.

2. Chinese lonicera round-tailed aphid

(Amphicercidus sinilonicericola Zhang)

and carrot microtubular aphid [Semiaphis heraclei (Takahashi)] to adult, if the insect sucks the sap of the leaf blade, so that the leaf blade is curled up and yellowed, honeysuckle flower buds. Honeysuckle flower buds were damaged and deformed; honeydew was secreted during the infestation, which led to sooty disease and affected the photosynthesis of the leaves. Carrot microtubular aphid in October from the first host umbelliferae plants migrate to the honeysuckle on the male and female mating eggs overwintering, the most intense damage in early to mid-May, in June to the first host, seriously affecting the yield and quality of honeysuckle. Preventive methods: spray with 40% Rogaine emulsion 1000 times or 80% Dichlorvos emulsion 1000-1500 times, every 7-10 days, 2-3 times in a row, the last use of drugs must be in the picking honeysuckle before 10-15 days, so as to avoid pesticide residues and affect the honeysuckle. The last application should be carried out 10-15 days before picking honeysuckle to avoid pesticide residues affecting the quality of honeysuckle.

3. Coffee tiger aspen

(Xylotrechus grayii White)

is an important stem-boring pest of honeysuckle. Distributed in Shandong honeysuckle old production areas, especially in Pingyi, Feixian heavy. According to the survey more than ten years of flower duns were infested rate of 80%, after being infested honeysuckle growth weakness, for several years in a row was infested, then the whole plant withered and died. In Shandong, one generation occurs a year, the first hatching larvae first in the xylem surface feeding, when the larvae grow to 3mm to the xylem longitudinal feeding, the formation of meandering worm paths. Cavity holes filled with wood chips and feces, very hard, and the surface of the branch without fecal holes, so it is not only difficult to find, and at this time the pharmaceutical control is not effective. Prevention and control methods: in April-May in the adult period and larvae hatching period with 80% dichlorvos emulsion 1000 times spray control adults and hatching larvae have a certain effect. In recent years, the release of Scleroderma sp. in the field has achieved good control results. Release time in July-August, the temperature above 25 ℃ sunny days is good, this biological control methods can be popularized in the production areas.

4. Leopard wood-boring moth

(Zeuzera sp.)

One generation a year in Shandong. The larvae hatch from the branch forks or new tips, 3-5 days after the infested new tips withered, the larvae grow to 3-5mm from the infested holes discharged feces, easy to find, there is a habit of turning the plant to infestation. Larvae in the xylem and phloem between the bite a circle, so that the branch is easy to break the wind, the side of the infested branch often have several fecal holes, worm feces long cylindrical, yellowish, not fragile. 9-10 month flower pier appeared withered plants. Prevention and control methods: (1) timely cleanup of the flower pier, the collection of the second crop of flowers, must be in late July - early August combined with pruning, cut off the insect branches, such as pruning is too late, the larvae infested into the lower thick branches and then cut off the branches of the flower pier growth potential has an impact; (2) the middle and the latter half of July for the larvae to hatch in full bloom, it is the right time for pharmaceutical control, with 40% oxidized lecithin emulsion 1500 times each. Add 0.3-0.5% kerosene to promote the penetration of the liquid to the stalks. All can receive good control effect.

5. Willow stem wood-boring moth

(Holcocerus vicarius Walker)

One generation occurs in two years in the main producing areas of Shandong, spanning three years. The larvae hatch and live in groups under the old skin of honeysuckle, grow to 10-15mm and gradually spread, but the larvae of the year constant head by the lower part of the main pole and the inter-root cavities into the phloem and shallow xylem damage, forming a broad worm path, discharge a large number of fecal matter and wood debris, seriously damaging the physiological functions of the plant, hindering the plant nutrient and water transport, resulting in honeysuckle leaves yellow, shedding, August-September flowers, and then the leaves are yellow, and then the leaves will turn yellow and fall off. The leaves of honeysuckle will turn yellow and fall off, and the flower branches will dry up in August and September. Prevention and control methods: ① Strengthen field management. The larvae of the willow stem wood-boring moth like to harm the weakened flower stumps, and most of the larvae are infested from the old holes. Therefore, strengthen the nurturing management, timely fertilization, watering, honeysuckle growth, improve insect resistance; (2) pharmaceutical control, larvae hatching period, with 40% of the 1000 times the oxalic acid 1000 times plus 0.5% kerosene, sprayed on the branches and trunks, or 40% of the oxalic acid or fenitrothion according to the proportion of drug: water = 1:1 liquid watering the roots, that is, the first in the flower pier around the digging of a hole, 10-15cm deep, 20 per pier irrigation. -15cm, each pier irrigation 20ml or so, depending on the size of the flower pier appropriate increase or decrease, and then cover the soil compaction. Due to the high concentration of the liquid, the use of safety should be noted.

6. Honeysuckle Geometrid

(Heterolocha jinyinhuaphaga Chu)

It is an important leaf-eating pest of honeysuckle. In large occurrences the leaves are eaten up and only branches and trunks remain. Prevention and control methods: clean the field to reduce the source of overwintering insects; can be used in the juvenile stage with 80% dichlorvos emulsion 1000-1500 times spray control.

Four, harvesting and processing

Timely harvesting is an important part of improving the yield and quality of honeysuckle. Honeysuckle opening time is concentrated, must seize the opportunity to pick, generally in May, late picking the first flower, June, late picking the second flower. In production should grasp the upper part of the buds expanded, but not open, greenish-white color is the most appropriate. Picked too early, buds green green tender small, low yield; too late, easy to form open flowers, reduce quality. Honeysuckle is dried or dried immediately after picking. The buds will be placed in the sun plate, the thickness of 3-6cm is appropriate, in order to dry the same day drying principle. In case of rainy weather timely drying, to master the drying temperature, the initial drying temperature should not be too high, generally 30-35 ℃, after 2 hours of drying, the temperature can be raised to about 40 ℃, flowers discharge moisture, after 5-10 hours of indoor keep 45-50 ℃, after 10 hours of drying most of the flowers moisture After 10 hours of baking, most of the water of the flowers will be discharged, and then the temperature will be raised to 55℃, so that the flowers will be dried quickly. General drying 12-20 hours can be all drying, drying can not be turned by hand or something else, otherwise easy to turn black, not dry when you can not stop baking, stop baking heat deterioration. Pingyi County, Shandong test, drying first-class flower rate of up to 95% or more, the sun plate drying first-class flower rate of only 23%. Therefore, the drying process is an effective measure to improve product quality in honeysuckle production. After drying or drying honeysuckle in a cool dry place to save, moisture-proof and moth-proof. Lonicera japonica is cut in the fall and winter shoots and dried.