Will be directly reflected in news reports.
Incorrect identification
Understanding and evaluation will inevitably lead to wrong conclusions or conclusions that deviate from the essence of facts.
News reports can't fully reflect the truth.
Principle.
Therefore, the truth of news should faithfully reflect external things and not go out of shape.
The second is not simply satisfied with reflecting things.
Phenomena and external relations,
Good at grasping the basic trends and mainstream of things in the overall connection of things,
Essentially
Real and accurate development trend.
News authenticity is the essential requirement of news, and authenticity is the life of news. News is objective and realistic.
Reflection,
Is the product of objective reality acting on people's subjective understanding,
It is related to various factors in people's cognitive process.
news
It is difficult to realize the truth of ...
Overcome the obstacles that affect the realization of news authenticity,
Maximize news coverage.
The authenticity of is of great significance.
key word
: news; True; fact
Truth is the life of news. Insist on the authenticity of news
,
It is not only an important topic in the study of news theory.
,
It's news
An important problem in practice. a long while
,
The press has always regarded the authenticity of news as a theoretical issue.
,
theory
Research articles appear in large numbers.
,
And it is basically mature. however
,
In the discussion of news authenticity by many experts and scholars
When studying
,
False news also emerges one after another.
,
Repeatedly banned.
But judging from the current situation,
,
The emergence of a large number of false news is not
Because journalists don't know the principle that news must be true.
,
But because they ignore or
The author abandoned the principle of authenticity of news.
,
Therefore, the current theoretical research on news authenticity can not effectively guide practical work.
,
The current situation that theoretical research is out of touch with news practice.
therefore
,
The research on the authenticity of news can no longer just stop at
On the level of theoretical analysis and elaboration
,
We should focus on how theoretical research can guide practice.
,
How to standardize media work.
The problem of operability comes.
The press can safeguard the truth principle of news through the following two aspects.
：
on the one hand
,
Zaigao
News Authenticity Education for School Students Majoring in Journalism and Communication
,
Cultivate the professional consciousness and journalism specialty of future journalists
spirit
on the other hand
,
Within the news media
,
Establish and improve the news work system
,
Vocational training is conducted in various ways, with clear rewards and punishments.
,
Improve the professional ethics of journalists.
we hope
,
With the joint efforts of academia and industry.
,
Every reporter
The author and the students who will be engaged in this work.
,
can
"
Iron shoulders bear morality
,
Write an article skillfully
"
Social responsibility and
The spirit of journalistic professionalism guides a person's practical work.
,
China's news authenticity can be better solved.
With the continuous development of society, many problems can be shown, and "honesty" has become a hot word in today's society.
Both food and medicine need conscience production, and news reports also need conscience and integrity.
"The truth is the life of news.
Life "
Once the news report is untrue, it will certainly bring great and small influences to the audience's life and society. For journalism.
Healthy development,
Whenever and wherever,
Journalists must abide by the principle of news authenticity,
With a high sense of responsibility
Heart, pay attention to maintaining the authenticity of news reports.
First, objective truth and news truth.
Objective truth
The so-called objective truth,
The fact that the objective world does exist.
Through endless time and energy, human beings continue to explore.
Seeking truth can keep close to objective truth.
Objective report is the embodiment of objective truth,
And the so-called
"objective reporting"
This means that news reports should be faithful to objective facts,
We should realistically reflect and report the true colors of objective things.
Never put your views and opinions on objective things with
They are confused.
The principle of objective reporting has been going on for more than one hundred years.
It is still recognized and concerned by the world press.
Except for ...
In addition to its unique advantages as a principle and form of reporting,
More importantly, it embodies the news concept and responsibility.
Enterprising.
Adhering to the principle of objective reporting means that,
News media and journalists should insist that news media is the public.
The responsibility of the media,
Respect the public's right to know,
Provide them with as objective and fair as possible and reflect the real situation of real life.
Fact information.
The news is true.
The simplest definition of authenticity is,
News reports must reflect the original appearance of objective things.
First of all,
News truth is news existence.
The condition of existence, between facts and news, is that there is truth first, then news. Facts are the source of news and determine the existence of news.
On the basis of news, news is only a report of facts.
Truth is the primary requirement of news truth.
There are three meanings:
First of all,
Facts must be true or exist,
Well-documented and verifiable; Second, news elements must be completely true, that is, who, what, time, place, process, direct cause, direct background, direct consequence, direct feedback and direct influence must be accurate; Third, the truth of the overall news facts and the truth of the news details are unified. The highest level of news reporting and journalist writing is to reflect the essence of facts. When we can't reach this level, we should at least be "generally true", that is, news must be true facts or phenomena. No fiction, no exaggeration, no substitution, no conceit and no reasonable imagination are the minimum requirements for maintaining the "universal truth" of news.
(3) News truthfulness is a reflection of objective truthfulness
In addition to reporting a specific event, news reports often have to synthesize, summarize and analyze a large number of related facts involving a certain fact. This generalization and analysis should conform to the objective reality, which is the requirement of news authenticity at a higher level.
1, the fact is an objective existence that is independent of people's subjective will. Marxist philosophy holds that matter is a philosophical category that marks objective reality. It refers to everything that can be perceived from the senses, including practical activities that people can perceive from the senses. This objective reality exists independently of our spirit and is reflected by our spirit. As an objective category of material existence, facts undoubtedly have the characteristics of being independent of human spirit. Whether it can be reflected by our spirit depends on the news value of the fact itself and the sensitivity and discrimination ability to discover and tap this news value. The existence of facts is objective, and whether it can be reflected is subjective, and the existence of facts is independent of people's subjective will. "Fact is a relatively independent and complete process in which objective things happen." This definition makes it clear that fact has an inherent stipulation independent of human will. Any fact is objective, and there are no subjective facts in the world. No matter who he is, no matter how he judges, facts are facts. The fact will not disappear because people judge it does not exist, nor will it change its true colors because people judge its processing and transformation. Once the fact happens and the process is over, it cannot be changed and changed. Just like the false news report of "steamed bread made of paper", we can see two facts: whether steamed bread is made of paper or not, the truth is clear at a glance, and the facts themselves will not change because of news reports; Paper Steamed Bread attracted people's attention as soon as it was broadcast, and it was later proved to be false news, shocking and angry. The news event itself is also a fact. The Marxist materialistic viewpoint of material first, spirit second, existence first and consciousness second has been confirmed again. As an objective existence, facts are not dough that others can knead. News is a report of recent facts. Facts are not only the content of news reports, but also the only measure to test whether news is true or not. The origin of news is facts, facts are primary and news is secondary. 2. The objectivity of facts restricts the authenticity of news.
For a long time, the domestic press has basically regarded whether news reports conform to objective facts as the standard, and thought that "news authenticity can be defined as news reports conforming to objective facts." Some even think that news reports "must be completely consistent with the reported objects, otherwise it is a distortion of the objective things reflected, that is, false reports or inaccurate reports." In other words, the authenticity of news is equal to the objectivity and authenticity of facts. This interpretation of news authenticity has its rationality. For example, you can completely report some news of events, including the time, place, process, result, and even the people involved and related people. It can be recorded objectively and truly, just like the "phenomenon reality", "micro reality" and "shallow reality" mentioned above. These universal factual elements are the basic requirements of news authenticity and are easy to identify. However, for some non-event news reports, such as explanatory news reports, it is actually an ideal requirement for news authenticity to understand the authenticity of news reports as completely in line with objective reality and objective truth, because there is a subjective understanding of objective facts by journalists and news media. In specific news communication, not all objective facts and truths can be grasped and understood by journalists and even human beings. How to get the truth is sometimes not an easy thing, or even impossible. From the perspective of philosophical epistemology, the world is knowable. Although human beings can know the world, this kind of understanding not only needs a process, but also can be divided into high and low levels. Just like the "essential truth", "macro truth" and "deep truth" mentioned above, "the fundamental attributes, true colors and essence of things are all intangible, and they are all reflected through human cognition, and human cognition itself is subject to many restrictions." Therefore, it is sometimes difficult to grasp the scale that defines the "essential truth", "macro truth" and "deep truth" of news completely consistent with objective truth, except truth.
Reason also has absoluteness and relativity. As social roles, journalists and media have the task of reporting facts, transmitting information and supervising public opinion. Journalists certainly have no ability to recognize things and problems that humans can't understand or discover at the moment. For example, the "South China Tiger Photo Incident" can only be confirmed by scientific inspection by authoritative organizations, and the ability of journalists and the media will not be recognized for a while. Before the truth comes out, as long as you follow up and report all kinds of realistic statements at any time and quote information sources truthfully, the news must be true. News, as an objective report of recent or ongoing facts, aims at the phenomena in the real world. The authenticity of news lies in describing facts with facts, even if they are temporary, accidental and fragmentary. The press should get rid of unnecessary arguments such as "the theory of phenomenon essence", "the theory of micro-macro truth" and "the theory of shallow truth". The objectivity and objectivity of facts restrict the authenticity of news, and the authenticity of news is the embodiment of objectivity of facts. This statement is more scientific in theory and conforms to specific news practice.
Second, the significance of the authenticity of news reports
Adhering to the authenticity of news is not only a matter of journalists' professional quality and ethics, but also an objective requirement of adhering to the correct orientation and improving the ability of public opinion guidance. Insisting on guiding people with correct public opinion is the fundamental task of socialist journalism and journalists. To accomplish this task, the most basic thing is to insist on the authenticity of news. This is an important guarantee to improve the guiding ability and correctly guide public opinion.
The authenticity of news is related to the orientation of public opinion. Truth is the basic premise of orientation. Without truth, orientation becomes empty talk. The correct direction of public opinion is based on real news reports. The public opinion orientation based on false news and false reports is bound to be the wrong orientation. False news and false reports not only fail to guide people, but also cause bad social impact because of misleading. At the same time, the news media also bear the responsibility of providing reference for government decision-making and expressing public opinion, which is an important way for the government to understand social conditions and public opinion. True and reliable information provides correct reference, while false and untrue information provides wrong reference. In the basic function of accurately disseminating real information, the news media has an arduous task and great responsibility, and it must not be taken lightly.
The authenticity of news is related to the authority and credibility of news media. The authority and credibility of the media determine its influence and guidance. A media without authority and credibility can hardly have influence and guidance. Whether news reports are true or not directly affects the authority and credibility of the media. The news media's unremitting pursuit of the authenticity of news reports is the basis for winning credibility and respect. Those media that are popular with the audience have improved their popularity, won the trust of the audience, established their authority and improved their credibility by adhering to the principles of news authenticity and "three closeness". On the contrary, those media that often make false news and false reports have a poor reputation among the audience. When the media loses the trust of the audience, it loses the foundation of the market and development, and its role in influencing society, guiding public opinion and rallying people's hearts is even more out of the question. The authenticity of news is related to the personal reputation of journalists. The guiding function of the media is realized by specific people. Editors are the main body of news media, and their quality determines the level of media and news, as well as the credibility, influence and guidance of the media. The famous American journalist Pulitzer once compared the country to a "ship sailing at sea" and compared the journalist to a "lookout at the bow". "He wants to observe everything on the endless sea, examine the unpredictable situation at sea and shoal reefs, and issue an alarm in time." It is the duty of a reporter, a social lookout, to report the facts truly, comprehensively and accurately, to provide correct early warning for the society and remind people to avoid possible risks in time. Journalists represent the conscience of society and bear the responsibility of social watchmen, so they will also be respected and trusted by people. However, if he is selfish and publishes or even fabricates false news for his own benefit, his personal integrity will be greatly reduced, and even he will be spurned by the public and discredited. In short, whether from the perspective of adhering to the correct public opinion orientation, establishing the credibility of the media or the credibility of journalists, maintaining the authenticity of news is an important guarantee for improving the guiding ability and realizing correct guidance. Without the authenticity of news, the guidance of public opinion can only be a cook without rice, a fish without water, and a hopeless thing. All journalists with conscience and sense of responsibility should consciously arm their minds with Marxist news outlook, guide news practice, abide by professional ethics, safeguard the truth of news like their own lives, safeguard the image and reputation of the news team, and earnestly assume the responsibility of guiding the public.
Third, the status quo and existing problems of the authenticity of news reports
Reporting is the process for journalists to know the facts. Moreover, any report can only be a simple, cut-off, sublation and summary report of the facts, and it is impossible to fully show the facts, even in TV news.
Because "the complexity of facts and the inevitable simplicity of reports" are the basic contradictions between news reports and facts, there is a distinction between "real world" and "copied world" in social psychology, and people basically live in the "copied world" except for the narrow range that they can come into contact with. Copy the world, that is, the external world constructed through contact with the media. Whether this external world is true or not can only depend on journalists. The report itself, due to the inevitable limitations of the reporter, is always more or less different from the outside world.
No matter how advanced the media is, no matter how advanced the means are, the external world will eventually be described by human language and writing (most pictures can also be understood by language). Even if the reporter sincerely wants to report the outside world, we know that no language or writing can completely describe the picture he thinks and constructs. Language is referential and different from things, so when using language, there will be differences in reflecting facts. For example, a person's hurry can be described as: excitement, panic, anxiety, despair, etc. Any language has an experience background, and the language background in different cultures is different. The same news may get different or even opposite understanding in different audiences. Fourth, the factors affecting the realization of news authenticity (1) the limitations of personal subjective understanding and reflection ability
In recent years, with the rapid development of China's journalism, various media have recruited a large number of new people to expand into the news editing team in order to obtain news in time, quickly and accurately. Many of them are not very familiar with all kinds of basic operating norms of news communication, and some even lack the most basic knowledge reserve. Of course, they can't talk about a higher level of Marxist news outlook, journalists' professional quality, professionalism and professional ethics, which makes the professional ethics of news editing teams complicated and chaotic. In addition, more and more editors and journalists are employed without preparation. Most of them undertake a lot of tasks under the current management mechanism, and their income is directly linked to the number of manuscripts. So what they think most about every day is how to make every effort to produce more manuscripts, major news and exclusive reports. In order to pursue the biggest "sensational effect", they will sacrifice the truth principle of news, thus violating the most basic professional ethics of news, becoming producers of false news and seriously endangering society. "Paper buns" is the most typical case.
Today's journalists are mostly young, highly educated and full of youthful vitality, but they lack news sensitivity and experience in identifying information. Some journalists often ignore the objective principle that "journalists should be a third party", love to be arbitrators, law enforcers and spokespersons, and are easily influenced by subjective factors. Due to factors such as knowledge and social experience, it is not possible to consider the target of reporting as a whole, and it is easy to look at the problem dialectically. Some journalists simply pursue the amount of publication, but are unwilling to spend time and energy on in-depth interviews. Those who run agriculture rarely go to the countryside, those who run industry are unfamiliar with workshops, and those who run education are unfamiliar with schools. Some people are used to going to the leadership office to listen to the report, like to lie on the sofa and read the materials, and occasionally go to the grassroots to browse the flowers, believing in "one listening, two believing, three writing and four sofas". As a result, the interview can only be tasted and the report lacks authenticity. In view of the above reasons, the author puts forward the basic countermeasures to ensure the authenticity of news writing. In the concrete news practice of striving to realize the standard of "news truthfulness", we can learn from some specific methods of the western press and grasp the specific situation in practice. For example, the famous American journalist Pulitzer has repeatedly warned his men that news reports should be "accurate, accurate and accurate"; Some objective, comprehensive, balanced and fair operation methods can also be adopted in news reports. It is necessary to correctly grasp all links from the reporter's writing to the editor's review and finalization.
(B) the impact of people's social values
With the improvement of their own knowledge structure and understanding of the media, the audience's media literacy is getting higher and higher, and they have certain immunity to news reports. When they are exposed to news reports, they always watch the news with questions. For those who are interested, but not really sure about the information, the audience will take the initiative to collect news about this. Especially in the era of multimedia technology in which newspapers, television, radio and internet are in parallel, it is easy to find all kinds of information. Meanwhile, news works come from different media perspectives.
Products also provide information on different aspects of news facts. On this basis, the audience establishes their own basic grasp of news facts.
Audiences are increasingly participating in news production. For example, after the reporter finished the actual or false report of something, the reporter ended the report due to the limitation of cognition. But people who know the truth will provide new clues through feedback and promote the orderly development of news reports. Until we find the truth. The audience's attention to this matter will guide reporters to complete this series of reports.
News works of news media organizations are market-oriented spiritual products for the public. The intangible influence of the audience on news reports is reflected in the requirements for communicators. Communicators meet the requirements of the audience by updating the content, form, means and skills of communication, and enhance the stimulation of news information. Therefore, it will cause some reports to overemphasize news facts, and some reports are seriously inaccurate. Blindly pursue sensational effect as a means of competition, but all the gossip circulating among the "people" will compete to write articles, some will be out of thin air, and some will be out of thin air and grandstanding. For example, the above-mentioned "paper buns" and "bear's paw storm" reports, such "April Fool's Day" news often makes people doubt whether it is true or not. These false reports were even reprinted by many news media, so that they spread widely and did great harm.
(B) the impact of news professional ethics awareness
First, first of all, news organizations unilaterally pursue economic benefits, violate professional ethics, and do not talk about social responsibility, which leads to the impact of news reports. Since the reform and opening up, China's journalism has implemented the enterprise management system of public institutions. News is not only a political propaganda department, but also an economic entity. The pursuit of economic benefits has become one of the internal driving forces for the development of journalism, prompting the journalism to strengthen competition and promote reform. However, because some news organizations violate professional ethics and do not attach importance to social responsibility, they mistakenly put the pursuit of benefits above social benefits. Some misconceptions in the minds of individual journalists are also important reasons for the inaccuracy of reports. These mistakes are mainly manifested in: First of all, all news is propaganda. They don't know that propaganda should also be based on objective facts. On the contrary, they think that as long as they can achieve the purpose of propaganda, they can choose, arrange and even fabricate facts at will according to the needs of propaganda. Covering up for you, fact-based news reports have become based on propaganda needs, reversing the relationship between facts and news reports, and fraudulent false reports have become a stubborn disease that is difficult to cure. Secondly, the one-sidedness of thinking method. On the one hand, we often only see one aspect of the matter-one aspect that can prove our point of view, but intentionally or unintentionally ignore the whole thing, resulting in inaccurate reports. On the other hand, one-sidedness also leads to the absoluteness of seeing the problem, which also leads to the inaccuracy. Third, engage in reasonable imagination. The so-called reasonable imagination means that journalists speculate from known facts that may not be interviewed and report them as facts. According to the theory of reasonable imagination, it is impossible for a reporter to interview all the details of events and tasks, and he can reasonably imagine these details according to his own life experience when writing a manuscript. The viewpoint of reasonable imagination actually advocates the use of literary fiction in news reports, which fundamentally denies the hardware requirements for authenticity in news reports. Finally, some journalists' styles are floating, even below the quality, which leads to inaccurate news reports. Some journalists have a floating style, don't go deep into their work, don't do hard research, or hearsay, or perfunctory things, which leads to inaccurate reports. What's more, in order to seek improper benefits, malicious fabrication of false news has caused extremely bad influence.
History and nosy experience tell us that journalism should adhere to the ideological line of seeking truth from facts, be superior to others, not follow the trend, not afraid of power, not for money, but for truth, and dare to tell the truth under any circumstances. In order to consciously safeguard the principle of news authenticity, we should not only go deep into reality and the masses, but also seriously carry out investigation and research work, and also have the spirit of fighting for truth. At all times, we must adhere to the professional ethics of journalists, keep in mind our social responsibilities, and be responsible for the party, the people, the society and history with true reports.
Fifth, the problems that should be paid attention to in realizing the authenticity of news.
(A) to further strengthen the understanding of the authenticity and significance of news.
News communication is an organic movement process of both sides under the objective law of news communication. Both the sender and the receiver must follow the necessary rules. News communication must be true, in the final analysis, it is the requirement of communication effectiveness, and communication must be effective, which is the ultimate goal of all communication activities. The two parties involved in news communication are nothing more than the one who knows, that is, the one who wants to change the news facts at a high speed, that is, the audience. Only true reporting can achieve the traditional purpose.
Make effective information acceptable to the other party, so as to facilitate or help the audience to obtain relevant information. If the information received by both parties is false or partially untrue, it will not help or even hurt the audience, which will eventually lead to the failure of news dissemination, because the credibility of the communicator will be lost. Therefore, seeking truth from facts and reporting truthfully is the fundamental starting point of news dissemination.
First, both the sender and the receiver require that the whole process of news dissemination be realistic and not add any additional elements. Whether it is the basis of communication-facts or the process of reporting, it must be one or two, and it cannot be made out of nothing, exaggerated or reduced. Second, the basic law of news communication points out that the mission of news communication can only be realized by providing true news reports. Those who violate this objective law will be punished and lose the meaning of news dissemination. Third, truthfully reporting news is the application of the line of seeking truth from facts in news communication, and it is also the requirement of this scientific methodology for journalists. Those who are determined to contribute their lives to the cause of news communication must consciously use scientific epistemology to strictly demand themselves and report truthfully.
(2) strive to improve the correct understanding and reflection ability of objective things.
If the commercialization of the media gave birth to the standardization of news objectivity at that time, then it was commercialization that brought about the development of critical news now. However, another problem has emerged. Critical news is bound to have a strong personal subjective tendency, which is undoubtedly a challenge to the objectivity of news. In my opinion, in view of the fact that American newspapers only represented one side's point of view at that time, not neutrality, the rise of news objectivity norms was based on social responsibility and commercial interests. The ultimate pursuit of news objectivity is infinitely close to facts and truth, fairness and justice. Although it is risky to restore facts by value judgment with subjective will, not all subjective remarks are harmful to the presentation of facts. Because most scholars believe that even if there is no language with comments and value judgments, news may convey critical information by selecting materials, deleting content, publishing pages and subtle words because of the author's established prejudice, subjective understanding and knowledge structure. The real objectivity of news is just a beacon that can never be reached. There is no need to demand that news cannot contain value judgment. (3) Adhere to the principle of objectivity In the era of business news, in order to avoid risks and keep your job, it is inevitable to use objectivity as a shield. Rigid objectivity also facilitates the government's control of public opinion, but it still can't hide the glory left by a series of ugly-exposing movements. Although objectivity may not be regarded as a perfect principle, I still have optimistic hope that it will be promoted to journalism, because since the principle of authenticity is an unreachable dream, I can't imagine what can escort this public opinion ship if modern journalism does not emphasize the principle of objectivity.
The pursuit of objectivity principle and objective reporting by mass media has effectively reduced the bad practices such as grandstanding and fabrication. Objectivity not only increases the hard facts in news, but also strengthens the discipline and morality of media practitioners. An important reason why news is objective is to prevent the media from becoming the mouthpiece of a certain interest group and try to avoid the audience being misled and deceived. Therefore, if the news media are free to know the facts, think and express their opinions without being controlled by political or economic forces, then journalists should make the fairest and most accurate judgment based on the principle of being responsible to society and the public as long as they know the facts as comprehensively as possible, which is the embodiment of objectivity. Some people say that the principle of objectivity of news is just a ritual, so it is not necessary to be too formal, but to strengthen its core. News objectivity should be an attitude and responsibility. And its supervision power can only come from its readers-the public. Adhering to the objectivity principle of news does not require adhering to pure objectivity and pan-naturalism, but a rational principle based on human subjectivity and transcending subjectivity to achieve consistency with objectivity. The so-called "impartiality and fearlessness" and "universal justice" required by objective reporting are undoubtedly people's good wishes. However, it is precisely because people have such rational requirements that they will limit the proliferation of over-subjective grandstanding and seek an expandable space for equal spiritual exchange between people. Therefore, from what has been discussed above, we already know that the objectivity of news should emphasize the content rather than the form. Objective reporting is not only a basic technology and principle in news communication operation, but also a requirement of reporting concept and humanistic spirit. (D) Correctly handle the relationship between political stance and news authenticity.
First, all publicity and reports should be subordinate to the overall situation and focus on the overall situation. Second, adhere to the two-point theory to prevent one-sidedness and absoluteness. Third, we should rely on science and pay attention to the degree of reporting.