(Classic)

Different names: Cenpi (Huainan Wanbi Shu), Tanpi (Bielu), Fanpi (Tao Hongjing), Qinbaipi (Theory of Medicinal Properties), Wax Bark (Annals of Traditional Chinese Medicine) and Bitter Pomegranate Bark (Selected Works of the Whole Exhibition, Dermatosis).

The source is the bark of Fraxinus angustifolia, Fraxinus microphylla or Fraxinus Qinling of Oleaceae.

Plant morphology ① Fraxinus angustifolia, also known as: Fraxinus angustifolia (Huainanzi), Fraxinus angustifolia (Huainanzi), Dalbergia tatarinowii (Bielu), Fraxinus angustifolia (Tang Materia Medica), Cinnamomum bungeanum (Rihuazi Materia Medica), and Fanjimu (.

Deciduous trees, about 10 m high. Bark grayish brown, smooth, shallow crack when old; Branchlets are also smooth, lenticels are sparse, and they are broadly oval; Buds are short and broad, densely covered with brown fluff. Singular pinnate compound leaves, opposite; Leaf axis is smooth and hairless; There are usually 5 leaflets, rarely 3 or 7 leaflets, and the petiole is 5 ~15 mm long, smooth and hairless; The leaves are ovoid, rarely oblong or broadly ovoid, with the largest tip 1 piece, 8 ~1cm long and 4.5 ~ 6.5 cm wide, and the smallest pair at the base, 4 ~ 6 cm long and 3 ~ 4.5 cm wide, with a tapered tip, a broad wedge-shaped or slightly rounded base and a few edges. Flowers and leaves open at the same time, or slightly later than leaves, and panicles are born at the top of branchlets and axils of leaves in the current year; Flowers small, calyx cup-shaped, 4-lobed; No corolla; Stamens 2, exserted; Pistil 2, carpels connate, stigma 2-lobed. Samara oblanceolate, narrow or slightly wide, about 3 cm long, with a narrow round or narrow apex. The flowering period is from May to June. The fruiting period is from August to September.

Born on sunny slopes or broad-leaved forest slopes. Distributed in Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Henan and other places.

② Fraxinus microphylla

The morphology is similar to that of the previous species, and the main differences are as follows: the leaflets are small, oval or oval, 2-4 cm long and1.5-2.5 cm wide, and the last pair of leaflets are not smaller or tiny than other leaflets; The leaves are smooth and hairless on both sides. There is a corolla with linear petals and light green. Flowering in May. The fruiting period is September.

Growing on hillsides, sparse forests and ditches. Distributed in Liaoning, Jilin, Hebei, Henan, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan and other places.

③ Fraxinus qinlingensis

Deciduous trees, up to 20 meters high. Winter buds have rust-colored villi. Odd pinnate compound leaves with 7-9 leaflets and extremely short petioles; Leaf blade ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 8 ~18cm long, tapering at the apex, rounded or broadly wedge-shaped at the base, with shallow wavy serrations at the edge, and rust-colored fluff at the lower middle or its base. Panicles grow up and are terminal; Flowers white, calyx large, 4-lobed; Petals are linear at the base, and gradually expand to spoon shape towards the apex; Stamens are as high as petals. Samara linear spoon-shaped, 2.5 ~ 3 cm long. Flowering in June.

Born on a hillside or gully bank. Distributed in Sichuan, Hubei, Shaanxi and other places.

Collecting branches or dried skins in spring and autumn, and drying in the sun.

The dried bark of medicinal materials is in the shape of a drum or a trough, with a length of 30-70cm, a diameter of1.5-3cm and a thickness of about 3mm. The surface is grayish brown or grayish black, which is often uneven. The outer skin is not smooth, with light spots, and the inner surface is yellow, white or brown and shiny. Hard, easy to break, yellow-white section, fibrous. Odorless and bitter. The water immersion liquid is Huang Bi color with blue fluorescence. The dried dry skin is strip-shaped pieces, which are not rolled, and the thickness is 6 ~10 mm. The epidermis is grayish brown, with reddish-brown spots and irregular markings. After peeling off the epidermis, the reddish-brown endothelium can be seen. The inner surface is light brownish red and smooth. I am the same as the branch skin. It is better to be neat and long and tubular.

Location: Shaanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, Liaoning, Jilin and other places.

Commercial cortex fraxini, except for the above varieties, is currently used as cortex fraxini from Juglans mandshurica of Juglans Juglans of Juglandaceae in most parts of China, but according to Materia Medica, cortex fraxini should be the bark of Fraxinus angustifolia. The difference between them: the bark of Fraxinus angustifolia is often in the form of a roll, which is easy to peel off in layers, and the water immersion is Huang Bi color with blue fluorescence; Juglans mandshurica skin is often twisted and rope-shaped, which is not easy to peel off in layers. The water immersion is yellow-brown and has no fluorescence. See article "Juglans mandshurica skin".

The bark of Fraxinus angustifolia contains coumarins and tannins such as chestnut bark glycoside and chestnut bark element.

The bark of Fraxinus microphylla contains many coumarins, tannins and saponins, such as aesculin, aesculin, and aesculin. Seed oil content 15.8%.

Pharmacological effects ① Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects

Intraperitoneal injection of horse chestnut bark glycoside 10 mg/kg in rats has inhibitory effects on carrageenan, dextran, 5- hydroxytryptamine and histamine arthritis, and the inhibitory intensity is 35, 28, 20 and 8% respectively. It has also been reported that horse chestnut bark glycoside also has inhibitory effect on formaldehyde-induced arthritis, but it is weaker than that of diagonal vegetable gum, and its inhibitory effect on dextran-induced arthritis is not obvious. Bark bark element of horse chestnut can also inhibit the "arthritis" caused by carrageenan in high dose. Horse chestnut bark glycoside can inhibit the formation of granuloma in rats (cotton ball method), and also inhibit the erythema reaction caused by ultraviolet irradiation on the back of guinea pigs. Horse chestnut bark glycoside has a more significant effect than horse chestnut bark glycoside, and both of them have a significant effect on inhibiting the capillary permeability caused by histamine. Horse chestnut bark glycoside also has a weak analgesic effect (mouse hot plate method), such as the efficacy of subcutaneous injection of morphine of 5 mg/kg as 100%.

② Influence on urine volume and uric acid excretion.

It was reported in early years that aesculin has diuretic effect, which can promote the excretion of uric acid in rabbits and rheumatism patients. In the experiments of rats and rabbits, all kinds of administration routes can improve the excretion of uric acid. After intravenous injection of horse chestnut bark glycoside in rabbits, the urine volume increased in the first half hour, then the uric acid concentration in blood increased, and the urine volume decreased gradually after half an hour, but the excretion of uric acid in urine increased continuously. The increase of urine volume only refers to the short-term after administration (which may be caused by the decrease of renal tubular reabsorption). After administration for 3 ~ 4 hours, the urine volume is only 1/2 before administration. According to the analysis, the mechanism of enhancing uric acid excretion excites the sympathetic nervous system; Moreover, the bark glycoside of horse chestnut has a direct effect on the kidney, that is, it inhibits the reabsorption of uric acid. The increase of uric acid concentration in blood is the result of increased uric acid production in liver. It has also been reported that horse chestnut bark glycoside has no diuretic effect on normal rats, but has a significant diuretic effect on mice.

③ Other functions

The effect of chestnut bark glycoside on other organs is generally not significant. It has no effect on blood pressure, respiration and intestine of rabbits. It also has no effect on isolated small intestine, uterus, bladder, gallbladder and frog heart of guinea pigs, and on uterus in situ, blood vessels in rabbit ears and blood vessels in toad lower limbs. It also does not affect the blood flow of carotid artery and femoral artery in rabbits. Horse chestnut bark extract has a slight pressor effect on rabbits, and can also inhibit the isolated toad heart and isolated rabbit intestine, slightly constrict the blood vessels of toad lower limbs, and slightly reduce the excitability of isolated toad gastrocnemius muscle. Cortex Fraxini decoction also has some antibacterial and therapeutic effects on chronic tracheitis. The chemical structure of horse chestnut bark glycoside is similar to dicoumarin, so it has some anticoagulant effect. Its 4% solution can absorb ultraviolet rays, so it can protect the skin from the damage of sunlight.

④ Excretion, absorption and general toxicity

Horse chestnut bark glycoside is absorbed in the upper part of small intestine after oral administration, but not in stomach and large intestine; After injection, it can appear in gallbladder and urine, adrenal gland, testis and kidney very early, and also in brain. Rats are excreted in urine and stool, regardless of oral or intravenous injection, mainly in prototype, while guinea pigs are mainly destroyed in vivo.

3 g/kg of horse chestnut bark glycoside or horse chestnut bark glycoside 1 g/kg were injected intraperitoneally into mice, which were not fatal, so the toxicity was very low. However, it has also been reported that the subcutaneous injection of horse chestnut bark element of 250 mg/kg can cause death. The extract of Cortex Fraxini Japonici was given to rabbits by gavage at 3 g/kg per day, which only caused mild histopathological changes for 45 weeks, such as hypersecretion of gastrointestinal mucosa, enlargement of intestinal plexus and degenerative changes of glomerulus and renal tubules. There was no significant change in liver function and peripheral blood picture after long-term injection.

Processing, removing impurities, washing, moistening thoroughly, cutting into pieces or sections, and drying in the sun.

Bitter and cold in nature.

① Classic: "Bitter, slightly cold."

② Bielu: "Great cold, non-toxic."

③ Theory of Medicinal Properties: Ping.

④ Compendium: "Cold qi, bitter taste and astringent nature."

Meridian entering the liver and gallbladder.

① Compendium: "Jueyin Liver and Shaoyang Gallbladder Meridian."

② "Explanation of the nature of drugs processed by Lei Gong": "Entering the liver and kidney meridians."

Functions: clearing away heat, eliminating dampness, relieving asthma, relieving cough and improving eyesight. Treat bacillary dysentery, enteritis, leucorrhea, chronic tracheitis, red eyes, swelling and pain, tears in the wind and psoriasis.

(1) The Classic: "Treating arthralgia due to cold and dampness, washing cold, removing heat, leaving a white film in the eyes."

② Bielu: "Treating men with oligospermia, women with leukorrhagia, children with epilepsy and fever can be used as eye-washing soup."

(3) The Theory of Medicinal Properties: "Focus on improving eyesight, removing chronic heat in the liver, swelling and pain in both eyes, wind and tears; Cure children's body heat: take a soup bath. "

④ "Rihuazi Materia Medica": "Washing liver, benefiting essence, improving eyesight, children's heat shock, wind arthralgia of skin, reducing fever."

⑤ Zhang Yuansu: "Treat women's collapse."

⑥ "Herbal Decoction": "The main heat diarrhea is heavy, and the lower energizer is weak."

⑦ Jilin Chinese Herbal Medicine: "Treating blood due to intestinal wind."

⑧ Handbook of Common Chinese Herbal Medicines in Heilongjiang: "Treating enteritis and diarrhea."

Pet-name ruby Shaanxi Chinese Herbal Medicine: "Treating sty."

Usage and dosage for oral administration: decoction,1.5 ~ 3 RMB; Or into pills. External use: decocting and washing.

Should avoid spleen and stomach deficiency and cold.

(1) "Notes on Materia Medica Classics": "Euphorbia Euphorbia is for it. Evil cornus. "

(2) The Theory of Medicinal Properties: "Evil bitterness and sunflower prevention."

③ "Ben Jing Feng Yuan": "It is forbidden for those who eat less due to stomach deficiency."

Prescription ① Treatment of heat dysentery with diarrhea: Pulsatilla chinensis, Cortex Phellodendri, Rhizoma Coptidis and Cortex Fraxini. Serve four flavors, with seven liters of water, boil two liters, remove me, and take one liter warmly. If you don't heal, take a liter more. ("Treatise on Febrile Diseases" Pulsatilla Decoction)

② Treatment of chronic bacillary dysentery: Cortex Fraxini, Radix Sanguisorbae, and Cortex Toona sinensis, all in San Qian. Decoct with water. (Handbook of Hebei Traditional Chinese Medicine)

③ Cure diarrhea: San Qian of Qin Pi. Decoct in water with sugar, and divide into parts. (Handbook of Common Chinese Herbal Medicines in Heilongjiang)

(4) Treating red eyes and eye sores: one big one and two big ones. Soak a large amount of clear water in a white porcelain bowl, eat it for more than a long time in spring and summer, and see the blue color, that is, touch it with the head of a bamboo stick, order the blue juice, and lie on your back. In the eyes affected by the disease, you still follow it from the big canthus first, and you are not afraid of slight pain. You measure it for three or five degrees during meals, that is, you lie on your side and drain hot juice, but it lasts for more than ten degrees every day, but it lasts for two days. Avoid vinegar and radish (near-effective prescription)

⑤ Treatment of sty and dry stool: Cortex Fraxini San Qian and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei. Decoct with water. Pregnant women should not take it. (Handbook of Hebei Traditional Chinese Medicine)

⑥ Treat women with leucorrhea and bleeding: three ounces of Qin Pi, two ounces of Cortex Moutan, one or two ounces of Angelica sinensis, all washed with wine, fried and ground into powder, and refined honey is as big as pills and buttonwood. Take five yuan every morning, with white soup. ("Herbal Words")

⑦ Treatment of infantile convulsion, epilepsy, fever and heat of vaporization: Cortex Fraxini, Poria each-money, Radix Glycyrrhizae five-money, and 20 lampwick. Decoct with water. (Pediatric Summary)

⑧ Treatment of psoriasis: one to two bitter pomegranate skins. Add half a basin of water to decoct, and wash the affected area with the decoction once a day or every two to three days. The liquid medicine can still be used after it is warm, and it can be washed three times each time. Wash until you are cured. (Selected Works of the Whole Exhibition Dermatology)

Clinical application ① Treatment of bacillary dysentery

A cortex fraxini decoction: each 40ml contains 6 yuan of crude drug, which is used to treat 50 cases of infantile bacillary dysentery. 1 0 ml for children under 0/year old, 10 ml for children under 3/year old, and 15 ml for children over 3/year old, taken orally four times a day. The average time for body temperature to return to normal was 1.9 days; The average number of stools returned to normal was 8. 1 day; 2 1 case stool culture turned negative after the third day. Vomiting occurred in 5 cases after taking the medicine. Aesculetin: The dosage used varies from family to family. Some people make a mixture by taking 50 mg orally every day, regardless of age, and take it four times. 66 cases (30 adults and 36 children) were treated, and the effect was positive, but the effect was worse than that of the control group treated with synmycin and tetracycline. 77 cases were treated with the dosage of 50 ~100 mg/kg/day, divided into 2 ~ 3 times, and the course of treatment was 5 ~ 6 days. According to the needs of the disease, 77 cases were treated with various symptomatic treatments, and the effective rate was above 7 1%. 67 cases were treated with aesculetin at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day, 4 cases were cured, 4 cases were improved, and 5 cases were ineffective.

② Treating chronic tracheitis

Make the spread skin of Fraxinus angustifolia into a spray solution with the concentration of 1:1,and inject it into the aerosol chamber with an aerosol generator, inhaling for 30 minutes each time,1time, 2ml each time; Or make into extract tablets (each tablet contains 0.3g of extract), and take 2 tablets orally three times a day. All patients were treated with 10 day as a course of treatment. 530 cases were treated, including 422 cases in the aerosol group. After two courses of treatment, 86 cases (20.3%) were near-controlled and 40 cases (33.2%) were markedly effective. Another 68 cases in aerosol group, after five courses of treatment, 24 cases were nearly controlled and 23 cases were markedly effective; 50 cases in the oral group, after three courses of treatment, 3 cases were nearly controlled and 29 cases were markedly effective. Some patients' cough, asthma and phlegm took effect on the first day 1 day, and about 60% of them took effect within 3 days in the aerosol group. The recent control of wheezing symptoms and wheezing sounds is particularly obvious.

Famous experts discuss ① "Compendium": "Bapi, cure eye diseases, convulsion and epilepsy, take its flat wood, cure diarrhea and collapse, and take its astringency." It can also cure men's oligospermia, take its astringency and make up for it. This medicine is suitable for convulsion, epilepsy, collapse and dysentery, but people only know that it is a good thing to abandon it. "Huainanzi" says: the skin is blue, and it is the key medicine to treat the eyes. Another cloud in "Wan Bimu" says: The skin can stop water, which means that it can collect tears. "It's a fallacy to say that a high degree of temptation can cause water to boil."

(2) "Herbal Words": "Cortex Fraxini, bitter and astringent, can restrain the lost essence. Therefore, Zhongjing used Pulsatilla decoction to treat those who benefit from deficiency and heat in the lower energizer, which means to take bitterness to astringent. "Don't record" can only stop men from being deficient in essence and women from collapsing; Zhen Shi Fang also treats infantile convulsion, epilepsy, body heat, liver heat, dark eyes, red eyes, wind and tears, etc. It is all due to the stagnation of qi in the liver and gallbladder, which leads to illness, so as to clear the cold and clear the blue, distinguish the turbid qi and converge the qi. Therefore, treat ophthalmology, remove the membrane and collect tears; Treat women's department, set five collapses, tourniquet; Treat Dafang, stop deficiency dysentery and collect nocturnal emission; Treat pediatrics, relieve convulsions and epilepsy, and degenerate heat of vaporization. "

Remind you: this Chinese herbal medicine of Cortex Fraxini comes from the Internet. Please follow the doctor's advice before using it.