The raw material of glass is crystal sand, and the chemical composition is silicon dioxide.
The most 60% composition of crystal is "silicon dioxide", and the color of crystal is caused by various trace metals except silicon dioxide. In the natural environment, most crystals are "born" with calcite, pyrite, pyroxene, mica flakes of various colors, Biqian, granite, rutile and other minerals. , thus forming some scenes that are suspected to be true, that is, the so-called "different crystals", which increases the interest and value of collecting crystals.
Most of the crystals grow underground, and the growth process needs a lot of groundwater containing saturated silicon dioxide, the temperature is between 550℃ and 600℃, and the pressure is two to three times higher than atmospheric pressure. After a long time, it becomes a hexagonal crystal.
It is a mineral when it is heated or squeezed, and it can easily become a liquid. It is also a very common rock-forming mineral, which can be found in all three types of rocks. Because it crystallizes at the latest in igneous rocks, it usually lacks a complete crystal plane, and most of it is filled between other rock-forming minerals that have crystallized before. The timely composition is the simplest silicon dioxide (SiO
Quartz stone and quartz sand are basically the same in chemical composition, but different in morphology.
What are the raw materials for producing glass?
Glass was originally solidified by acidic rocks ejected from volcanoes. Before about 3700 BC, the ancient Egyptians had made glass ornaments and simple glassware. There was only stained glass at that time. About 1000 BC, China made colorless glass. /kloc-in the 0/2 century, commercial glass appeared and began to become an industrial material. /kloc-in the 0/8th century, in order to meet the needs of developing telescopes, optical glass was manufactured. 1873, Belgium made flat glass for the first time. 1906, the United States made flat glass and introduced the machine. Since then, with the industrialization and scale of glass production, glasses with various uses and properties have come out one after another. In modern times, glass has become an important material in daily life, production and science and technology.
The types of glass are usually divided into oxide glass and non-oxide glass according to their main components. There are few varieties and quantities of non-oxide glasses, mainly chalcogenide glasses and halide glasses. The anions of chalcogenide glasses are mainly sulfur, selenium and tellurium. , can cut off short wavelength light and pass yellow, red, near and far infrared light. It has low resistance and has switching and memory characteristics. Halide glass has low refractive index and small dispersion, and is often used as optical glass.
Oxide glass can be divided into silicate glass, borate glass and phosphate glass. Silicate glass refers to glass with silica as the basic component, which has many varieties and wide uses. Generally speaking, according to the different contents of SiO2 _ 2, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal oxides in glass, it can be divided into: ① timely glass. The content of silicon dioxide is more than 99.5%, which has low thermal expansion coefficient, high temperature resistance, good chemical stability, ultraviolet and infrared light penetration, high melting temperature and high viscosity, and is not easy to form. Widely used in semiconductor, electric light source, optical communication, laser and other technologies and optical instruments. ② High silica glass. The content of silica is about 96%, and its performance is similar to that of timely glass. ③ soda lime glass. It is mainly composed of silicon dioxide, and also contains 65438 05% Na2O and 65438 06% CaO. It is low in cost, easy to be molded, suitable for mass production, and its output accounts for 90% of practical glass. Can produce glass bottles, flat glass, utensils, light bulbs and so on. ④ Lead silicate glass. The main components are SiO2 _ 2 and PbO, which have unique high refractive index, high volume resistance and good wettability with metals. They can be used to make light bulbs, vacuum tube cores, crystal glassware, flint optical glass and so on. Lead glass containing a lot of PbO can block X-rays and γ-rays. ⑤ aluminosilicate glass. It is mainly composed of silica and alumina, and has a high softening deformation temperature. It is used to make discharge bulbs, high-temperature glass thermometers, chemical combustion tubes and glass fibers. ⑥ Borosilicate glass. With SiO2 _ 2 _ 2 and B2O3 as main components, it has good heat resistance and chemical stability, and can be used to make cookware, laboratory instruments, metal sealing glass, etc. Borate glass is mainly composed of B2O3, which has a low melting temperature and can resist sodium vapor corrosion. Borate glass containing rare earth elements is a new type of optical glass with high refractive index and low dispersion. Phosphate glass is mainly composed of P2O5 with low refractive index and small dispersion, which is used in optical instruments.
In addition, glass can also be divided into tempered glass, porous glass (foam glass with a pore size of about 40, which is used for seawater desalination and virus filtration), conductive glass (used as electrode and aircraft windshield), glass-ceramics and opaque glass (used for lighting devices and decorative items, etc.). ) and insulating glass (used as window glass).
Production technology The main raw materials for glass production are glass forming agents, glass modifiers and glass intermediates, and the rest are auxiliary raw materials. The main raw materials are oxides, intermediate oxides and out-of-network oxides introduced into glass to form a network; Auxiliary raw materials include clarifier, flux, opacifier, colorant, decolorant, oxidant and reducing agent.
The glass production process mainly includes: ① raw material pretreatment. Bulk raw materials are crushed, wet raw materials are dried, and iron-containing raw materials are removed to ensure the quality of glass. (2) Batch preparation. (3) melting. The glass batch is heated at high temperature in the tank kiln or crucible kiln to form uniform and bubble-free liquid glass that meets the molding requirements. ④ molding. Liquid glass is processed into products with required shapes, such as flat plates and various utensils. ⑤ Heat treatment. Through annealing, quenching and other processes, the internal stress, phase separation or crystallization of glass are eliminated or produced, and the structural state of glass is changed.
What material is glass made of? Ordinary glass is made of limestone, soda ash, timely, etc.
Ordinary (sodium) glass is a mixture of sodium silicate and calcium silicate, containing a small amount of silica and alumina. It is usually made by melting sand, sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate. A mixture of sodium sulfate and carbon can also be used for melting instead of sodium carbonate. Other glasses, such as potassium glass, have stronger high temperature resistance, hardness and chemical action. When melting glass, potassium carbonate or potassium sulfate can be used to partially replace sodium salt, which is mainly used to make chemical containers commonly used in laboratories. Flint glass is a kind of glass with high density and high refractive index. When melting glass, lead can be used instead of calcium in sodium glass. Suitable for making optical glass and carving glass products. Superhard glass has small thermal expansion coefficient, resistance to rapid cooling and heating, high temperature and chemical corrosion. When melting glass, the content of sodium can be reduced and the content of silicon dioxide can be kept high. It is made by adding 12%~ 15% boron trioxide, which is mainly used to make advanced chemical reaction containers. When melting glass, a small amount of glass colorant can be added. Cobalt (Ⅱ) oxide produces blue; Manganese dioxide produces purple; Tin dioxide or calcium fluoride produces milky white; Uranium compounds produce yellow-green fluorescence; Colloidal selenium produces ruby color; Colloidal gold produces red, reddish purple or blue; Cuprous oxide produces red, green or blue; Ferrous compounds produce green, which is black in large quantities; Iron (Ⅲ) compounds produce yellow color. When making glass, the raw materials contain iron impurities, which often make the glass green. A small amount of manganese dioxide or selenium can be added to make it colorless. ZWP is copied from an encyclopedia, and glass is made of different silicates. Ordinary glass, also known as sodium glass, is a mixture of sodium silicate and calcium silicate, which contains excessive silicon dioxide. It is usually made by melting sand, sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate. A mixture of sodium sulfate and carbon can also be used for melting instead of sodium carbonate. Other glasses, such as potassium glass, have stronger high temperature resistance, hardness and chemical action. When melting glass, potassium carbonate or potassium sulfate can be used to partially replace sodium salt, which is mainly used to make chemical containers commonly used in laboratories. Flint glass is a kind of glass with high density and high refractive index. When melting glass, lead can be used instead of calcium in sodium glass. Suitable for making optical glass and carving glass products. Superhard glass has small thermal expansion coefficient, resistance to rapid cooling and heating, high temperature and chemical corrosion. When melting glass, the content of sodium can be reduced and the content of silicon dioxide can be kept high. It is made by adding 12%~ 15% boron trioxide, which is mainly used to make advanced chemical reaction containers. When melting glass, a small amount of glass colorant can be added. Cobalt (Ⅱ) oxide produces blue; Manganese dioxide produces purple; Tin dioxide or calcium fluoride produces milky white; Uranium compounds produce yellow-green fluorescence; Colloidal selenium produces ruby color; Colloidal gold produces red, reddish purple or blue; Cuprous oxide produces red, green or blue; Ferrous compounds produce green, which is black in large quantities; Iron (Ⅲ) compounds produce yellow color. When making glass, the raw materials contain iron impurities, which often make the glass green. A small amount of manganese dioxide or selenium can be added to make it colorless glass. Potassium glass contains about 65438 05.3% calcium, 7.84% silicon, 32.94% oxygen and 43.92% (all in mass), that is, sodium silicate has been replaced by potassium silicate.
What are the raw materials for glass production?
The raw material of glass is crystal sand, and the chemical composition is silicon dioxide. Glass was originally solidified by acidic rocks ejected from volcanoes.
Before about 3700 BC, the ancient Egyptians had made glass ornaments and simple glassware. There was only stained glass at that time. About 1000 BC, China made colorless glass. Since then, with the industrialization and scale of glass production, glasses with various uses and properties have come out one after another.
The anions of chalcogenide glasses are mainly sulfur, selenium and tellurium. , can cut off short wavelength light and pass yellow, red, near and far infrared light. It has low resistance and has switching and memory characteristics. Generally speaking, according to the different contents of SiO2 _ 2, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal oxides in glass, it can be divided into: ① timely glass.
The content of silicon dioxide is more than 99.5%, which has low thermal expansion coefficient, high temperature resistance, good chemical stability, ultraviolet and infrared light penetration, high melting temperature and high viscosity, and is not easy to form. Bulk raw materials are crushed, wet raw materials are dried, and iron-containing raw materials are removed to ensure the quality of glass.
Glass is usually divided into oxide glass and non-oxide glass according to its main components. There are few varieties and quantities of non-oxide glasses, mainly chalcogenide glasses and halide glasses. The anions of chalcogenide glasses are mainly sulfur, selenium and tellurium. , can cut off short wavelength light and pass yellow, red, near and far infrared light. It has low resistance and has switching and memory characteristics.