blood lipid is the general term for lipid substances contained in blood. Lipids in blood mainly include triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol and free fatty acids.
Compared with the total amount of lipids in the whole body, the content of lipids in blood only accounts for a very small part, but it is transported between tissues and can often reflect the lipid metabolism in the body. The plasma lipid content of normal adults is relatively stable and has a certain fluctuation range. The blood lipid level is also easily influenced by non-disease factors. For example, if someone has normal fasting blood lipid, and now he eats fried eggs with lard, he will go to the hospital to take blood to check his blood lipid two hours later, and he will find that the blood lipid level at this time is much higher than the usual fasting level. However, the impact of this diet is only temporary, and blood lipids tend to be normal after 3 to 6 hours. Short-term hunger can also cause a temporary increase in blood lipid content due to a large amount of mobilization of stored fat. It is not difficult to understand that when you go to the hospital to check your blood fat, the doctor asks you not to eat anything else after dinner, and then draw blood after 12 hours on an empty stomach.
blood lipid is the general name of various lipid substances in blood. The most important ones are cholesterol and triglycerides. Triglycerides are fat. They are insoluble in water and combine with protein to form lipoproteins, which circulate in the blood. There are many types of lipoproteins, and β-lipoproteins tested in many hospitals are one of them. There is also a kind of high-density lipoprotein, which has the opposite effect to β lipoprotein and has the effect of resisting arteriosclerosis.
The average blood cholesterol content of healthy people is 16 mg per 1 ml of blood. If it exceeds 22 mg, it is too high. Triglyceride is 85 mg, if more than 16 mg is too high; Beta lipoprotein is 4 mg, and if it exceeds 6 mg, it is too high; The high-density lipoprotein is 55 mg. Of course, the higher the value, the better. If it is lower than 35 mg, it will be regarded as abnormal.
The slight increase of cholesterol may be caused by excessive intake of cholesterol and animal fat. Smoking, diabetes, hypothyroidism, etc., can also cause cholesterol to increase. Cholesterol content exceeding 3 mg per 1 ml of blood is called severe hypercholesterolemia, and sometimes it can be a family disease. Mild triglyceride increase may be caused by factors such as excessive intake of sugar food, smoking and obesity. Severe hypertriglyceridemia is mostly related to diabetes, liver disease and chronic nephritis. Beta lipoproteins include cholesterol and triglycerides, and any factors that cause cholesterol or triglycerides to increase can increase beta lipoproteins. Low HDL may be caused by heredity, malnutrition, liver disease and lack of exercise.
whether the cholesterol content is increased, the triglyceride content is increased, or both are increased, it is collectively called hyperlipidemia. Hyperlipidemia is closely related to coronary heart disease, especially if both cholesterol and triglyceride are increased, the risk of coronary heart disease is greater. Of course, having hyperlipidemia does not mean that you will definitely suffer from coronary heart disease, but actively treating hyperlipidemia is one of the important measures to prevent coronary heart disease.
A reasonable diet is an effective and necessary measure to treat hyperlipidemia. Because the currently used lipid-lowering drugs have certain side effects, drug treatment is only considered when diet therapy is ineffective. If it is simply high cholesterol, the intake of cholesterol should be limited. The intake of cholesterol should be less than 2 mg per day, and an egg contains about 25 ~ 3 mg of cholesterol. Therefore, the consumption of egg yolk and animal offal should be controlled. The intake of animal oil should also be reduced. If the triglyceride is simply high, the total amount of food should be limited, especially the intake of sugar food, and the intake of animal fat and cholesterol should be appropriately limited. If cholesterol and triglycerides increase together, the above principles should be considered together. The diet of patients with hyperlipidemia should be controlled, and the daily intake of food energy should be based on the need to maintain normal weight. There are many kinds of lipid-lowering drugs, which should be taken under the guidance of a doctor. Patients should exercise more, which can promote the consumption of excess fat in the body.
Hyperlipidemia is not uncommon in China. According to the investigation, the total cholesterol (TC) or triglyceride (TG) in the middle blood accounts for about 1% to 2%, and even nearly 1% of children have elevated blood lipids, and the incidence of hyperlipidemia is gradually increasing, which is closely related to the obvious improvement of people's living standards and changes in eating habits. Because patients often have a decrease in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) at the same time, it is more appropriate to rename "hyperlipidemia" as "dyslipidemia".
Hyperlipidemia can be divided into the following three types according to the different components of abnormal blood lipids:
1. Hypercholesterolemia: Normal people's total blood cholesterol should be lower than 5.2 mmol/L, if it exceeds 5.7 mmol/L, it can be diagnosed as hypercholesterolemia, and the total blood cholesterol content between them is marginal or critical, which is also abnormal. The exact cause of the increase in blood total cholesterol is unknown. Some cases are related to family inheritance, and most of them have high blood cholesterol, and some of them have coronary heart disease at a very young age. Some patients may eat a lot of foods containing a lot of cholesterol for a long time, such as fat, lard, animal offal, shellfish and so on, which will increase the total cholesterol in blood. In addition, obesity, aging (old age) and female menopause are also related to the increase of total cholesterol. In a word, most patients are caused by genetic defects or the interaction between such defects and environmental factors, but it is difficult to diagnose the cause of each patient at present. Therefore, it is called "primary hyperlipidemia". The incidence of a few patients is caused by other diseases, such as hypothyroidism, chronic kidney disease and diabetes; Long-term use of some drugs, such as Dihydrochlorothiazide in diuretics, prednisone or dexamethasone in hormones, can also lead to increased blood cholesterol, because the onset of such patients is based on the original disease, so it is called secondary cholesterolemia. No matter whether the disease is primary or secondary, they often have an increase of low T-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) in blood. The increase of blood cholesterol and low density lipoprotein is an important risk factor for coronary heart disease, so the prevention and treatment of hypercholesterolemia is one of the key measures to prevent coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis.
Second, hypertriglyceridemia: The condition is that the blood triglyceride exceeds 1.7 mmol/L.. Its etiology is also related to diet, which can be caused by eating too much sugary food, drinking, smoking and too little physical activity for a long time. The obvious increase of triglyceride is common in family hereditary diseases, which is related to genetic abnormality. After blood of these patients is pumped out, the upper layer is often creamy and the lower layer is turbid. They are more prone to acute pancreatitis. Diabetes, biliary obstruction and other diseases can also promote the emergence of "secondary sweet triaminase". The increase of triglyceride is also a risk factor for coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis. Patients also have the increase of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). If HDL-C is significantly reduced, it is more likely to cause coronary heart disease.
third, mixed hyperlipidemia: the disease can be diagnosed if the total cholesterol and triglyceride in the blood increase at the same time. Its etiology is also related to heredity, diet or other diseases. Because both blood lipid components are abnormal and HDL-C is often significantly reduced, it is more likely to cause coronary heart disease.
after the diagnosis of dyslipidemia, the patient should check the blood sugar, liver and kidney function and related cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and pay attention to determining whether there are other diseases that promote dyslipidemia as much as possible. If necessary, it is necessary to test the blood lipids of relevant members of the family in order to find out the cause and lay the foundation for further treatment.
The fatty substances in the human body are the main energy sources necessary in the body. However, if there is excess fat in the body, it will be deposited in the arterial wall under the synergistic effect of other injury factors, resulting in atherosclerotic plaque, which will gradually narrow or block the vascular cavity and cause ischemia or infarction of the tissues and organs supplied by blood.
fat comes from two ways: in vivo and in vitro. The former is mainly synthesized in the liver, while the latter is ingested by diet.
Common causes: (1) High cholesterol: excessive intake of saturated (animal) fat in the diet, liver cirrhosis, uncontrolled diabetes, hypothyroidism, nephropathy and hereditary hypercholesterolemia. (2) Hypertriglyceridemia: excessive calorie intake, alcoholism, uncontrolled severe diabetes, nephropathy, certain drugs (such as estrogen) and hereditary hypertriglyceridemia.
According to the etiology, hyperlipidemia can be clinically classified into primary and secondary. The latter is caused by other diseases with low incidence. Primary hyperlipidemia may be related to the abnormality of related genes, lipoproteins and their receptors or enzymes. However, hyperlipidemia is also related to many other risk factors of arteriosclerosis.
(1) Glomerulosclerosis, etc.: Hyperlipidemia can cause vascular endothelial cell injury and focal shedding, which leads to the increase of vascular wall permeability, and plasma lipoprotein can enter and deposit in the intima of vascular wall, which then causes macrophage clearance reaction and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation to form plaques, leading to arteriosclerosis, renal arteriosclerosis and lumen stenosis, which can lead to kidney ischemia, atrophy and interstitial fiber proliferation. If the renal blood vessels are blocked, the corresponding areas will be infarcted, and the infarcted areas will form scars after being organized. This leads to glomerulosclerosis. Outside the kidney, it can accelerate the occurrence of coronary atherosclerosis, lead to coronary heart disease and increase the risk of myocardial infarction in patients. Similarly, arteriosclerosis in other parts leads to corresponding diseases, such as cerebral arteriosclerosis and cerebral infarction.
(2) Glomerular injury: hyperlipidemia can cause lipid deposition in the glomerulus, and low-density lipoprotein can activate circulating monocytes and lead to infiltration of mononuclear cells in the glomerulus, thus causing or aggravating the inflammatory reaction. At the same time, mesangial cells and endothelial cells of the glomerulus can produce activated oxygen molecules, which can promote lipid peroxidation. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OX-LDL) has a strong cytotoxic effect, leading to renal tissue injury. In addition, hyperlipidemia can also cause the increase of collagen, laminin and fibrin in glomerular mesangial matrix, which are directly related to glomerular sclerosis.
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases have become common disease hazards, and their pathological basis is atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis has a great relationship with hyperlipidemia. Therefore, controlling hyperlipidemia will be an effective preventive approach.
A person's hyperlipidemia is formed in daily life. So, can people control it by themselves in daily life? It should be said that this will be a self-care science with long-term significance.
Blood lipids have physiological functions
In human blood, besides solid components such as blood cells, it is liquid plasma. Plasma contains lipid components needed by human body, which is called blood lipid.
blood lipids include fats and lipids. Fat is mainly triglyceride; Lipids are the general names of phospholipids, glycolipids and sterols. These lipids contained in the blood circulate throughout the body and have important physiological functions for the human body. All kinds of activities of the human body are powered by heat energy, which consumes calories. Lipids are the nutrients that produce the highest calories and supply the human body with heat needs.
The human body is made up of millions of cells in Qian Qian, and the cell membrane is made up of phospholipids, glycolipids and cholesterol, which keep good functions. The brain and nerves also need phospholipids and glycolipids; Sterol is also an essential substance for the synthesis of hormones in the body;
Some nutrients ingested from the diet are fat-soluble, such as vitamins A, D, E and K, which can be dissolved and absorbed in the intestine and supplied to the human body. Lipids can protect skin epithelial cells and accelerate the healing of skin injury.
The human body has a layer of fat under the skin, which can prevent and control the body temperature, keep warm and help keep out the cold. Moreover, it can also absorb the heat from the outside, so as not to spread to the inside of the human body unimpeded, which plays a role in heat insulation and maintains normal body temperature.
Therefore, the human body needs fat, and it can't do without lipid. Those who talk about the color change of lipid are wrong. It is harmful to the human body to refuse lipid blindly in daily life. The problem is just the need to control hyperlipidemia.
How much blood lipid is appropriate
As the lipid component in human blood cannot be dissolved in water, it must be combined with apolipoprotein to circulate in the blood in the form of lipoprotein to supply human needs and ensure physiological functions.
high density lipoprotein cholesterol binds to apolipoprotein a, while low density lipoprotein cholesterol binds to apolipoprotein B ..
Therefore, hyperlipidemia in the blood is called hyperlipidemia, which can also be called hyperlipoproteinemia. Although there is a word "disease" here, it only means that the value is abnormal and it is not a disease.
In health physical examination, the items that are often checked in blood lipid test include total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and the ratio of apolipoprotein A to B..
The total cholesterol below 2mg is normal, but below 239mg it is still marginal or slightly higher, and above 24mg it is abnormally high.
The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol is normal when it is above 45 mg, and it is still marginal or slightly lower when it is reduced to 36 mg, and it is abnormally reduced when it is lower than 35 mg.
LDL cholesterol is normal below 13 mg, marginal or slightly higher than 159 mg, and abnormally high above 16 mg;
Triglycerides below 2 mg are normal, while those above 2 mg are abnormally high.
the ratio of apolipoprotein a to b is normal, which should be higher than 1.3, and the ratio of apolipoprotein a to b often falls below 1. when dyslipidemia occurs.
From the above, it can be seen that dyslipidemia is mainly due to the increase of total cholesterol, and its main component is low density lipoprotein cholesterol; Low density lipoprotein cholesterol is combined with apolipoprotein B, which will inevitably lead to the decrease of the ratio of apolipoprotein A to apolipoprotein B.
controlling hyperlipidemia in life
it is very subtle to regulate the function in the human body. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol determines the content of cholesterol in blood. In order to maintain proper cholesterol content and ensure normal physiological function, high density lipoprotein transports cholesterol to the liver for decomposition and excretion, so as to maintain proper cholesterol content in the blood. This is a constant dynamic process. To control hyperlipidemia from daily life, the first thing is to control it from diet. This includes two aspects: controlling the intake of high-cholesterol foods and eating more foods that can lower cholesterol.
In diet, animal fat, animal brain, liver, kidney, egg yolk, duck egg yolk, goose egg yolk, preserved egg, shrimp, crab yolk and other foods have high cholesterol content, so the consumption should be controlled. Take the eggs that people often eat as an example, each yolk contains about 32 mg of cholesterol, and it is advisable to eat only one egg every day; If the blood lipid is not too high, you don't have to eat only egg whites instead of egg yolks. Controlling pure sugar and fat is beneficial to reduce triglycerides.
foods with low cholesterol or cholesterol-lowering effects, such as cereals, lean meat, chicken and duck meat, fish (especially marine fish), sea cucumbers, kelp, potatoes, bananas and other foods, as well as vegetable oils (especially sesame oil, peanut oil and corn oil), should be appropriately increased in the daily diet. Intake of milk, beans or their products can also supplement calcium and help control cholesterol. Drinking tea, especially green tea, can also reduce blood fat.
It has been found that garlic can increase high-density lipoprotein in blood and enhance the decomposition and excretion of cholesterol. Soybean and bean products have obvious effects on lowering low density lipoprotein cholesterol in blood. Mushrooms and auricularia can reduce cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Onions can prevent cholesterol from moving.