1, saving resources and using a wide range of materials. All miscellaneous shrubs, trees and crop straws can be used as raw materials for production. 2. Short cycle and quick effect. It takes less than one year to cultivate Lentinus edodes instead of materials, and the capital turnover is fast. 3, saving manpower and base, which can be operated by men, women and children, and can be produced by scaffolding on the side of the field. 4, artificial control conditions, not affected by the weather. 5. The utilization rate of raw materials is high, and the mushroom cylinder after cultivation can be processed into feed and fertilizer.
Second, the cultivation mode of shiitake mushrooms
1, planted in spring. In spring (10-1month), mushroom is produced in March-June.
2. Autumn planting. In autumn (from late August to late September), mushrooms are produced in winter.
Third, several problems should be paid attention to in the production of mushroom cylinders cultivated in autumn.
1, inoculation (culture) room (1) room conditions. Inoculation (culture) is mostly carried out in the same room. Therefore, the culture room should be sealed, insulated, ventilated and cool, and not damp. (2) Strictly handle the room, clean it, fully dry it, and thoroughly fumigate and sterilize it. Three days before entering the sterilization barrel, fumigate it with 30g/m3 sulfur or formaldehyde15ml/m3.
2, accurate ingredients
(1) Strict formula ratio, dry material ratio, sawdust 80-85%, bran15-20%, gypsum powder1-2%, and appropriate amount of bactericide should be added to prevent and control the pollution of miscellaneous bacteria at high temperature. (2) The water content is appropriate, and the dry material ratio is1:0.8-0.9. The water content of the culture material must not be too heavy to avoid pollution. (3) Bagging is appropriate, and the tightness is consistent from top to bottom.
3. Thorough sterilization (1) Bottle filling is not easy to be too tight, and a gap must be left between bags. At the same time, the woven bag for handling the material bag, the bagging during inoculation and the cotton are put into the retort for sterilization. (2) After retort, raise the temperature to 100℃ in about six hours, and keep the temperature for more than 20 hours. (3) The thermometer used must be 150℃ mercury thermometer. (4) The temperature before and after sterilization will be inconsistent, but the holding time will be recorded when it finally rises to 100℃.
4. The retort is discharged while it is hot (1). After the ceasefire, the retort temperature drops to about 70℃ and the retort begins to be discharged. (2) Aseptic handling, handling sterilization cylinder, must use sterile woven bags or other handling tools with sterile woven fabric pad for transportation. (3) The sterile cylinder is directly moved to the sterilized inoculation room, and the "#" shape is stacked for 6-8 layers, so that it is naturally cooled.
Fourth, vaccination
1, after the sterilization bag is cooled to 28℃, put the utensils, strains, clothes and other items used for inoculation into the inoculation room, and fumigate and sterilize together with the cylinder.
2, strain treatment. One is to remove the cotton plug before entering the inoculation room and scrub the strain bag (bottle) with 75% alcohol or other bactericidal agents. Second, wipe the strain bag with 75% alcohol before inoculation. Third, start from the bottom of the bottle (bag) when inoculating, and leave1-2 cm on the upper part. 3. Operating specifications. First, there must be three people in a class for inoculation, one person carries bags and wipes them, one person punches holes and seals them, and one person inoculates strains. Second, the inoculation speed should be agile, with drilling, with inoculation, with sealing. Third, the inoculation time should be arranged after 9: 00 p.m. or on cloudy days to avoid dust and pollution. The fourth is to finish it in a short time, and then fumigate it with aerosol disinfectant.
Five, cylinder culture
In order to cultivate high-quality mushroom cylinders, manual management and control must be carried out strictly in accordance with the optimal range of temperature, humidity, oxygen and light required for the growth of mushroom mycelium.
1, keep the temperature around 25℃, and always observe and master the indoor and bag temperature.
2. Pay attention to ventilation. After three days of inoculation, start to ventilate, and ventilate once in the morning 10 and 4 pm when the room temperature is low, about half an hour at a time, and ventilate in the morning and evening when the temperature is high.
3, timely increase oxygen, accelerate the growth of mycelium, and reach physiological maturity as soon as possible. Generally, after seven days of culture, the oxygen will be increased by pricking holes, once every10-15 days. If the needle is used to cover the bag and film (pricking the hyphae, but not the blank culture medium), the bag will be removed and the film will be torn off to replace the first pricking hole. In the future, the hole will be pricked as appropriate according to the temperature and the formation of bacterial tumor, and the temperature will be low and prickly. After the fourth puncture, white (yellow) water will be discharged.
Six, mushroom production management
1, build a mushroom shed, and choose a place with good ventilation, sufficient light and convenient water use.
2, urge the mushroom buds. After 70-80 days or180-210 days of culture, a lot of reddish-brown mucus appeared at the junction between the mushroom cylinder and the plastic bag, and gradually a tumor-like process appeared, indicating that the mushroom cylinder was physiologically mature and could be promoted. Methods of accelerating buds: First, change the temperature. If the moisture in the bag is sufficient, the temperature difference can be directly increased to promote the fruiting. The second is to replenish water. If the moisture content of the fungus cylinder is lower than 40%, it is necessary to replenish water to promote the mushroom, drill holes and soak for 24 hours or inject water to make the fungus cylinder reach 3.5-4 kg (large cylinder).
3. Mushroom management. First, after budding, break the membrane in time; The second is timely mushroom thinning; Third, high-quality management, after soaking, the mushroom tube will not be sprayed with water during the growth period, thick mushrooms will be cultivated, high temperature will be controlled, low temperature will be kept, flower mushrooms will be cultivated, heat will be used to remove moisture, and the temperature difference will be widened to form flower mushrooms. One crop of mushrooms can be produced in about 20 days at a suitable temperature.
Seven, harvesting and processing
1, standard for picking dried mushrooms. In the best period of picking dried mushrooms, the mushroom cover is 6-80% open, which is called "big roll edge" or "gong edge". Before rainy days, all the white-flowered mushrooms over 3 cm must be picked and dried immediately.
2, mushroom picking technology, hold down the mushroom barrel with one hand, pinch the base of the mushroom handle with the other hand, first shake it left and right, and then gently pull it up. Do not leave roots, do not take up large pieces of base material, do not damage the bag membrane, do not touch the small mushroom buds, and pick mature young mushrooms and keep them thriving.
3. Dehydration technology. In order to make full use of energy, the combination of sun exposure and baking is adopted, and mushrooms are picked after 0 o'clock every morning/kloc-0. If there is sunshine, they can be sun exposed for more than half a day before baking in the oven. In order to improve the quality, a dehydration dryer must be used.
4. Baking technology. Keep the initial temperature at 30-35℃ and 30-45℃ for more than 6 hours, with large exhaust and half return air. Keep the temperature at 50℃ for 6 hours, with large return air at 60℃ plus or minus 2℃ until drying, large exhaust air and large return air, which shall not exceed 65℃. Generally, it is appropriate to bake thick mushrooms for18-22 hours, and flower mushrooms for about10-12 hours.