The total for cattle is roughly 190.

Trunk bones and limb bones.

Head bones: skull and facial bones.

The skull bones include: occipital bone, parietal bone, frontal bone, coccyx bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone and interparietal bone. (One each)

The facial bones are: nasal bone, upper skull, premaxillary bone, lacrimal bone, zygomatic bone, subclavicle, hyoid bone, maxilla, incisor, palate, wing, plow, mandible, turbinate bone . (One each)

Truncal bones: [Vertebrae (can be divided into 7 cervical vertebrae, 13 pairs of chest, 6 waist vertebrae, 5 sacral vertebrae, and coccygeal vertebrae). The number is uncertain, the protrusions are underdeveloped, and they need movement. Reduced except for the first 3 and 4)], 15 ribs and 10 sternum.

Extremity bones: forelimb bones and hindlimb bones.

The bones of the forelimb include: 2 scapulas, 2 humerus, forearm bones (radius 1 and ulna 1), 6 carpal bones, 3 metacarpal bones, 4 phalanges (3, 4 complete - cardinal, 2, 5 - Suspensory hoof) and 2 sesamoid bones.

Hind limb bones include: hip bone (including 2 pieces on both sides of the hip bone, 2 pubis and 2 ischium), 2 femurs, 2 kneecaps, 2 calf bones (tibia and fibula), 2 tarsals , metatarsal 2, phalanx 4 and sesamoid 2.

Morphological characteristics:

The animals of the cattle tribe are stout and both males and females have horns. There are 5 genera. Most are large to extremely large herbivorous animals. These include African buffalo and American bison, cattle, water buffalo and yaks that are important to humans. Their overall constitution is strong and they are not good at running. The neck, shoulders or back often have ridges supported by the dorsal spines of the spine and formed by well-developed muscles; there are 4 toes on the feet, but the side toes are more degenerate than those of deer.

Cows have four stomachs, namely the rumen, reticulum, double omasum (commonly known as cow louver) and abomasum. These four stomachs actually overlap rather than connect front to back. Only the last abomasum secretes gastric acid to digest food, while the first three stomachs are rich in bacteria and protozoa. A large number of microorganisms live in the rumen, where food undergoes a fermentation process after it is swallowed.

Indigestible organic matter such as cellulose is thus broken down and absorbed by the rumen. The gases produced by fermentation are released through burping. Part of the food in the rumen will re-enter the mouth through rumen contraction, where it will be chewed further and then swallowed again. The food will then move between the reticulum and rumen to be mixed and ground, and a small amount of food will return to the mouth after this process. A double omasum absorbs water from the food slurry to avoid diluting gastric acid.

Eventually, the protein and fat in the food are digested by enzymes in the abomasum. The rumen of adult cattle occupies 80% of the entire stomach volume, but the abomasum of newborn calves is the largest and has a weak ability to digest fibrous feeds such as grass. The digestive process is similar to that of animals with only one stomach. The volume of the rumen increases with age. It will also get bigger and bigger. The length of the small intestine of a cow is about 40 meters, and the length of the large intestine is more than 10 meters. It takes about 7 or 8 days for food to be digested and excreted.

The incisors and canines of cattle are degenerated, but the lower incisors are retained and the lower canines are incisorized. The three pairs of incisors are tilted forward in a shovel shape. Because they feed on relatively hard plants, the premolars and molars are taller. The crown has wrinkled enamel, and complex tooth patterns are formed on the surface after the crown is worn, which is suitable for eating grass; the stomach has 4 chambers and has perfect rumination function; both adult males and females have horns with circular or triangular cross-sections.

It is a symmetrical bony branch derived from the protrusion of the frontal bone. It is not bifurcated, has a hollow interior, and is covered with a removable horny sheath (angular sheath), which is placed on the bone's horn center (bone sheath). heart), and expands with the growth of the bone core; there are no nerves and blood vessels in the horn, and after the horn is removed, it cannot grow again; it generally stops growing when it grows to a certain extent, and the horn sheath is not replaced.

The above content refers to Baidu Encyclopedia ?Niu