1) flower planting
1. Plant flowers in the open space
Open-field flowers refer to flowers planted outdoors. Before planting flowers, we should first choose the place according to the habits of flowers, or choose flowers according to the conditions of open space. For example, plant some drought-tolerant flowers on the hillside with higher terrain, plant some moisture-tolerant plants by the lake, pond or low-lying places, and plant perennial woody flowers in spacious places. Most ordinary flowers like sunshine, and only when they are planted in a place with full sunlight can they flourish.
After site selection, in order to improve soil properties, make water and air conditions good, and be beneficial to seed germination and root growth, soil preparation should be carried out first. When preparing soil, turn over the soil first. The depth of digging can be deep or shallow. Perennial roots and bulbous flowers should be planted deeper, with seven or eight inches as appropriate, and annual and biennial flowers should be slightly shallow. Break the turned clods, remove stones, tiles, cut roots and other weeds in the soil, and apply appropriate amount of base fertilizer. If the soil is too barren, some barren soil can be replaced by more fertile loam or cultivated soil. Then according to the terrain and topography, make a suitable flower bed.
After the completion of the flower bed, it is necessary to select and configure all kinds of flowers, plant them reasonably, try to have flowers in all seasons, and arrange them in an orderly and bright way according to their height, size and color. Family flowers should pay special attention to the courtyard environment and other conditions. Laying out flower beds and lawns and planting more trees and flowers require a large courtyard. Small sites should only plant potted flowers in Kobanawa, not large woody flowers.
After finishing the site, you can plant flowers after completing the variety selection and configuration design. Some flowers propagated by seeds can be planted directly on the flower bed at regular intervals, and after germination, the flowers are thinned to remove redundant weak flower seedlings. In addition to direct seeding, most flowers should be transplanted, which can expand the spacing of seedlings, promote the development of roots and prevent false growth. When transplanting seedlings, the seedbed should be kept moist and the roots should be attached to some soil. Seedlings should be carefully raised and planted quickly to avoid strong winds and sun exposure. If there are many leaves, you can remove some of them to reduce water evaporation. Transplanting is best in the morning and evening, and it is best at night with high temperature. Before transplanting, dig a certain planting hole in the flower bed, the size depends on the flower seedlings, and it can be planted if it is slightly larger than the soil ball at the root. After the seedlings are moved in, fill in the loose soil layer by layer and tamp around. After planting, water it with a watering can once, and then water it when new roots grow. Pay attention to prevent strong sunlight and shade properly.
2. Pot planting
Potted flowers are the main form of urban family flower cultivation. Not limited by terrain and space conditions, and does not occupy land. It only needs balconies, verandahs, etc. , and can be easily moved and managed. It is a good indoor and outdoor decoration. Because of the limited volume of pots and pans, the soil is easy to dry and wet, and the nutrients are limited, so it needs certain skills, care and patience. (1) Selection of pots and pans
A flowerpot is not only a container for planting flowers, but also a work of art. There are many kinds of flowerpots, exquisite workmanship and beautiful shape, which are suitable for different conditions. Try to choose several common types to introduce:
Plain burning basin: made of clay, with rough texture, good ventilation and drainage performance, most suitable for flower growth and cheap price. The disadvantage is that the appearance is not very beautiful. Ceramic basin: Ceramic basin is glazed with porcelain, with exquisite workmanship and various patterns, such as square, round, diamond and polygon. They are all beautiful and are most suitable for indoor cultivation or exhibition. However, this kind of flowerpot has poor ventilation and drainage, and its cultivation effect is not as good as that of vegetarian flowerpot. Wooden basin: made of wood, not easy to break, easy to move, can plant large flowers and trees, can also be hung in the air.
Basket: made of wood strips and bamboo strips, or woven with bamboo strips and rattan. Good ventilation performance, especially suitable for hanging three-dimensional cultivation because of the light weight of the container itself. Orchid flowerpot: A special flowerpot, which is specially used to grow orchids. There are holes in the wall of the flowerpot, which is convenient for drainage and ventilation and has a more delicate texture.
Hydroponic basin: specially used for cultivating aquatic flowers. The basin surface is large, the bottom of the basin has no holes, and most of them are glazed with ceramics. Exquisite and delicate appearance can improve the viewing effect.
In addition, families can use some waste pots to grow flowers, and pay attention to punching holes at the bottom to make them permeable. Of course, the effect is generally worse than that of special flowerpots.
⑵ Preparation of culture soil
Culture soil is the material basis of potted flower growth. If the cultivated soil is good, the flowers will grow vigorously and have bright colors, otherwise they will wither and yellow, thus enhancing the ornamental value. Therefore, family flower planting should pay attention to the selection and production of culture soil.
The simplest source of culture soil is to buy it from flower shops or gardening places. You can also do it yourself. Let's briefly introduce the knowledge about preparation.
The basic materials for preparing culture soil are humus, garden soil (loam) and river sand. Humus soil is obtained by the following methods: in autumn and winter, leaves, vegetable leaves and straws are collected, stacked with the soil layer by layer, then poured with manure, covered with straw or straw mats and plastic sheets, and opened for drying and storage several months later. Garden soil is generally fertile loam with much humus and good aggregate structure.
The proportion of culture soil for the growth of most flowers is as follows:
Culture soil for sowing: 5 parts humus soil, 3 parts garden soil and 2 parts river sand.
Culture soil for common flowers: 3 parts humus soil, 5 parts garden soil and 2 parts river sand.
Woody cultivated soil: 4 parts humus soil, 5 parts garden soil and sand 1 part.
The culture soil of most potted flowers: 4 parts humus soil, 4 parts garden soil and 2 parts river sand.
Although these three raw materials must be matched together, the proportion is not completely in accordance with the above proportion, and can be increased or decreased according to the specific situation.
(3) Upper basin
When the seedlings grow to a certain extent, they can be moved to flowerpots for planting. This process is called potting. Generally, potted plants can be carried out in spring, summer and autumn, but spring and autumn are better and summer is less.
When placing flowerpots, the size of flowerpots should match the size of flowers and plants, according to the principle of "small flowers are planted in small pots, middle flowers are planted in medium pots, and large flowers are planted in large pots". As the saying goes, "If a small flower is planted in a big pot, it will not grow" because a big pot means more soil, and more soil means more water, so the small roots of the flower are poor and easy to rot. When using the old basin, it must be washed inside and outside; If it is a new pot, you must soak it in water for a day or two before using it.
Before filling the basin with soil, pad two tiles on the drain hole at the bottom of the basin. The two tiles cannot be squeezed together. Then cover a big tile on the two tiles, and three tiles form a bridge. Then fill it with tiles or fine bricks the size of broad beans, accounting for about one-fifth of the height of the flowerpot, and finally fill it with culture soil, but it is not enough.
Before planting flowers, the flowerpot should be trimmed to some extent, and some diseased leaves, weak branches and some delicate lateral roots should be cut off. Put the pruned seedling root group on the culture soil, pay attention to the relative position between the height of the flowerpot and the position of the seedling, and then add the culture soil to fix the flowers. After planting, spray water with a fine nozzle until water seeps from the eyes of the basin. Or put the flowerpot into a bucket filled with shallow water, let the water penetrate into the flowerpot from the small hole at the bottom of the flowerpot until the surface of the soil is wet, and then water it normally after the root system is restored.
(4) Changing pots
After perennial flowers are planted in a flowerpot for a certain period of time, the roots are all over the flowerpot, and there is no room for expansion, or after a certain period of time, the physical properties of the culture soil in the flowerpot become worse and the nutrients are reduced, so it is necessary to replace the flowerpot and replant it. Generally speaking, the more times you change pots, the stronger the plants grow. The time to change pots should be when the plant growth is about to stop in autumn or before the branches germinate in early spring. Never change pots when plants sprout. Water the pots one or two days before changing them, so that the soil is not dry or wet. Loosen the soil around the pot wall with small bamboo pieces, hold the pot soil with your left hand, and push it out from the bottom hole with your right thumb, so that you can pour the plants out of the original pot, cut off some roots and weak branches and leaves after pouring out, or separate the plants at the same time, and finally plant the pot and change it according to the above method.
(2) Management and maintenance of flowers
1. water
It is best to water flowers with soft water, generally with river water, followed by pool water and lake water, and spring water is not suitable. Flowers can be planted with tap water in cities, but tap water is generally disinfected with bleaching powder, and there is still bleaching powder residue. Therefore, it is not appropriate to water the flowers directly from the faucet. You should store the water for several hours or bask in the sun for a while before watering the flowers. It is not advisable to water the flowers with sewage.
As far as the time and frequency of watering are concerned, we should pay attention to the following points: water more in summer and autumn, not water or water less in rainy season; During the high temperature period, do not water at noon, do it early and do it late; When the temperature is low in winter, water less, and water around 10 on a sunny morning. Water the seedlings less, water them more when they grow vigorously, and don't water them more when they bloom and bear fruit; Water the flowers in spring around noon.
Do not water the roots directly at each time, but around the root zone to guide the roots to extend outward.
Every watering process should be carried out in accordance with the principle of "thin at first, big in the middle and flat at last" to avoid surface soil erosion.
The watering device should be a watering pot with thick and thin nozzles. Do not water the flowerpot directly with bowls or cups.
fertilize the soil or land
Fertilizer is one of the sources of nutrients for flowers and plants. We have introduced its functions and types and some problems that should be paid attention to, so we won't repeat them here.
3. intertillage weeding
Intertillage weeding is an important part of flower conservation, which will affect its growth and development if neglected. Due to the influence of rainfall, watering and fertilization, the surface layer of soil will gradually harden, which will hinder the air permeability and ventilation of soil, thus affecting the growth of root system. So loosen the soil and restore the original state of the soil. No intertillage should be carried out when the soil is too wet. The tools of intertillage are small flower hoes and small bamboo chips. Flower hoes are used for cultivating flower beds, and small bamboo pieces are used for potted flowers. The depth of intertillage is based on the principle of not hurting roots. Deep root system, deep intertillage, shallow root system and shallow intertillage; It should be shallow near root and deep far root; Herbaceous flowers, shallow intertillage, woody flowers deep intertillage. Farming can also be fertilized at the same time.
Weeds should be removed at the same time in the process of intertillage, and weeds seen in other management should be removed in time at ordinary times. Weeds should be uprooted, especially when they are mature, which will leave future trouble. Ordinary families raise flowers and weeds by hand. If the planting area is large and there are many weeds, chemical herbicides can also be used.
prune
Sometimes the branches and leaves of some flowers and plants grow too luxuriantly, and the internal ventilation and light transmission are blocked, which is easy to cause pests and diseases. Pruning is very important in order to regulate the growth of various parts of plants, promote flowering and prevent pests and diseases. Pruning generally starts from the following aspects.
(1) Pruning: Pruning dead branches, diseased branches, residual branches and branches that are too dense and weak, promoting ventilation and light transmission, saving nutrients and improving plant type.
⑵ Pick leaves: The leaves are too dense, which affects flowering and fruiting, so pick some old leaves, waste leaves and some leaves that grow too dense.
⑶ coring: removing the terminal buds of some branches, especially coring in early seedling stage, can promote branching, make plants cluster, increase the number of flowers or make flowers bigger, and improve ornamental value.
(4) Buding, that is, removing too many axillary buds and reducing unnecessary branches to concentrate nutrition and make flowers more beautiful.
5] To bud, remove premature buds or excessive lateral buds to concentrate nutrition and make the flowers beautiful and big.
Plastic operation
If a pot of flowers is messy and uneven, it is still not suitable for viewing despite its lush foliage and blooming flowers. In order to improve the ornamental value of flowers and keep the appearance of plants beautiful, it is necessary to shape them. Plant appearance modeling generally has the following kinds. In order to create these shapes, we must design and trim them from the seedlings.
⑴ Single stem type: Only one main stem is left for the whole flower, and only one big flower will be opened at the top in the future. In order to achieve this goal, the lateral buds and branches of seedlings should be removed to concentrate nutrients. It is also possible to separate a few side branches at the top of a main pole to form an umbrella shape, and it is also necessary to remove them in a small range, leaving only some side branches at the top. Dahlia can be molded in a single drying mode.
(2) more work; Picking the stone at the seedling stage and forming several main branches at the base. According to the number of main branches you want to keep, then remove the unnecessary side branches. There are usually only 3-7 main branches left. Like chrysanthemums.
⑶ Cluster type: Shrubs or bamboos are clustered, the density should be commensurate, and the height should be appropriate to make them more poetic, such as Nandian bamboo, canna, Buddha's belly tree and so on.
(4) Pendant or climbing type: it is mostly used for vines or vines, which need to be erected to make them droop or climb, and at the same time, it should be trimmed properly. The method is as above. Such as cliff chrysanthemum, morning glory and so on.
6. Prevention and control of common pests and diseases
Pests and diseases are inevitable problems in flower cultivation, which may cause complete failure of planting. The control of plant diseases and insect pests is one of the keys to the success of flower cultivation. Pest control should start with strengthening cultivation management and improving the ability of flowers to resist pests and diseases, find them in time and take immediate measures.
The diseases of flowers are generally caused by the parasitism of germs. If the site is sunny, the air is ventilated and the surroundings are clean, germs will not easily invade. If peanuts are ill, they should be isolated and cultivated immediately and sprayed with pesticides. Sometimes, in order to prevent the spread of diseases, diseased plants or diseased branches and leaves should be burned immediately.
Common flower diseases are as follows:
(1) Powdery mildew: usually occurs in rainy season. At the beginning of the disease, white spots appeared on the leaves, and then gradually covered the whole leaves, and the leaves finally turned gray. The disease can be prevented by comprehensive measures such as improving ventilation, lighting and drainage and spraying sulfur powder in the morning.
⑵ Canker disease: Round reddish-brown spots appear on the leaves at the onset, the branches are pale, and the leaves fall off after a long illness. Too much fertilization and too many branches and leaves are easy to cause this disease. If the disease occurs, spray 0.4 ~ 0.2% ferrous sulfate solution or Bordeaux solution, pay attention to rational fertilization and strengthen ventilation.
⑶ Anthracnose: At the initial stage of the disease, the leaves were stained with green spots, and then gradually expanded into brown circular spots. The prevention method is to spray carbendazim solution to improve ventilation and light transmission.
(4) White silk disease: When the disease occurs, white silk hyphae appear at the base or root of the plant stem, and the leaves gradually wither from bottom to top, even all of them die, which is easy to get due to high temperature, too much air and soil waterlogging. We should improve the temperature and humidity, control watering, isolate diseased plants and use lime powder to prevent the disease.
(5) Sudden onset: At the onset, water stains began to appear at the base of seedlings, and then turned yellow-brown. Due to the contraction of the affected area, the seedlings suddenly fell and the infection was rapid. Moisture should be controlled, ventilation should be strengthened, diseased plants and soil should be burned, and lime can be sprinkled for protection.
There are quite a few kinds of insects that are harmful to flowers. The most common are:
(1) Aphids: individuals are very small, parasitizing on leaves and new buds in groups, sucking their juice and secreting a venom, which makes the leaves shrink and even the plants die. It can be killed manually, sprayed with 600 times dimethoate or sprayed with cigarette butts.
⑵ Scale insects: There are many kinds, which are densely planted on stems and leaves to absorb nutrients and juice, making the damaged parts yellow. Eraser can be dipped in water to remove or sprayed with 600 times dimethoate solution.
⑶ Scarab: Larvae eats roots in the soil, while adults eat leaves, which affects the growth and beauty of flowers. 800 times of trichlorfon solution can be sprayed. In winter, we should dig deep into the soil, freeze the larvae to death and remove weeds.
(4) Ground silkworm: it lurks in the soil during the day and comes out to eat the roots or tender stems of flowers at night, causing plants to die. It can be killed manually or sprinkled with bhc powder.
There are other pests such as chrysanthemum tiger, centipede, caterpillar, caterpillar and so on. The control method is similar to the above. Trichlorfon, dichlorvos and dimethoate are generally used, diluted by 600-2000 times, and the spraying effect is better in sunny evening. You can also use the method of "controlling insects with insects" to control some pests, such as seven-star gourd ladle, different-color gourd ladle, etc., and you can prey on aphids and scale insects.