let's stop what we are doing and think about the connection between our daily life and dispatchers and outsourcers. From the moment we wake up, it is often because of them that we have a mobile phone to wake us up every morning, we can go to work by taxi, and we can enjoy delicious food without leaving home ..... They are also cleaners who clean the city, operators when we call 186, tellers when we go to the bank to do business, handymen when we go to government departments to do things, employees of gas stations, security guards at the gate of the community, uncles and aunts who cook in the canteen ... Outsourced workers are closely related to dispatched workers. Legally, both types of workers have labor relations with labor service companies and have no labor relations with employers, but the laws and government regulations at the national level have not defined the differences between the two types of workers at present. In practice and some local government regulations, those who are mainly managed by employers are considered as dispatched workers, while those who are mainly managed by labor service companies are considered as outsourced workers. In reality, "outsourcers" who only have the name of outsourcing but have no real management are very common. This situation is called "real dispatch and fake outsourcing". These two types of workers are the main types of workers in each unit except formal workers, so they deserve special attention. They repeat low-paying jobs for a long time, and they may be fired at any time, trapped in the system, and taken as the top pot when something goes wrong ... They are the backbone of our society and the scar of our society. Women sanitation workers start a busy day in the morning, cleaning the road garbage, emptying and transferring garbage bins, etc., to keep the city clean and tidy. The contract system has a long history in China. The large-scale appearance of hired workers in China was after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, especially in the Yangtze River Delta region with developed commodity economy. At that time, according to the employment time limit, there was a division between long-term workers and short-term workers. Long-term workers are employed for at least one year, while short-term workers are employed for less than one year, including daily, monthly and seasonal workers. In addition to direct employment, the embryonic form of the popular outsourcing system-the package purchase system-has emerged. For example, in the summer socks industry in Songjiang during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, the merchants of the socks shop did not engage in production by themselves, but contracted the production to the surrounding farmers and then bought their products, thus becoming a small workshop for the owners of the socks shop. The Opium War in 184 opened the door to China, and also gave birth to modern industry and service industry with new technologies and new management methods. Since the second half of 19th century, the system of internal packaging has been quite popular in China. The characteristic of this system is that factory owners do not directly hire and manage workers, but do these jobs through contractors. Specifically, factory owners provide factories, production equipment, and sometimes raw materials and working capital; The contractor is responsible for recruiting and managing workers to ensure quality and quantity in production, which may involve subcontracting at different levels; Finally, the factory owner gets the product and pays the contractor his personal salary and contractor fee; Part of the contract fee will be paid to the workers, and the rest will be the commission of the contractor. Under this system, factory owners directly hire high-tech personnel and managers (mainly contractors), who are called laborers; Workers employed by contractors are called foreign workers. As far as the term of employment is concerned, domestic workers are basically long-term workers, while foreign workers may be long-term workers and short-term workers. The popularity of insourcing system continued into the Republic of China. For example, in Shanghai at that time, almost all the work in the dock industry, rickshaw industry and construction industry adopted this organizational form; In railway transportation and manufacturing, some processes adopt this form. The contractor has benefited a lot from this system. In the dock industry, rickshaw industry and shipbuilding industry in Shanghai during the Republic of China, the commission received by the contractor often accounted for more than half of the contractor's fee. During the period of undercurrent planned economy, the internal and external contract system continued, and the rudiment of labor dispatch system also appeared. During this period, the employed population in cities and towns in China is mainly permanent workers, of which permanent workers in state-owned enterprises generally account for more than 6%, and there are also a large number of permanent workers in collective enterprises. At the same time, temporary workers are surging: even in state-owned enterprises, the proportion of temporary workers is maintained between 1-15% all the year round, and even higher than 2% in some years. Compared with regular workers, temporary workers are discriminated against in many aspects. Unemployment was the worst nightmare for workers at that time. In terms of employment stability, there is no labor contract between regular workers and employers, and they enjoy lifelong employment except for the extreme situation of failure in the Great Leap Forward. While temporary workers do temporary, seasonal or long-term jobs, when they are not needed, when they are sick, injured or pregnant, or when they misbehave, waiting for their fate is dismissal. Temporary workers commit suicide because they are fired from time to time. In terms of the safety of working environment, temporary workers are concentrated in low-skilled jobs. Compared with regular workers, they are more likely to be assigned to dirty, tired and dangerous jobs, but they often don't get enough safety training and labor insurance supplies. As a result, their work injury and work death rates are higher. In terms of income, regular workers mainly earn monthly income, and stopping working for one or two days has little effect on income; With the promotion of qualifications and positions, they can expect their wages to climb along the eight-level wage system. In contrast, temporary workers get piecework or daily wages: once they stop working, they have no income, which limits their participation in collective actions; And no matter how long they have worked together, their wages often stay at the lowest level of the eight-level wage system. The income gap between permanent workers and temporary workers is so great that some permanent workers hire temporary workers to work for them and then earn the wage difference for nothing. In terms of labor insurance and welfare, the treatment of temporary workers in illness, work injury, work death and maternity is significantly worse than that of regular workers; Regular workers can get a monthly pension equivalent to 5-7% of their original salary after retirement, while temporary workers get nothing. As for small benefits such as rice and flour, grain and oil, soap and towels, temporary workers are often overlooked. In terms of political treatment, it is almost the privilege of permanent workers to join the official institutions of trade unions, party organizations and enterprise workers' congresses, and temporary workers are excluded. In terms of personal dignity, temporary workers are often looked down upon by regular workers and many people in society, so that they can't participate in some public activities and buy some scarce items. The status of temporary workers is a big stone in their hearts, and some people are even ashamed to tell their date about their temporary workers, for fear of being rejected by the other party. In addition to these * * * characteristics, there are also huge differences within temporary workers, one of which is their employment arrangements. During the planned economy period, no labor contract was signed between permanent workers and units. At the beginning, temporary workers did not sign labor contracts. In 1957, under the background of controlling urban population, the whole country began to implement the labor contract system among temporary workers, and temporary workers were also called contract workers. These fixed-term labor contracts are convenient for employers to dismiss temporary workers. In the same year, the Beijing Municipal Government required urban employers to sign tripartite contracts with migrant workers and their agricultural production cooperatives. In addition to the terms of basic working conditions such as employment term and salary, the contract also stipulates the division of wages paid by the employer between migrant workers and their cooperatives; In exchange, the cooperative is responsible for the rations of migrant workers during their work in the unit, and their life after being dismissed due to illness or injury, and migrant workers can also participate in the dividends of the cooperative. The State Council then asked all parts of the country to implement this experience. Obviously, under this arrangement, agricultural cooperatives have played a role similar to the current labor dispatch agencies. During the Great Leap Forward, this kind of workers got a new name: both workers and farmers. In Shanghai, it is customary that migrant workers only get 4% of their wages and cooperatives get 6%, so it is also called "four or six workers" in Shanghai. In the whole country, it is common for cooperatives to take 6% to 7%. During the Great Leap Forward, the country's labor policy gradually changed from advocating permanent workers to promoting both permanent workers and temporary workers, and even advocated temporary workers, which intensified the expansion of temporary workers. However, the number and total wages of temporary workers in a single unit have long been controlled by the state. In order to circumvent this control, often with the acquiescence or even encouragement of local governments, units turn to outsourcing workers whose quantity and total wages are beyond the control of the state. This situation is exactly the same as the state strengthened the regulation of dispatched workers after 214, and as a result, employers turned to outsourcing workers one after another. There are many organizations of the contractor team. In cities, labor departments and street governments often organize unemployed people and housewives to provide services for other units; The functional departments of local governments, such as the Transportation Bureau and the Handicraft Bureau, will also organize their own employees and their families to provide some professional services. In Shanghai, as long as collective enterprises are willing to undertake foreign business, they are also qualified to be contractors. In rural areas, it is people's communes and production teams that organize contract teams. Generally speaking, the organizer of the contracting team takes 1-25% of the wages of the contracting workers as commission. According to whether contract workers work with permanent workers, they are divided into "outsourcing internal work" and "outsourcing external work". According to the archives, in 1967, there were about 75, people engaged in outsourcing work in the name of the labor service team in Shanghai, including 59, people engaged in outsourcing and 16, people engaged in outsourcing. The outsourcing work in Luwan, Jing 'an, Changning, Hongkou and Zhabei can be divided into two types: long-term production needs and temporary production needs. The former accounts for 79% of the total number of workers in outsourcing, and the outsourcing work is divided into two types: centralized production outside the factory and scattered labor in the family. The former accounts for 67%. In 1964, the Shanghai Municipal Labor Bureau requested that the outsourcing work should be managed by the contractor, not the employer. This kind of regulation implies the universality that the work in outsourcing was managed by the employing unit at that time, which is similar to the popular "fake outsourcing and real dispatch". However, the outsourcing work managed by the contractor obviously continued the popular outsourcing system in the late Qing Dynasty, while the outsourcing work managed by the contractor was a typical worker under the outsourcing system. The internal differences of temporary workers lead to the differentiation of their treatment. According to the household registration, the situation of temporary workers with urban household registration is better than that with rural household registration. Temporary workers with rural household registration often do not enjoy any labor insurance benefits, and there is no hope of becoming a regular worker, while temporary workers with urban household registration (except outsourcing workers) can do both. According to the employment arrangement, regular temporary workers (directly employed by employers) are at the top of the temporary workers pyramid. Their labor insurance benefits are in accordance with the labor insurance regulations at that time, and they often have the opportunity to become a full member; Most of these workers are men. The boundary between other temporary workers and outsourcers is often unclear, and there is also a big gap in labor insurance benefits. Among them, workers arranged in the street where the factory is located and the families of their own employees often enjoy certain free medical treatment when they come to work, while they do not have any medical treatment with other outsourcers, and they have no chance to become regular workers. The wages of outsourced workers are lower than those of regular temporary workers. Once they get sick, they often can't afford a doctor, and illness makes them more likely to be fired. Therefore, once sick, outsourcing workers often fall into a desperate situation of poverty and illness. The situation of female outsourcing workers is particularly tragic, so that some female outsourcing workers are afraid of being fired after pregnancy, tighten their stomachs and finally give birth to a dead baby. In daily life, the whole group of temporary workers is looked down upon by regular workers, and outsourcing workers are looked down upon by other temporary workers. The difference between outsourcing workers and other temporary workers leads to the fact that changing from outsourcing workers to regular temporary workers is considered as a reward or relief. This situation generally occurs when the outsourced workers are frequently needed, or when the outsourced workers suffer from work-related injuries or occupational diseases. These circumstances led to the fact that outsourcing workers were an important force in the temporary workers' movement in 1966-1967. A takeaway brother braved the cold and rushed to the streets. Since the reform and opening up, the original urban employment system with permanent workers as the main body has been abolished, and the employment system with labor contract making as the main body has been implemented throughout the country. Going hand in hand with this transformation is that dispatching workers and outsourcing workers have surged from the undercurrent of the planned era into a frenzy. In the late 197s and early 198s, with the general increase of population and a large number of educated youth returning to cities, the pressure of urban employment was enormous. To this end, the central government encourages local governments to establish labor service companies. This kind of company is actually a more formal form of the previous labor service team. At that time, local labor bureaus, personnel bureaus, trade unions, streets and state-owned enterprises responded in succession. In 1987, there were 56, labor service companies in China, employing 7.3 million workers and managing 1.7 million temporary workers. Labor service companies serve the unemployed, semi-unemployed and redundant workers in the reform of state-owned enterprises. The company provides them with training and job introduction, or forms a service team to undertake the work, or sends them to the employing unit to work. Dispatchers and outsourcers in the new era were originally companions of the reform of state-owned enterprises. Once a worker is determined to be redundant, on the one hand, the worker maintains the same labor relationship with the state-owned enterprise, on the other hand, it is managed by the labor service company affiliated to the state-owned enterprise, and a considerable part of it is dispatched or outsourced to other units. By dispatching and outsourcing, the original unit not only reduced redundant staff, but also received commissions from other units. In the 199s, with the reform of state-owned enterprises entering the deep water area, more and more laid-off workers were laid off. The government asked state-owned enterprises to set up re-employment centers. These centers have the same functions as the labor service companies in the 198s, except for paying living allowances and labor insurance to laid-off workers. These centers were closed one after another at the beginning of the new century. At the same time, in order to help laid-off workers get re-employed, governments at all levels, from central to local, strongly encourage the development of labor dispatch companies, and have introduced measures such as financial subsidies and tax relief. For example, the Interim Measures for the Administration of Labor Dispatch Organizations in Beijing promulgated in 1999 stipulates that newly-built labor dispatch organizations can enjoy a one-time subsidy of 5,-2, yuan given by the municipal labor and social security department and the finance department at the same level if they recruit more than 3 laid-off workers and sign labor contracts with them for more than 2 years ..... If the labor dispatch organizations recruit laid-off workers and reach more than 5% of the total number of employees, and the labor relationship will be maintained for more than 3 years (. In 23, Hu Jintao, then president, pointed out in a speech: "We should actively develop labor dispatch and other types of employment service organizations, guide individual laid-off and unemployed people to organize themselves, and provide organizational support and help for their re-employment." The control of the total wages of state-owned enterprises is also the reason for their large use of dispatched workers and outsourced workers. In order to improve the efficiency of state-owned enterprises, since 1985, the total wages of state-owned enterprises have been linked to their economic benefits. According to the accounting standards of state-owned enterprises formulated by SASAC, only the wages of regular workers are included in the total wages, while the wages of temporary workers are included in the operating expenses, which is out of the control of SASAC. Moreover, the income of regular workers in state-owned enterprises is higher than the social average all the year round, while the wages of temporary workers are much lower. Therefore, hiring a large number of temporary workers can not only help state-owned enterprises reduce labor costs and improve economic benefits, but also help state-owned enterprises expand their total wages and consolidate their vested interests. In the early 198s, the urban labor market was opened to the countryside. The wave of urban-rural migration has promoted the development of labor dispatch. Although the vast majority of migrant workers migrate to cities spontaneously or with the help of their relatives and friends, some migrant workers get local services during the migration.