? 2. 1 rootstock Selection of American Carya cathayensis Grafting The rootstocks available are Carya cathayensis (Carya cathayensis) in Tokyo, Carya cathayensis (Carya cathayensis) in Zhejiang and Carya C.hunanensis in Hunan, among which the most commonly used rootstock is Carya cathayensis.
? 2.2 rootstock cultivation method: select excellent seeds, stratify them or soak them before sowing, and sow them in1~ March. Sowing density10 ~15 cm, depth 7 ~10 cm. After the seedlings are neat, they should be watered in time. When the seedlings are about 5cm high, spread a thin layer of fine soil manure, and then combine intertillage weeding every half month, and topdressing a thin fertilizer. The amount of fertilizer should be gradually increased with the increase of seedling growth.
? 2.3 Grafting of seedlings When the rootstock thickness reaches 1cm, grafting can be carried out. Commonly used methods of seedling grafting are mosaic grafting, square bud grafting, tongue grafting and banana grafting. Grafting time is divided into spring and late summer. The scion collection time is from winter (after the tree is fully dormant) to late spring.
? 2.4 Generally, the survival of grafted seedlings is checked after 3 weeks of grafting. For those who survive, it is necessary to loosen and remove bags in time, set up protective piles, moderately remove sprouting, intertillage and weed, topdressing fertilizers, irrigate to prevent drought and prevent pests and diseases; For those that do not survive, they should be patched up at an appropriate time.
? 2.5 Seedlings can leave the nursery when the seedlings are as high as 50cm and the ground diameter is as thick as 1cm. The time to leave the nursery is usually in spring and autumn. When the seedlings are raised, the root system should be complete, the seedlings of diseases and pests should be eliminated in time, and the roots should be trimmed (if the main roots are too long, they can be cut off appropriately), classified, counted and listed according to the varieties, and packaged reasonably after being stained with mud.
Jianyuan
? 3. 1 site selection Carya cathayensis is a light-loving tree species, and its cultivation and distribution range is wide, which is suitable for introduction and cultivation in vast areas of sub-continental climate zone, and its growth and fruiting performance are better in areas between 25 and 35 north latitude. Generally speaking, the basic climatic conditions in this area are: the growing season is more than 250d, the average annual temperature is15 ~ 20℃,15℃, the average temperature in July is 25 ~ 30℃, and the extreme minimum temperature is-30 ~-8℃, ≤/kl. The site conditions are better, that is, the woodland is gentle (the slope is less than15), the soil layer is deep, the soil is fertile, neutral and alkaline or slightly acidic (pH 6.0 ~ 8.0), the valley alluvial soil or hilly sandy soil has good irrigation and drainage conditions, and the high temperature and drought are not serious.
? 3.2 Soil preparation adopts comprehensive soil preparation and local soil preparation. The former is suitable for courtyards or farmland with gentle terrain, good soil conditions and intercropping habits; The latter is suitable for mountainous areas prone to soil erosion or broken terrain, such as ladder soil preparation, strip soil preparation and block soil preparation. The comprehensive soil preparation is a comprehensive reclamation or excavation of large caves (the cave length × width× height is 100cm× 100cm×80cm). Local soil preparation generally requires a high standard trench, which is 80cm wide and 60cm deep, and finally forms a horizontal ladder. Excavation of 25cm×20cm storage slub ditch on the inner side of ladder belt. No matter whether digging trenches or digging holes, the topsoil should be backfilled first, and then farmyard manure 50 ~100 kg, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer1~1.5 kg and potassium fertilizer 0.5kg should be applied to each hole. Base fertilizer should be fully mixed with topsoil. The soil preparation should be completed at least one month before the seedlings are planted, so as to facilitate the full fall of the hole soil and avoid "squatting" after planting.
? 3.3 planting
? 3.3. 1 density The designed planting density is 5m×4m, that is, the row spacing is 5m and the plant spacing is 4m, which is equivalent to 495 plants /hm2.
? 3.3.2 Variety Configuration Each high-yield forest should be equipped with at least 2 ~ 3 varieties to facilitate pollination and fruit setting. The principle of variety allocation is that the flowering period between varieties is basically consistent. Varieties can be configured in branches or mixed configurations.
? 3.3.3 Planting time and method The planting time of seedlings is generally selected in late winter and early spring, and the planting method is mainly rectangular.
? 3.3.4 Planting technology will plant the seedlings dipped in mud in the center of the hole, and the planting depth is the same as or slightly deeper than that of the seedling stage, so that the roots are smooth, the seedlings are positive and the soil is solid, and the water is poured enough.
? 3.3.5 If the garden is located in a windy place, after the seedlings are planted, especially in the early growth stage of grafted seedlings, a protective pole should be set up for each plant to prop up the seedlings to prevent dumping.
? 3.3.6 Garden grafting If seedlings are planted, they will be grafted 2 ~ 3a after planting.
Garden soil and fertilizer management
? 4. 1 soil management
? 4. 1. 1 intertillage weeding twice a year, both in the peak season of weed growth before fertilization, and can also be flexibly mastered according to the weed growth in the garden.
? 4. 1.2 Irrigation and drainage: During the germination, flowering and young fruit expansion period of trees, special attention should be paid to providing sufficient soil moisture. Warm irrigation can be used in the germination and young fruit expansion period, and sprinkler irrigation is often used in the flowering period. Irrigation should be combined with fertilization. In the year with too much rain, we should pay attention to ditching and drainage in time to avoid poor root growth and affect the normal growth and development of trees.
? 4. 1.3 Intercropping can be used to intercrop cash crops such as beans, melons, green manure, etc., which will not only improve the soil, but also increase the economic income of the orchard in the early stage.
? 4. 1.4 Soil and Water Conservation Regular farming is easy to cause soil erosion, and effective measures should be taken to control it, especially in the garden located in the hilly area.
? 4.2 Tree Nutrition and Soil Fertility Management Fertilize at least 3 times a year within 3 years after seedling planting. In March and June, topdressing was applied 1 time, and urea was 0.1~ 0.15 kg per plant and mixed with water; At the end of September, apply compound fertilizer and organic fertilizer once, with 0.15 ~ 0.2 kg of compound fertilizer and 5 ~10 kg of organic fertilizer per plant, and apply in furrow. With the growth of tree age, the amount of fertilization per plant should be increased appropriately. Where conditions permit, the amount of fertilization should be determined according to the results of leaf nutrition analysis.
Shaping and pruning
The common tree shapes and reasonable tree structures of Carya cathayensis are mainly dry scattered sparse layer shapes and open heart shapes. The trunk tree is centered on the trunk, with 3 ~ 5 layers of main branches10 ~/kloc-0. The first layer has 4 ~ 5 main branches, and the second to fifth layers have 2 ~ 3 main branches respectively. Each main branch has1~ 3 side branches, and the distance between layers is 2 ~ 3m, resulting in fruiting branches. Happy tree has 3 ~ 4 main branches, which are arranged adjacent to or adjacent to the trunk, and there is no obvious stratification. Each main branch has about 2 side branches, and the result is that the branch groups are evenly distributed around the main side branches. The shaping and pruning methods of young Carya cathayensis trees are basically the same as those of other nut trees. Due to the limitation of space, the author will introduce them in another article.