(1) seedling tray: 5× 10=50 holes or 6×9=54 holes.
(2) Seedbed: height 20cm, width 120cm, and length is not limited.
2. Preparation of nutrient soil: according to local conditions, the field soil without pests and diseases is screened and mixed with decomposed farmyard manure, plant ash (chaff ash) or coconut shell according to the volume ratio of 6: 2: 2, and 0.2%-0.3% compound fertilizer of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium can also be added and fully mixed; If possible, it is best to mix coconut bran and decomposed cow dung residue in a volume ratio of 7: 3, then add 1 kg NPK compound fertilizer per cubic meter and mix well. The PH is required to be 6-7, so as to achieve the effects of looseness, fertilizer conservation, water conservation and complete nutrition.
3. Seed quality: Grade 2 or above in GB16715.3-1999. The specific requirements are: seed purity ≥95%, purity ≥99%, germination rate ≥60%.
Seed dosage: 25-50g seeds are needed per mu.
4. Seed treatment
(1) disinfection: firstly, wash the seeds with clean water, then soak them in warm water at 55℃ for 15 minutes, then soak them in clean water for 10 hour, take them out and soak them in 10% trisodium phosphate solution for 20 minutes, and wash them at least three times after taking them out.
(2) Accelerating germination: after the seeds are washed, they are placed at a constant temperature of 28℃-30℃ (bulbs can be used) to accelerate germination. Before germination, wash the seeds with clear water once a day, drain the water in time, and then continue to accelerate germination until the seeds turn white. If possible, use an incubator to accelerate germination.
Step 5 sow seeds
(1) Plug sowing: Put the prepared nutrient soil into the seedling tray, push two albino seeds into the hole to 1- 1.5 cm, cover with thin soil, gently compact and water the soles of the feet.
(2) Direct seeding: seeds are directly sown on the border covered with plastic film, and sufficient base fertilizer is applied. Wax gourd can be planted directly or transplanted. The planting density of wax gourd varies with varieties, cultivation methods and cultivation seasons. Generally, small white gourd is planted about 12000 ~ 15000 plants per hectare, and large white gourd is generally 4500 ~ 6000 plants. In order to obtain high yield of wax gourd, it is best to transplant it.
Wax gourd seed coat is thick and difficult to germinate, so seed treatment should be carried out before sowing to promote seed germination. The seed treatment method is as follows.
(1) Wet sowing: Generally, the seeds are soaked in clear water for 5-6 hours, then taken out, filtered and sown on the seedbed.
(2) Soak the seeds in warm water at 55℃ for about 65438 05 minutes to germinate the seeds, and then sow.
(3) Accelerating germination at constant temperature: put the seeds in an incubator at 30℃, turn them up and down once every 3-5 hours, so that the upper and lower layers of the seeds are heated evenly, rinse them with clear water once a day, and keep certain moisture and air. After about 5-7 days, the seeds will break the seed coat, and when the seeds turn white, that is, when the buds grow to half a grain, they should be sown in time. If the bud is too long, it is easy to damage the bud tip when sowing, which leads to the stiff growth of the plant and easy to get sick. 1, apply sufficient base fertilizer.
The best base fertilizer is decomposed organic fertilizer, with 52,500 kilograms of decomposed high-quality farmyard manure per hectare and 450 kilograms of calcium superphosphate. Phosphate fertilizer can enhance the stress resistance of wax gourd, and at the same time, it can promote plants to bear melons early and more. Fertilization methods include spreading first and then deep ploughing, furrowing strip application and then covering soil, acupoint application and so on.
2, reasonable topdressing by stages,
When 3 ~ 4 real leaves appear, manure should be applied once, topdressing should be applied twice when melon vines begin to elongate, and topdressing should be applied once at the initial flowering stage and the initial fruit stage. Topdressing should be light before and heavy after, light before and thick after. Attention should be paid to topdressing, and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer should not be applied before and after heavy rain, otherwise fruit and cotton will easily rot in fruit period.
Step 3: Irrigation
The irrigation of wax gourd should be combined with the growth process. Wax gourd has a large leaf area and a large amount of water evaporation, so it is necessary to keep the soil surface moist frequently. The water demand of plants is from small to large, so it is not suitable for flooding with water. Semi-furrow water irrigation is suitable. When there is too much rain during the growing period, it is necessary to drain water in time to avoid diseases caused by stagnant water.
Step 4 squeeze the vines
Under normal circumstances, melon vines are pressed once in the shed and 3-4 times in the ground. After planting, when the vines grow to about lm, you can press the vines once and press the stems of melon vines with soil to make them grow adventitious roots. When the vine is pressed, the leaves are exposed in the soil, and the top of the vine is exposed about 30cm. After climbing the ground, press the vines every 65,438+05 days until the vines grow on the surface of the compartment. When pressing vines, be careful not to press the stem nodes and top growth parts of female flowers into the soil.
Black-skinned wax gourd is mainly planted by scaffolding. Take pictures as an example.
5. Artificial insemination
Winter melon is a monoecious flower. With the help of insects to spread pollen, pollination can make wax gourd mature early and improve early yield.
The male flowers of wax gourd bloom at 5 ~ 8 am, when the pollen is the most suitable for pollination, and the artificial pollination effect is the best. After 9 o'clock, the pollen is easy to disperse, so it is not suitable for pollination, and the seed setting rate decreases accordingly. During artificial pollination, the newly opened male flowers are picked, and the male flowers are brought into contact with the female flowers, so that the pollen of the male flowers is covered by the stigma of the female flowers. Generally, in the middle and late stage of growth, artificial pollination is no longer carried out because of the high temperature and vigorous activity of towels.
The main diseases of wax gourd are powdery mildew, Fusarium wilt and blight, and the main pests are cucumber yellow aphid and red spider. Doing a good job in disease prevention and insect control of wax gourd is one of the important links related to high yield of wax gourd and must be paid attention to. For pests and diseases, early treatment, minor treatment and radical cure are needed, and prevention is more important than treatment, so as to effectively eliminate and control the occurrence and spread of pests and diseases.
1, powdery mildew
The disease mostly occurs in the middle growth period of wax gourd, especially in rainy conditions. At the beginning of the disease, there were pale yellow spots on the leaves, and then they expanded into white powder spots, which gradually spread all over the leaves, causing the leaves to die, making the plants precocious, and the bacteria overwintering with the diseased plants or on weeds.
Prevention and control methods:
(1) Implement land rotation, remove the residual leaves and weeds of diseased plants in the field, and strengthen the management of ditching and drainage.
(2) Spray 15% fenxiuling wettable powder 1000 times or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 800 times. Spray 1 time every week, 2 ~ 3 times in a row, starting from the early stage of the disease.
2. Fusarium wilt:
It can occur from seedling stage to late growth stage, and it is the most serious after root melon. The damaged plant grows slowly, the lower leaves turn yellow, the plant wilts during the day, recovers at night, and the whole plant dies a few days later. The vascular bundle turns brown when the diseased plant is cut vertically, and pink mildew layer is produced when it is wet.
Prevention methods of smelting:
(1) rotation, with non-melon vegetables for 3-5 years. The seedbed should also be replaced every 2 ~ 3 years.
(2) Strengthen cultivation management, increase the application of decomposed organic fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, promote the growth and development of roots and increase disease resistance. To strengthen the management of fertilizer and water, we should often use small water to avoid flooding. Don't shine water at noon when it is hot in summer.
(3) At the initial stage of the disease, 500 times of 50% carbendazim or 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder can be used to irrigate the roots, and the dosage of each seedling is 500g, every 7 ~ l0 days 1 time.
3. Epidemics
It mainly harms stem base, tender stem nodes, leaves and fruits. As soon as the stem node comes up, it is flooded, dark green, the diseased part overflows and shrinks, the seedlings wilt, and then it develops into a whole plant and dies. When the fruit was killed, it showed dark green waterlogging, nearly round concave disease spots, and the diseased fruit often shrank and rotted, with gray sparse mildew spots on the surface.
Prevention and control methods:
Apply (1) sole fertilizer to enhance plant disease resistance.
(2) Before the rain or onset, root irrigation once, each plant can be irrigated with 500g liquid medicine, and investigation should be strengthened. Once individual plants are found dead, the roots should be irrigated and sprayed again immediately. The effective drugs are: 25% aluminum zinc poison or metalaxyl, the concentration is 600 times or 50%.
4. Aphids
Aphids, also known as ants, oil stinkbug, swallows, etc. , divided into winged aphids and wingless aphids. They have strong reproductive ability and rapid development. A female aphid gives birth to 65,438+00 ~ 65,438+000, and can reproduce for 4 ~ 5 days in warm weather. The year of drought is particularly serious. Adult aphids and young aphids gather on the back of leaves to suck the juice, forming faded spots and turning yellow and curly leaves.
Prevention and control methods:
Spraying 40% dimethoate EC 1000 ~ 1500 times or 50% yusong EC 1000 ~ 1500 times.
5. Starscream
Red spider, also known as fire spider, breeds 10 ~ 20 generations a year. Adults and larvae spread between leaves and plants by creeping or rotating with the help of wind and rain, which is very harmful in high temperature and dry years. Adults or larvae gather on the back of leaves to suck juice, and the damaged leaves show yellow and white spots, which turn yellow and scorch or even fall off in severe cases. The damage of this insect comes quickly and fiercely.
Prevention and control methods:
40% dimethoate 800 ~ 1000 times; 25% phoxim 300-400 times; Puttan wettable powder 1000 ~ 1500 times liquid spray.
6. Huang shougua
Both adults and larvae can cause harm. Adults eat during the day and bite leaves, flowers and young fruits into circular or semi-circular notches, which is suspended animation but flexible in action. Larvae gnaw at fine roots, or burrow into the main roots or stems near the ground to feed, which makes the seedlings grow poorly and even wither and die.
Prevention and control methods:
It is mainly to control adults, especially to prevent seedlings. Can spray 90% trichlorfon 800 ~ 1000 times or 80% dichlorvos emulsion 800 ~ 1000 times.