Latin scientific name: Acipenser sturio Linnaeus

English name: Common sturgeon

Classification: Ichthyophylum, Subclass Ichthyopoda, Sturgeoniformes, Acipenseridae, Sturgeon genus.

Length: 0.5-7 meters

Weight:

Most species of common individuals are in the dozens of kilograms to hundreds of kilograms, the largest individual European sturgeon 1600 kilograms, China's largest individual Chinese sturgeon 600 kilograms.

Morphology:

Sturgeon is the world's existing fish in the large size, long life, the oldest kind of fish.

The sturgeon is an existing population of ancient organisms, originated in the Cretaceous period hundreds of millions of years ago, known as the water "panda". Sturgeon with its peculiar body shape and was raised as an ornamental fish. The sturgeon's head is plow-shaped, the mouth is lower, the tail is crooked, and the back of the body has 5 rows of bone plates. The juvenile and adult sturgeon have ornamental value, of which the Shi's sturgeon (distributed in Heilongjiang) since the success of artificial breeding, its juvenile has been formally as an ornamental fish in captivity.

Geographic population differences:

At present, there are 26 species of sturgeon (koeluga) on earth: 7 species in North America, 12 species in Europe, 11 species in Asia (8 species in China).

Distribution:

Sturgeons are concentrated in the northern hemisphere, there are eight species of sturgeon living in China's rivers and coasts, three of which are distributed in Xinjiang, two in Heilongjiang, two in the Yangtze River, one in the Yangtze River to the Pearl River rivers and coasts.

Species status:

A few species are critically endangered

Habitat:

Sturgeons feed on benthic invertebrates and small fish.

Living Environment:

Sturgeon has strict requirements for water quality, preferring to live in flowing water, high dissolved oxygen content, low water temperature, and gravel substrate in the water environment.

Value

Economic value

Sturgeon economic value is very high, in 1998, the sturgeon meat in the international price of 60 U.S. dollars / kg, 300 U.S. dollars / kg of fish roe, fish roe sauce as high as 700 U.S. dollars / kg, sturgeon skin is a good raw material for the production of high-grade leather products, tear resistance, resistance to the exhaustion of the flexibility can be comparable to the skin of crocodiles.

There are 27 species of sturgeon in the world, there are 8 species in our country, the Chinese sturgeon, sturgeon and sturgeon is our country's three major sturgeon species, of which the important species of Chinese sturgeon is our country's rare aquatic animals, not only has an important scientific research value and special academic significance, but also has a high economic value and medicinal value, was listed as a first-class protection of the animal by the state, is a favorite of the people of the past and present. The animal is a favorite of people in ancient and modern times.

Comprehensive utilization

Sturgeon is our country's famous and excellent treasures, meat flavor, soft bones, high nutritional value, sturgeon meat and egg protein content can be as high as 18% and 29%. Sturgeon female fish out of the seed rate of 25%, the fish body still accounted for more than 75%, processing potential is huge, sturgeon meat processed into small packages of smoked products, baked fish, fried fish, fried fish pine, sauce fish liver, smoked and baked fish sausage, etc. in the international market is very popular with merchants. According to market research, Western Europe and the United States are more interested in smoked sturgeon products, the price is considerable, and domestic hotels, restaurants have been used to smoked products to entertain businessmen.

Sturgeon is a treasure, utilization rate is very high, in addition to sturgeon meat, its fish belly, fish nose, fish tendons, fish bones, etc. can be made in a unique style of Chinese cuisine, are the top dishes, after a long meal, often appear in the national banquet table; fish skin can be made of gum, but also high-grade leather raw materials; fish bones as raw materials for the high-calcium tasty food, with a unique medicinal value to prevent osteoporosis, strengthen the immune system, and to prevent osteoporosis in old age, and to enhance the immune system. It has a unique medicinal value, which is very favorable to prevent osteoporosis, enhance immunity, improve brain vitality and promote human health.

Valuable sturgeon roe sauce is particularly worth mentioning with "black gold" called sturgeon roe sauce, is processed from the sturgeon eggs, but also well-known high-grade food, in the international market is very popular. In 1997 the market price: sturgeon for 64 U.S. dollars / kg, and sturgeon seeds for 300 U.S. dollars / kg, sturgeon seed sauce as high as 500 to 700 U.S. dollars / kg, but also rising, was in short supply. Sturgeon roe nutritional value is basically the same, are high in protein, trace elements and a variety of vitamins, black-brown transparent round granular body, after the salt treatment of sturgeon roe sauce collectively referred to as the black fish roe sauce, sturgeon processing industrialization of leading products, because of its high price, so it is known as the "black gold," the name. Raw fish used for roe sauce processing must be live, generally male and female ratio of 1:1, due to the difference in the size of various sturgeon eggs, it is necessary to further graded processing. Blackfish roe sauce general processing procedures are: live fish → bloodletting → take the egg block → separation of egg particles → washing and water control → curing → draining canning → refrigeration. The main components of the finished product are as follows: protein 26% to 29%, fat 13% to 17%, moisture 50%, ash 0.5% to 1.0%, salt 3% to 4%. Also contains a variety of amino acids, the main essential amino acid content: threonine 3.15%, valine 3.09%, methionine 0.98%, leucine 4.91%, isoleucine 2.83%, phenylalanine 2.13%, lysine 4.81%, it can be seen that the content of lysine is higher, the proportion of essential amino acids is also close to the human body's amino acid composition, but also the raw food, so the It is also a raw food, so it has a high nutritional value.

Ornamental value

Sturgeon is cartilaginous hard-scaled fish, is an ancient fish, known as the living fossil, its form is unique, the body was conical, the head, torso for a plane, body clad in five rows of bone plate and with spines like armor, swim like a shuttle static like a boat, body black and gray, white abdomen, crooked tail shape, viewed as a kind of deep, rustic and chic feeling, high ornamental value in Southeast Asia, Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and other regions will be regarded as a top ornamental value, in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. In Southeast Asia, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, it is regarded as a superior ornamental fish. In recent decades, due to environmental pollution and overfishing and other human factors, seriously damaged the sturgeon ecosystem, resulting in some sturgeon species on the verge of extinction. In order to save these endangered species, countries around the world in the sturgeon reproduction, release, breeding and other aspects of a lot of fruitful research work. With the success of sturgeon farming, not only for our country to add a richer variety of new species, set off a new wave of sturgeon aquaculture in our country, and to meet the market demand, especially in the export of foreign exchange has achieved greater economic benefits.

The sturgeon also has a certain ornamental value, its body shape like a shark, in the water can swim flat, back swim, side swim, vertical swim, like a submarine is very spectacular. It also has a high research value, and the origin of dinosaurs in the Cretaceous period hundreds of millions of years ago, fear about the extinction, but the sturgeon (koeluga) fish can survive, is now the world's scientific research on crustal changes in the "living fossil".

Food value

Sturgeon is a large economic fish with excellent food value. The whole body in addition to the surface of the body plate other parts (including bones) are edible, high nutritional value, is classified as a high-level tonic.

Sturgeon has long been a favorite food of the ancients. Such as Lu Gui "Poetry. Wei Feng. Shuo Ren "疏："(the sturgeon is sturgeon) large more than a thousand pounds, can be steamed for meat broth, but also for frying, fish seeds can be sauce." The Compendium of Materia Medica. The sturgeon " cloud: "" its fat and meat layers, meat color white, fat color yellow like wax. Its spine and nose, and fins and gills, are crisp and soft edible. Its belly and kid are also good for salt storage. Its swim bladder can also be used as glue. Its flesh and bones are good for boiling and frying." Today's internationally renowned fish roe sauce in Europe and the United States is a national feast treasures, known as the "emerald". Sturgeon smoked meat, fresh meat, fish glue and other best-selling, in short supply. In our country in ancient times has long been renowned north and south.

Sturgeons have been used as medicine in ancient times. The Materia Medica. Sturgeon" quoted Chen Chen Zangqi language cloud: "its liver main treatment of scabies, do not eat salt sizzling", but also in the "sturgeon" article quoted under the cloud: "its meat tonic anxiety and beneficial gas, strong body, boiled juice to drink, the treatment of hemorrhagic; its nose meat for the preserved tonic anxiety Down the gas; its seeds such as small beans, eat the health, kill small worms in the abdomen." According to the Chinese Academy of Sciences Oceanography test: muscle contains more than ten kinds of essential amino acids, fat contains 12.5% of the "DHA" and "EPA" (also known as brain gold), on the softening of cardiovascular and cerebral blood vessels, promote brain development, improve IQ, prevention of Alzheimer's disease with good efficacy. Alzheimer's disease has a good effect; cartilage and bone marrow (commonly known as "dragon tendon") has anti-cancer factors, can be completely direct consumption, known as "shark fins, sturgeon bone" said.

Nutritional requirements

Sturgeon is an animal-feeding fish, in the juvenile feeding stage can prey on zooplankton, but soon the fry will develop into a benthic life. In keeping with this lifestyle, sturgeon at this time have a protruding, inferior mouth. The sturgeon's preferred food varies with different species, with the main food being water worms, crustaceans, mollusks, and small fish. Sturgeon fry can be fed directly with artificial feed after feeding, and in actual production, live bait (zooplankton or chopped water worms feeding) is mostly used for sturgeon fry that have just opened their mouths to feed. After about 30 days of feeding, sturgeon fry can grow to a body length of 3.8-9.4cm, weight 0.5-3.9g specifications, the survival rate of more than 60%. However, due to the difficulty in sourcing live bait and the high price, sturgeon fry can be tamed with artificial compound feed after about 30 days of cultivation with live bait. People have successfully raised sturgeon into commercial fish on the market with compound feed.

List of existing sturgeon species in the world

(The former is the English name, and the latter is the Latin scientific name)

Bluntnose sturgeon Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baeri Brandt

Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum Lesueur

Dabryanus River sturgeon Acipenser dabryanus Dumeril

Yellow sturgeon Lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque

Russian sturgeon Russian sturgeon Acipenser gueldenstaedti Brandt

Medium-snouted sturgeon Green sturgeon Acipenser medirostris Ayres

Naked belly sturgeon Ship sturgeon Acipenser nudiventris Lovetzky

Sharpnose sturgeon Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus Mitchill

Small-bodied sturgeon Sterlet Acipenser ruthenus Linnaeus

Sturgeon Amur sturgeon Acipenser schrenckii Brandt

Chinese sturgeon Chinese sturgeon Acipenser sinensis Gray

Flash sturgeon Stellate sturgeon Acipenser stellatus Pallas<

Sturgeon Common sturgeon Acipenser sturio Linnaeus

Tall sturgeon White sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus Richardson

Spoonnose sturgeon Paddlefish Polyodon spathula

White sturgeon Chinese paddlefish Psephurus gladius

Asiatic shovelnose sturgeon Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi

Short-tailed shovelnose sturgeon Asiatic shovelnose sturgeon Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi

Asiatic shovelnose sturgeon Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi

Short-tailed shovelnose sturgeon Pseudoscaphirhynchus hermanni

Pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus

Shovelnose sturgeon Shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorhynchus

Captive breeding

Sturgeon captive breeding has a hundred years of history, but it is still a new industry in China. Because all parts of the sturgeon's body are edible and have a unique flavor, sturgeon aquaculture can obtain high benefits.

Net box farming

Net box sturgeon farming is the use of large bodies of water good ecological environment, combined with the characteristics of small bodies of water in the net box for intensive aquaculture. Generally choose valley-type reservoirs and other waters, the requirements of the water quality is fresh and pollution-free, the average depth of water up to 12 meters.

First, the net box set specifications 5 meters × 5 meters, 4 meters × 4 meters, mesh coat is a polyethylene structure, mesh size depending on the specifications of the stocked sturgeon species, in order not to escape and conducive to the exchange of water and the bottom of the mesh does not leak bait for the principle of the net box should be set to choose the water quality conditions of the water depth of more than 8 meters, and at the same time, should also have a micro-flow, sheltered from the wind, the sun and the water surface width and other conditions. Large reservoirs should choose a suitable bay to set the net box, small reservoirs should choose not far from the dam to set.

Second, seed stocking in mid-April to set up the net box, mesh soaked by the reservoir has no roughness to reduce the fish species into the box due to the change in the environment of the panic scurrying, and thus the opportunity to be bruised by the mesh. Stocking time in mid to late April is appropriate, the water temperature of about 10-15 ℃, is suitable for the best growth temperature of sturgeon. Stocking specifications the larger the better, generally 75-150 grams per tail, stocking density is 40-50 tails / square meter. Fish species into the box before the use of 3% -4% of the brine disinfection, transport water and reservoir water temperature difference of not more than 5 ℃.

Third, the feed feeding can be used with artificial granular material, the requirements of the protein content of 42% -45%, the main raw materials are fishmeal, yeast, blood meal, wheat, corn, silkworm pupae, etc., granular material in the water should be high stability, to maintain more than half an hour. Fish species into the box should stop baiting for 2-3 days, so that the fish species to adapt to the environment, 2-3 days after the start of the baiting, the beginning of the feeding needs to be a small amount of times, for baiting. The size of the bait should be adjusted with the increase of the fish body in order to achieve the appropriate taste. Every day in the morning and evening baiting once, sturgeon have night feeding habits, night feeding once, the daily bait for the box of fish weight 2% -4%, while the amount of bait should be based on the weather and water temperature and fish feeding situation.

Fourth, the daily management should be arranged to guard, adhere to the morning, noon and night inspection. An hour after each feeding of fish to lift the box to check the feeding situation, adjust the amount of bait; found that the box has a floating dead fish should also lift the box to check and fish out of the box of sick fish dead fish. Every 10 days or so, we should clean the net box, get rid of the debris on the net and excessive algae, keep the water exchange between inside and outside the box smooth, and adjust the density in time with the growth of fish. Replacement of the net once a month, the replacement of the set method, that is, first of all, to be replaced into the net after 2-3 days of soaking it set it in the sturgeon to be replaced out of the outside of the net box containing sturgeon, and fixed, and then carefully to be replaced out of the net box unlocked and pulled out of the water. Rinse and repair the exchanged net for replacement. Note that if you enter the high-temperature season, you should try to avoid dumping fish, so as not to cause losses.

V. Fish disease control net box before the water with quicklime or bleach soaking treatment, 7-10 days in advance underwater, before the fish species into the box with 3% -4% of the salt water immersion 10-15 minutes, every 15-20 days per box with lime 2-3 kg, water splashing Every 15-20 days, use lime 2-3 kilograms per box, sprinkle the box and the near side of the water, once a day for 3 days, while in the four corners of the net box with bleach and trichlorfon interspersed with hanging bags (grasp the concentration of bleach hanging bags). Lift the corners of the net box when disinfecting, reduce the water body, increase the concentration of drugs, observe the stress reaction, to appear when the stress put down the four corners.

Pond culture

Sturgeon is a large fish, its growth rate is fast, disease resistance and adaptability, in the pond culture should pay attention to some of the following issues.

First, the conditions of the pond sturgeon aquaculture pond requires a larger area, deeper water, sufficient water, water quality fresh and pollution-free areas, convenient transportation and communication facilities are available. Pond area of 5-10 acres is appropriate, the water depth of 2-3 meters, the water quality is more stable, the value of dissolved oxygen in the water body is high, preferably more than 5 mg / liter. The pond should have independent inlet and outlet, slope drop, equipped with a water truck type oxygenator, and set up a feed table.

Second, clean and disinfect the pond half a month before the release of seedlings, the pond into the water 15-20 cm, with 100-150 kg / mu of quicklime to water after the whole pond splashing to eliminate harmful organisms in the water; pond soaking 3-4 days after the pond water out of the pond, and then into the water to soak the bottom of the pond, the water inlet with a 60 mesh sieve filtration; 15-20 kg / mu of tea cakes to disinfect the pond, before disinfection of tea cakes broken and soaked in water for 1 day, the whole pond sprinkled, you can kill fish, shrimp and fish and shrimp eggs in the pond, after the pond after the clearing of the tea bran to stay in the pond to do fertilizer. 10 days before the release of seedlings, the pond added water to 70-80 cm deep, and then disinfected with chlorine disinfectant.

Third, cultivate plankton 7-8 days before the release of seedlings, in accordance with the preparation of 50 kilograms of dry chicken manure per acre of pond, and chicken manure soaked for 2 days, it is best to use chlorine disinfectant disinfection, and then remove the debris (filtering), the whole pond splashing. Filtered material with a fiber bag wrapped, placed in the pond downwind, continue to do the culture of plankton fertilizer.

Fourth, seed stocking selection of healthy and disease-free sturgeon fry, body length of 20 cm or more is good. The general stocking density of large-size fry is 400-600 tails / mu. The time to put seedlings should consider both the water temperature is appropriate, but also to consider the adult fish market.

Fry should stop feeding 1-2 days before transportation, the transportation of 38 × 82 polyethylene bags, add water in the bag 3 / 5, and ice will be adjusted to the water temperature of 12-15 ℃, each bag into the body length of 20-30 cm of 20 fish fry, packaging and transportation. If the transportation time is within 8 hours, you can use water truck transportation, but always pay attention to the water temperature changes during transportation, the effect is also very good.

2 days before the release of seedlings should be tested, with the same specifications of about 10 fry into the net box, observe the sturgeon's activities, if there is no abnormality, you can release the seedlings. Normal release of seedlings, do not first unlock the arrival of the seedling bag, should be full bag into the pond, slowly make the bag water temperature and pond water temperature close to the bag, and then open the mouth of the bag will be placed in the pond. Conditions of the farm, it is best to even fish with water poured into a large bucket to maintain continuous inflation, and then put salt in the bucket, so that the salinity of 2%, bathing fish body 10 minutes after the release of seedlings into the pond.

Fifth, feed feeding pond culture to feed mainly with feed, sturgeon fry just down the pond, has not yet formed a habit of feeding in a fixed location, to be domesticated in a timely manner.

The feed can be put on the feed table to improve the utilization of feed, but also to facilitate daily observation. Some sturgeon, such as sturgeon, hybrid sturgeon, Russian sturgeon, Chinese sturgeon, etc. have the characteristic of light at night, night domestication can be near the feed table place to be illuminated.

Feeding should adhere to the principle of a small amount of meals, the feed should be palatable, the particle size can not be too large or too small, generally 1/2 of the mouth of the fish cleft for good. Feeding amount of about 3% of the body weight of the fish, feeding 3-4 times a day, depending on the specific circumstances at any time to adjust the amount of feeding.

Sixth, the daily management of pond patrol and growth observation. Every day in the morning, in the evening, a pond patrol, especially in the night and early morning pond patrol, pay attention to observe the activities of the fish, to prevent hypoxia; summer rainy season when the air pressure is low, to be diligent in the pond, found that the problem in a timely manner to take the measures to open the oxygenator or filling new water to prevent flooding of the pond. Regularly check the growth and health of sturgeon, timely adjust the feeding rate and stocking density, when the growth of sturgeon in the pond is too large a difference, according to its specifications in time to split the pond. In water quality management, measure the water temperature three times a day, pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrite, ammonia nitrogen and other physical and chemical factors should be measured regularly. It is worth noting that: sturgeon is a typical benthic fish, generally will not float and swim, some species such as Chinese sturgeon, even in the water body when the dissolved oxygen is insufficient, but also not as obvious as the head of domestic fish, so in special circumstances, such as the water temperature is too high, the color of the water is not right or the weather is hot and muggy, we must strengthen the monitoring of the water quality, the water body should be measured early in the morning every day to determine the dissolved oxygen. When the pond water color is too thick, the water transparency is less than 25 cm or the dissolved oxygen is less than 5 mg/liter, the pond should be refilled with new water to keep the water quality fresh. The most suitable pH for sturgeon growth is 6.5-8.0. Too low a pH will affect the metabolic activities and growth of sturgeon, and even jeopardize their lives. The upper temperature limit for most sturgeon to survive is 32℃, and water temperature over 30℃ is dangerous for sturgeon growth. Water temperature control can refer to the following measures: choose the appropriate stocking time, put large-size fish species, in order to shorten the breeding cycle; strive to put large-size fish species after the high temperature period each year, before the arrival of the high temperature period in the following year to reach the raising specifications listed, you can avoid high temperatures; in the arrival of the high temperature period to deepen the water level, reduce the stocking density; under the conditions of the place can also be taken to increase the amount of water exchange and trellis shading and other measures.

VII, disease prevention and control of fungal diseases is the symptom of slow action, fish wasting, not feeding. Prevention and treatment method is to prevent fish body injury, the sick fish can be used to clotrimazole and 1% salt and baking soda water mixed solution soak the affected fish for about 10 minutes. Bacterial diseases are highly contagious, mostly jeopardize the fish species, and the mortality rate is very high. Prevention and treatment methods are first to carry out a good environmental disinfection, while adding compound vitamins and immune polysaccharides in the feed, used to improve the immunity of the fish body; you can also add appropriate amount of residue-free antibiotics and Chinese herbs in the feed to prevent. The symptoms of white body disease are lack of mucus on the body surface and whitening of the fish body color, which can be treated with antimicrobials. Symptoms of bacterial enteritis are hemorrhage in the abdomen and oral cavity, redness and swelling of the anus, and wasting of the fish body, which can be treated by sterilizing the fish with drugs such as norfloxacin and adding Chinese herbs into the feed. Parasitic fish diseases mainly include three generations of worms, rotifers, small melon worms, etc. The method of control can use 5% salt solution to soak the fish body for 1 hour, or use 20% formalin solution to soak the fish body; Chinese herbs can also be used for treatment. Non-pathogenic diseases mainly include hepatic encephalopathy, epicardial abscess, black body disease, potbellied disease, etc. The main reason for this type of disease is the poor breeding environment, unreasonable feed composition and other reasons, we should pay attention to improve the environment and strengthen the feed quality management.

The source is the meat of sturgeon.

Animal form of Chinese sturgeon

The body length is more than 2 meters, the back is narrow and the ventral surface is straight. The muzzle is nearly plow-shaped, slightly upward, the head is covered with a smooth bone plate. Mouth ventral position, into a transverse cleft, anastomosis 2 pairs, equal length, parallel transverse row. Eyes small. Gill pores large, gill rakers thin and pointed, about 22. One bony plate on each side of jaw; body with 5 rows of bony plates, one row in dorsal center larger, 2 rows each on dorsal and ventral sides, and 1 or 2 in front of and behind anal fin: upper lobe of caudal fin with one row of spiny bony plates, other parts smooth and scale-free. Dorsal fin 54-66; pectoral fin well developed, inserted on ventral surface; anal fin 32-41; caudal fin crooked, upper lobe well developed. Body dorsum and head greenish gray, abdomen white, fins all greenish gray.

It lives in large rivers and offshore. It is distributed in the Yangtze River, Qiantang River Basin and other coastal areas.

In addition, there are still white sturgeon family of white sturgeon body length of more than 2 meters. Naked and smooth, only small scales. Dorsal gray-green, abdominal white. The head is long, the kiss is prolonged, protruding like a sword, the mouth and stomach position, the eyes are small. Distribution of the East China Sea, Yellow Sea, into the Qiantang shoulder, Yangtze River, Yellow River and so on. This is the "Compendium" said the sturgeon.

The swim bladder (swim bladder) of the above animals is also used for medicinal purposes.

It is sweet and flat in nature.

① "Gleanings of Materia Medica": "sweet, flat, non-toxic."

② "Medical Forest Compendium": "sweet, warm."

歸经《本草提要》："Into the hand Taiyin, syncope meridian."

Functions and Indications: Benefiting qi, tonifying the deficiency, activating blood circulation and clearing gonorrhea.

① "Food Therapy Materia Medica": "The main blood gonorrhea, can be boiled juice to drink."

② "Gleanings of Materia Medica": "Benefiting qi and replenishing the deficiency, making people fat and healthy."

③ "Drinking and Meal Preparation": "Li Wu Zang, fat and beautiful people."

④ "With the rest of the house diet spectrum": "stomach, blood circulation and lymph."

Usage and dosage for internal use: boiled.