1, 10th, pronunciation: xún, radical: Nong, composition: 10th, 10th announcement, 10th new moon, 10th year. Similarity: Sentence, tick.
2, boil, pronunciation: o, radical:, combination: staying up late, suffering. Similar words: pride, pride, pride.
3, garlic, pronunciation: suàn, radical: Mi, group words: garlic, garlic, sugar, garlic.
4, vinegar, pronunciation: cù, radical: unitary, group words: white vinegar, jealousy, jealousy. Forming a tight group: borrowing, mistakes, measures and wax.
Jiaozi, Pronunciation: Ji m o, Radical: Xun, Group Words: jiaozi, Steamed Dumplings, Tangyuan. Similar characters: comparison, glue, distortion and proofreading.
6, Fei, pronunciation: fěi, radical: feather, group word: jade. Similar figures: fees and fees.
7, mixing, pronunciation: bàn, radical: yi, combination: bickering, stirring, cold salad. Similar characters: companions, fat people.
8, chestnut, pronunciation: chestnut, radical: wood, combination: chestnut, chestnut, trembling. Similar personality: Xiaomi.
9, hazel, pronunciation: zhēn, radical: wood, group words: hazel, hazel tree. Similarities: chastity.
10, Zheng, pronunciation: zhēng, radical: bamboo, combination: guzheng, kite. Similar characters: Zheng, Zheng, Zheng.
1 1, whip, pronunciation: biān, radical: leather, combination: firecrackers, whip.
12, wheat, pronunciation: mài, radical: Ba, combination: wheat field, wheat fragrance, wheat.
13, temple, pronunciation: Si √, radical: earth, combination: temple, temple.
14, stroll, pronunciation: guàng, radical: you, group words: stroll, stroll, stroll. Similarity: Kuang.
Second, the original "Beijing Spring Festival"
According to the old rules in Beijing, the Lunar New Year (Spring Festival) begins almost at the beginning of the twelfth lunar month. "La Qibala, freeze to death in western Western jackdaw", which is the coldest time of the year. However, in the severe winter, spring is coming soon, so people have not reduced their enthusiasm for the Spring Festival and the Spring Festival because of the cold.
On Laba Festival, people will cook Laba porridge at home and in temples. This special porridge is used to worship ancestors, but when you think about it, it is a pride of agricultural society-this porridge is made of all kinds of rice, all kinds of beans and all kinds of dried fruits (almonds, walnuts, melon seeds, litchi meat, lotus seeds, peanuts, raisins, water chestnut rice ...).
This is not porridge, but a small agricultural exhibition.
Laba will also soak Laba garlic on this day. On this day, put garlic cloves in high vinegar and seal them for jiaozi in the New Year. By the end of the year, garlic is soaked like jade, and vinegar has some spicy taste, which makes people want to eat more jiaozi. In Beijing, during the Spring Festival, every family eats jiaozi.
Since Laba, shopkeepers have stepped up the purchase of new year's goods on the ground, and more stalls have been added on the streets-those stalls selling Spring Festival couplets, New Year pictures, honey products, daffodils and other new year's goods will only appear this season. These stalls to catch up with the New Year taught the children to beat fast.
In hutongs, the shouting sounds are more complicated than usual. Some voices only appear in the twelfth lunar month, such as selling constitutional books, pine branches, barley seeds and rice cakes.
When there was an emperor, students stopped going to school on December 19 of the lunar calendar and took annual leave in January. When children prepare for the Spring Festival, the first thing they do is almost to buy mixed food. This is made of various dried fruits (peanuts, dates, hazelnuts, chestnuts, etc.). ) mixed with candied fruit, ordinary with skin, and advanced without skin. For example, use ordinary hazelnuts with skins and high-grade hazelnuts.
Children like to eat these odds and ends. Even if they don't have jiaozi to eat, they have to buy mixed food. Their second big event is to buy firecrackers, especially boys. The third thing is probably shopping-kites, diabolos, harmonicas and New Year pictures.
Children are anxious and adults are nervous. They must prepare food and drinks for the New Year. They must also make new shoes and clothes for the children to show the new atmosphere of Vientiane in the new year.
This is almost a "rehearsal" to celebrate the New Year on the 23rd. In the old society, every household in "The King of Man" sounded firecrackers as soon as they were lit, and the paper image of the kitchen king was incinerated with the sound of firecrackers, which was euphemistically called "sending the kitchen king to heaven". A few days ago, there were many people selling maltose and glutinous rice sugar in the street. The shape of sugar was rectangular or melon-shaped.
According to the old saying: the kitchen god has sticky sugar on his mouth, and even if he goes to heaven, he will not report the bad things at home to the jade emperor. Now, there are still people who sell sugar, but only for everyone to enjoy, and no longer stick it on the mouth of the kitchen king.
After twenty-three, everyone will be busier, and the New Year will arrive in a blink of an eye. Before New Year's Eve, every household should put up Spring Festival couplets and do a general cleaning, which is called general cleaning. We must prepare enough meat, chicken, fish, vegetables and rice cakes for at least one week. According to the old custom, most shops in Wutianmen are closed until the sixth day of the first month.
If you don't prepare food for the next few days, it's not easy to replenish it for the time being. Also, in the old society, the old mother said it was unlucky to cut everything that should be cut on New Year's Eve, so as to save knives from the first day of the first month to the fifth day of the first month. This implies superstition, but it also shows that people really love peace, and they don't even want to use a kitchen knife at the age of one.
New Year's Eve is really lively. Every household is scrambling to make new year's dishes, and there is wine and meat everywhere. All the men, women and children put on new clothes, put up red couplets outside the door and put up various New Year pictures in the house. All the houses were lit all night, and guns were fired day and night. People who work outside the home will go home for a reunion dinner to worship their ancestors unless they have to.
That night, no one slept except very young children, but everyone had to stay up late.
The scene of New Year's Day is completely different from that of New Year's Eve: on New Year's Eve, the streets are crowded with people; On New Year's Day, all the shopkeepers hung up boards, and the firecrackers set off last night were piled in front of the door, and the whole city was resting.
These people set off before noon to visit relatives and friends. Women receive guests at home. At the same time, there are many temples open for people to visit inside and outside the city. Vendors set up stalls outside the temple, selling tea, food and all kinds of interesting things.
The Dazhong Temple outside the North City and the Baiyun Temple outside the West City, and the Fire Temple (Long Hall) in Wanaki are the most famous. However, the first two or three days after the opening of the temple were not lively, because people were still busy celebrating each other's New Year and had no time and time. On the fifth and sixth day of the fifth lunar month, the temple fair began to become beautiful, and children went to visit it with great enthusiasm in order to see the wild scenery outside the city, ride donkeys and buy special toys for the New Year.
There is a car race in the square outside Baiyun Temple. In the old days, it was said that there were camel races. These competitions are not about who is the first and who is the second, but about performing the graceful postures and skills of mules, horses and riders in front of the audience.
Most shops open their doors and set off firecrackers on the sixth day of June. From dawn to early morning, the sound of guns in the whole city continued. Although Zhang started his business, no one was very busy except the shops selling food and other important daily necessities. The guys in the shop can take turns visiting temples, overpasses and going to the opera.
Yuanxiao (Tangyuan) is listed, and the climax of the New Year is the Lantern Festival (from the 13th to 17th of the first month). New Year's Eve is lively, but there is no moonlight; What about the Lantern Festival? It happens to be the bright moon in the sky. New Year's Day is decent. Bright red Spring Festival couplets are posted in front of every household. People are wearing new clothes, but they are still not beautiful enough.
Lantern Festival, lanterns are hung everywhere, and the whole street is as bright and beautiful as a happy event. Hundreds of lamps hang in famous old shops, some are all glass, some are all horns, and some are gauze lamps; Some are colorful, and some are full of all the stories of A Dream of Red Mansions or Water Margin. This was an advertisement at that time;
Anyone can visit the shop as long as the light is hung; Lighting candles in the light at night will increase the audience. This advertisement is not vulgar. Dried fruit shops will do a batch of mixed food business during the Lantern Festival, so they often make all kinds of ice lanterns, or make one or two green dragons with wheat seedlings to attract customers.
Besides hanging lights, there are also flowers in the square. In the Chenghuang Temple, a judge who was burned at the stake was lit, and flames were ejected from the mouth, ears, nose and eyes of the judge's clay sculpture. Hang sky lanterns in the park and fly into the sky like a superstar.
Men and women come out to step on the moon, watch lights and watch fireworks; The people in the street are crowded and motionless. In the old society, women did not go out easily. They can get some freedom during the Lantern Festival. Children can buy all kinds of fireworks and set them off. Even if they don't run into the street to be naughty, they can still play with sound and light at home.
There are also lanterns at home: lanterns-palace lanterns, all kinds of paper lanterns, and gauze lanterns, with small bells inside, which will jingle when the time comes. Everyone must eat dumplings, too. This is indeed a beautiful and happy day.
In the blink of an eye, we arrived at the remnant lamp temple. Students should go to school and adults should go to work as usual. The new year ends on the 19th day of the first month. The twelfth lunar month and the first lunar month are the most leisure time for everyone in rural society, and pigs, cattle and sheep are also growing up, so everyone has to kill pigs and sheep in exchange for a year's hard work.
After the Lantern Festival, the weather turned warmer and everyone went to work again. Although Beijing is a city, it also celebrates the New Year with rural society. It's too noisy.
In the old society, Chinese New Year was inseparable from superstition. Laba porridge, Guandong sugar and jiaozi on New Year's Eve must be presented to the Buddha before people can enjoy them. Meet god on new year's eve; On the second day of New Year's Day, people will sacrifice to the God of Wealth and eat Yuanbao soup (wonton). In addition, some people will go to the Temple of Wealth to borrow paper ingots and burn the first incense. On the eighth day of the first month, they will bring good luck to the old people and pray for their longevity. So the biggest waste at that time was the money to buy waxed paper horses.
Now, everyone is not superstitious, so we can save this money and use it in useful places. It is particularly worth mentioning that today's children only celebrate the New Year happily and are not influenced by that superstition. They are just happy, but not afraid-afraid of gods and ghosts. Perhaps, the Spring Festival is not as lively as before, but it is so sober and healthy.
In the past, people celebrated the New Year with the blessing of ghosts and gods. Now that their labor is over, everyone should celebrate the New Year happily.
Extended data:
First, the creative background
This article was written in 195 1 1 after liberation, and published in the second issue of the first volume of New Observation that year.
At that time, New China had just been established, and the author Lao She wrote "I Love New Beijing", which talked about the changes in Beijing from three aspects: sewer, cleanliness, lighting and water. Almost at the same time, he wrote the article "Celebrating the Spring Festival in Beijing", describing the custom and lively atmosphere of Beijingers celebrating the Spring Festival, and expressing his praise for the new China and society.
Second, the famous comments
(1) Thirty-eight Lectures on Lao She's Prose by Wu Xiaomei, a professor of Chinese Department of Lanzhou University and a doctoral supervisor of modern and contemporary literature in China;
"The Spring Festival in Beijing is about Beijing, which is actually the epitome of the Spring Festival in China, but it is more about local customs and more local characteristics. What is worthy of appreciation is that when the writer expounds the customs and people's feelings of the Spring Festival in Beijing, he euphemistically conveys his contradictory and complicated feelings around whether this custom is superstitious or not with his own affirmation of praise. "
(2) Li Hongran, Professor of Chinese Department of Hainan University College of Literature, History of Contemporary Minority Literature in China;
Spending the Spring Festival in Beijing can be said to have written all the Spring Festival customs in Beijing in the first half of the 20th century. From Laba to the 28th of the twelfth lunar month, from New Year's Eve to New Year's Day, and then to the grand occasion of opening shops and having Lantern Festival in every household on the sixth day, all kinds of festival activities and festive atmosphere are clear, clear and meticulous in the works. "
(3) Xie, researcher of Lao She and dean of the College of Literature of Anhui Normal University, Thought, Creation and Criticism, China Literature in the 20th Century;
"The Spring Festival in Beijing introduced the customs of the ancient capital, highlighting the changes that have taken place in Beijing with the changes in people's mental outlook. Children are only happy for the New Year, "and are not influenced by this superstition. They are just happy, but not afraid-afraid of gods and ghosts. "This is a sober, healthy and beautiful Beijing. Lao She sang the greatness and light of the new China with ecstasy. " .
Third, the theme.
This article is a chronicle of folklore. The author describes a folk picture of the Spring Festival in old Beijing with plain language full of Beijing flavor, which shows the solemnity and liveliness of the Spring Festival, the warmth and beauty of China holiday customs, and expresses the author's love for traditional culture. In contrast, it shows the great power of changing customs in the new era. Finally, the author affirmed the new fashion and praised the new society.
References:
Baidu Encyclopedia-Beijing Spring Festival