The development of agriculture is inseparable from the superior natural environment. The geographical location of Africa determines its natural environment as follows: there are not many coastal islands in Africa, most of which are very small, and the island area only accounts for 2% of the whole continent. The mainland is wide in the north and narrow in the south, like an equilateral triangle, with straight coast and few bays and peninsulas. The whole territory is a plateau continent with an average elevation of 750 meters. Roughly bounded by the mouth of Congo River (Zaire called Zaire River) and the northern edge of Ethiopian Plateau, the elevation of the plateau in the southeast half is more than 1 0 0 meters, which is called high Africa; Most of the northwest half is 5 0 0 meters below sea level, which is called low Africa. Most of the high mountains in Africa stand in the coastal areas of the plateau: Atlas Mountains in the northwest, Mount Kenya and Mount Kilimanjaro in the east, and Draken Mountains in the south. Kilimanjaro is an active volcano with an altitude of 5895 meters, which is the highest peak in Africa. The Great Rift Valley in East Africa is the longest rift zone in the world, starting from the Schiller Estuary in the south and reaching the northern part of the Dead Sea in West Asia in the north, with a length of about 6,400 kilometers. There are many long and narrow lakes in the rift valley with steep water depth. Lake Assal on the east side of the Ethiopian Plateau is1.53m above sea level, which is the lowest point on the African continent. The main rivers in Africa are influenced by geological structure and other natural factors, and the water system is complex, with many rapids and waterfalls arranged in length.

It is the Nile (6 6 7 1 km, the longest river in the world), Congo River (Zaire is called Zaire River), Niger River, Zambezi River, Ubangi River, kasai river River and Orange River. Most lakes are distributed in the rift zone of East Africa. According to the size of the area, it is Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Malawi and Lake Chad.

Most of Africa is located between the Tropic of Cancer, with a vast area of high temperature all the year round, so it is called "tropical continent". There is little precipitation in China. Only the Congo Basin and the Gulf of Guinea coast have an average annual precipitation of more than 1, 5 0 0 mm, and the area with an average annual precipitation of less than 500 mm accounts for 50% of the whole continent. The Congo basin and the coastal areas of the Gulf of Guinea belong to the tropical rainforest climate. The Mediterranean coast is hot and dry in summer and warm and rainy in winter, belonging to the subtropical Mediterranean climate. The Sahara desert in North Africa and the western part of the South African Plateau belong to tropical desert climate with little rainfall. Other vast areas are rainy in summer and dry in winter, and most of them belong to the tropical grassland climate. Madagascar has a tropical rain forest climate in the east and a savanna climate in the west.