Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia caused by a variety of causes. Hyperglycemia is caused by defects in insulin secretion or action, or both. In addition to carbohydrates, there are also protein and fat metabolism abnormalities. Long-term illness can cause multi-system damage, leading to chronic progressive lesions of the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, blood vessels and other tissues, causing functional defects and failure. Acute metabolic disorders such as ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar coma may occur in severe cases or during stress. At present, diabetes is mainly divided into four major types, namely type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other special types and gestational diabetes.

(1) Type 1 diabetes

Patients of this type have pancreatic islet cell destruction, causing absolute insulin deficiency, and are prone to ketoacidosis, including immune-mediated diabetes and idiopathic diabetes. There are two subtypes of diabetes.

Immune-mediated diabetes: Some patients with this type, especially children and adolescents, may have ketoacidosis as the first manifestation of the disease. Other patients only have mild fasting hyperglycemia, which rapidly worsens to severe hyperglycemia or even ketoacidosis when exposed to infection or other stress. In other patients (mostly adults), ketoacidosis does not occur for many years, and most patients need to rely on insulin therapy to survive.

Idiopathic diabetes: This type of patient is rare and frequently suffers from ketoacidosis. It is mainly from certain ethnic groups in Africa or Asia and is highly hereditary.

(2) Type 2 diabetes

Most patients are obese, and obesity itself can cause varying degrees of insulin resistance. Although some patients cannot be classified as obese using traditional weight standard methods, they may have abnormal fat distribution, such as increased abdominal or visceral fat distribution. Patients with this type rarely develop ketoacidosis spontaneously, but in emergency situations such as infection, ketoacidosis can be induced. Due to the slow development of hyperglycemia, many patients have no typical symptoms in the early stage and do not receive enough attention. They have not been diagnosed with diabetes for many years, but they are at risk of developing macrovascular disease and microvascular disease. The risk of this type of diabetes increases with age, obesity, and lack of physical activity. It is more likely to occur in women with previous gestational diabetes and in patients with hypertension and dyslipidemia. Prevalence rates vary widely among different races/ethnicities. The genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes is stronger and more complex than that of type 1 diabetes.

(3) Other special types of diabetes

It is currently known that some types of diabetes are associated with single gene defects in B cell function, typically in adults among young people. Onset diabetes. Abnormal insulin action caused by genetic factors leads to the occurrence of diabetes. Pancreatic exocrine diseases, a series of endocrine diseases, drugs or chemical substances are actually secondary diabetes.

(4) Gestational diabetes

After pregnancy is confirmed, if various degrees of impaired glucose tolerance or obvious diabetes are found, regardless of whether insulin or diet alone is required, , regardless of whether this situation continues after delivery, it can be considered to be gestational diabetes.