(1) The body weight can reach three times of that at birth, about 9000 ~10000g.
② The body length at birth is about 50 cm, which generally increases by 3 ~ 3.5 cm per month, and increases by 10 ~ 12cm at 4 months, and reaches about 1 .5 times when1year old.
③ The head circumference at birth was about 34 cm, and it increased by 8 ~ 10 cm in the first half of the year, and by 2 ~ 4 cm in the second half of the year, with an average increase of 46 cm at 1 year. After that, the growth rate slowed down to about 56 ~ 58 cm in adulthood.
④ The chest circumference is smaller than the head circumference at birth 1 ~ 2cm. By the fourth month, the chest circumference was basically the same as the head circumference.
⑤ For a period of time after birth, the baby is still in the period of rapid brain development, and the number of brain cells continues to increase, which requires the support of sufficient, balanced and reasonable nutrients (especially high-quality protein), so the demand for nutrients such as calories and protein is particularly strong.
[Edit this paragraph] Oral cavity
Oral cavity: Full-term L has good sucking and swallowing function at birth, and there is a thick fat pad on the cheek, which is helpful for sucking activities, but premature infants are poor. Sucking is a complex natural reflex, and serious diseases will affect sucking and make it weak. Newborns and infants have thin and tender oral mucosa, rich blood vessels, underdeveloped salivary glands, less saliva secretion, dry oral mucosa, and are vulnerable to injury and bacterial infection; Saliva secretion began to increase at 3 months; It increased significantly at 5 months. The content of amylase in saliva of children under 3 months is less, so it is not suitable to feed starchy food. Babies with shallow mouths will not swallow all the saliva secreted in time, and often have physiological salivation.
[Edit this paragraph] Esophagus
Esophagus: the esophagus has two main functions: one is to push food and liquid from the mouth into the stomach; The second is to prevent reflux of stomach contents when swallowing. The esophagus of newborns and infants is funnel-shaped, with delicate mucosa, lack of glands, underdeveloped elastic tissue and muscular layer, immature lower esophageal sphincter and poor control ability. Gastroesophageal reaction often occurs, and most symptoms disappear in 8 ~ 10 months. Babies often swallow too much air when sucking milk, which is easy to spill milk.
[Edit this paragraph] Stomach
Stomach: The gastric capacity of newborns is about 30 ~ 60ml, which increases with age. It is 90 ~ 150ml at 1 3 months and 250 ~ 300ml at1year. Because the stomach capacity of newborns is small, newborns should be fed several times, more often than older children. The baby's stomach is horizontal, and the position becomes vertical when he starts to walk; The development of gastric smooth muscle is not perfect, and it is easy to dilate the stomach after perfusion. Due to low myocardial tension, well-developed pyloric sphincter and poor autonomic nerve regulation, it is easy to cause pyloric spasm and vomiting. The gastric mucosa is rich in blood vessels, but there are few glands and goblet cells, and the secretion of hydrochloric acid and various enzymes is less than that of adults, with low enzyme activity and poor digestive function.
The gastric emptying time varies with different kinds of food, and the milk with thick milk tofu empties slowly. The emptying time of water is 1.5 ~ 2 hours; Breast milk for 2 ~ 3 hours; Milk for 3 ~ 4 hours. Premature infants with slow gastric emptying are prone to gastric retention.
[Edit this paragraph] Intestines
Behind the naive expression is the painful economic burden of parents on the intestine: the intestine of children is relatively longer than that of adults, generally 5 ~ 7 times that of the body or 10 times that of sitting height, which is beneficial to digestion and absorption. Intestinal mucosa is tender, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels are abundant, villi are well developed, and muscular layer is poorly developed. The mesentery is soft and long, the mucosal tissue is slack, especially the colon has no obvious colon band and fat pendant, and the ascending colon is poorly fixed with the posterior wall, which is prone to volvulus and intussusception. The intestinal wall is thin, the permeability is high, and the barrier function is poor. Intestinal endotoxin, indigestion products and allergens can enter the body through the intestinal mucosa, which is easy to cause systemic infection and allergic diseases.
Liver: The younger you are, the bigger your liver is. Infants' liver connective tissue is poorly developed, and their hepatocytes have strong regenerative ability, so they are not prone to cirrhosis. However, they are easily affected by various unfavorable factors, such as hypoxia, infection, drug poisoning, etc., which can cause liver cell swelling, fat infiltration, degeneration and necrosis, fibrous hyperplasia and swelling, thus affecting their normal physiological functions. There is less bile secretion in infancy, so the digestion and absorption of fat are poor.
Pancreas: divided into endocrine and exocrine parts. The former secretes insulin to control glucose metabolism, while the latter secretes pancreatic juice, which contains a variety of digestive enzymes that interact with bile and intestinal secretions and participate in the digestion of protein, fat and carbohydrates. The secretion of infant pancreatic juice and its digestive alcohol is easily inhibited by hot weather and various diseases, and indigestion is easy to occur.
Kidney: A few months after birth, the renal tubules gradually grow before they can be absorbed back. The glomerular filtration rate is low, which means that the kidney has a weak ability to deal with the "waste" produced by nutritional metabolism. The baby's renal tubule has not yet grown to a sufficient length, its function is insufficient, and its ability to excrete sodium is limited. Long-term retention of sodium can cause edema. Eating too much salt will lead to high blood pressure in adulthood. Therefore, for infants 4 months ago, special attention should be paid to the intake of salt in food, and it is generally advocated that infants within 4 months should control the intake of sodium salt.
Digestive enzymes: 4 months ago, the baby's salivary gland secretion function was weak, the saliva secretion was very small, and the salivary amylase activity was very low. Except pancreatic amylase, all digestive enzymes are available in the intestinal cavity. At this stage, apart from the protein and fat digestibility of breast milk, the digestibility of starchy foods and other animal milk is relatively weak. From these characteristics of human newborn babies, we know that babies are born with the ability to breastfeed. Therefore, breastfeeding is a suitable feeding method for infants.
In addition, the low activity of enzymes in newborn's liver and the insufficient activity of glucuronic acid invertase are one of the important reasons for neonatal physiological jaundice. When the enzyme is insufficient, the detoxification ability of some drugs is also poor, and a slightly larger dose will cause serious toxic reactions.
Intestinal bacteria: in the mother's body, the fetus's intestine is sterile. After several hours of birth, bacteria invade the intestine from air, nipples and utensils through the mouth, nose and anus; Generally speaking, the stomach is almost sterile, the duodenum and the upper part of the small intestine are less, and the colon and rectum are the most bacteria. Intestinal flora is influenced by food composition, and Bifidobacterium is dominant in breast-fed children. The proportion of Escherichia coli, acidophilus, Bifidobacterium and enterococcus in the intestine of children fed artificially and mixed is almost equal. Normal intestinal flora has a certain antagonistic effect on pathogenic bacteria invading the intestine. When the digestive function is disordered, intestinal bacteria can multiply in large numbers, enter the small intestine and even cause diseases in the stomach.
Baby, another masterpiece of Mark Twain's speech, was selected as Advanced Chinese Reader (1).
Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can lead to mental retardation in babies.
Scientists at the University of Madrid in Spain recently pointed out that if genetic factors are excluded, drinking during pregnancy is the main cause of fetal mental retardation, and abstinence is the only way to prevent mental retardation.
Scientists believe that women are well aware of the harm of smoking to the fetus during pregnancy, but they do not fully understand that drinking during pregnancy is more harmful to the fetus than smoking. Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can be said to be "a great tragedy". According to American medical statistics, there are 1 500 newborns with mental retardation due to their mothers' drinking during pregnancy.
To this end, scientists at the University of Madrid not only advised pregnant women to give up drinking, but also asked doctors not to publicize the benefits of drinking a small amount to pregnant women. Some gynecologists believe that drinking a small amount of alcohol is not only harmless, but also beneficial. The mistake of these gynecologists is that they confuse the benefits of drinking a small amount of wine (especially red wine) with the impact of drinking on fetal development. "Mother is an incubator", no matter how much wine you drink, it will reduce the IQ of the fetus. Therefore, pregnant women should not smoke, drink and take vitamin b9 every day.
Scientists emphasize that in order to maintain the health of the fetus, pregnant women should stop drinking from the moment they give up contraceptive measures, because many pregnant women don't know what has changed until seven or eight weeks after pregnancy. All fetal organs develop and take shape within 8 weeks of pregnancy, and mental retardation and appearance congenital malformation are most likely to occur during this period. [ 1]
[Edit this paragraph] Diet
Principles of nutrition
1. Because vitamin D can't enter breast milk through mammary glands, breast-fed children should be supplemented with vitamin D or get more sunshine after 2 weeks of birth to prevent rickets. Long-term excessive intake of vitamin D will cause toxic reactions, so the recommended intake is 10 mg per day.
2. The iron stored in the baby's body is gradually consumed, and the iron content in breast milk is low. Iron fortified infant cereal can be used as the first weaning food to prevent iron deficiency anemia.
3. In view of the baby's demand for protein and calcium, formula milk should be used as a supplement to energy, protein, calcium and other nutrients besides breast milk.
4, weaning food should avoid too much salt or seasoning, it is best to be original, to reduce the burden on the baby's kidneys.
Suitable food
1, 4 ~ 5 months old: added foods include rice paste, porridge, fruit juice, vegetable juice, egg yolk, fish sauce, tofu, animal blood, etc.
2, 6 ~ 9 months old: add biscuits, noodles, fruit puree, vegetable puree, whole eggs, liver puree, minced meat and other digestible foods;
3. 10 ~ 12 months old: add thick porridge, rotten rice, bread, steamed bread, chopped vegetables and minced meat.
4. The order of adding solid food should be: cereals, vegetables, fruits and fish. Babies like sweets. Adding fruit first will repel vegetables. Other dairy products, such as infant formula, should be supplemented when weaning to meet the nutritional needs of infants.
Nutritional diet
Tomato juice
Ingredients: 50 grams of tomato, a little sugar, and a proper amount of warm water. Practice: Wash the ripe tomatoes, blanch them with boiling water and peel them, then chop them up, wrap them in clean double gauze and squeeze the tomato juice into a small basin. Put sugar in the fruit juice and mix it with warm water before drinking. The main point of this dish is: choose fresh and ripe tomatoes as raw materials. You can squeeze the juice with gauze or with a spoon. You can use sugar or honey. This vegetable juice is sweet and sour and nutritious. Suitable for babies of 3 ~ 4 months.
Fresh orange juice
The materials are fresh orange, sugar and warm water. Practice l Wash fresh oranges, cut them in half, put them on a juicer to squeeze out orange juice, and add warm water and sugar. When making this drink, special attention should be paid to the hygiene of the cooker. This fruit juice is golden in color, moderately sweet and sour, and rich in glucose, fructose, sucrose, malic acid, citric acid, carotene, vitamin b 1, vitamin b2, nicotinic acid, vitamin C and so on. In particular, it is rich in vitamin C, which can be used by infants aged 4-6 months.
Fresh lemon juice
Ingredients: fresh lemon100g, sugar 65g. Wash and peel the lemon, juice and drink with sugar. Another method is to wash the lemon, soak it in boiling water for 15 minutes, cut it into thin slices, put it in a boiled and disinfected glass bottle, put a layer of lemon slices on it, and then put a layer of sugar on it. After soaking 1 week, you can use this lemon slice to soak in boiling water to feed your baby. To make this kind of juice, it is important to choose fresh lemon as raw material and clean the cooker. This kind of fruit juice is moderately sweet and sour, and is rich in vitamins A, B, C and citric acid, which can stimulate appetite and help digestion and absorption. It's good for the baby to drink it.
Watermelon Juice
Ingredients: watermelon pulp100g, sugar10g. Practice put the watermelon pulp into a bowl, mash it with a spoon, and then filter it with gauze. Add sugar to the juice and mix well. The key point of making this juice is to choose fresh watermelon as raw material and clean gauze. This kind of fruit juice is red in color, sweet and delicious, and has the function of clearing away heat and relieving summer heat. This beverage is rich in vitamin C, fructose, glucose, sucrose and vitamin B, and also contains a variety of amino acids, phosphoric acid, malic acid and minerals, which can be drunk by infants aged 4-6 months. Especially suitable for babies to drink in summer.
Carrot soup
Ingredients: 50g carrot, a little sugar, 50g water. Practice Wash carrots, chop them, put them in a steel pot, add water and cook for about 2 minutes. Filter with gauze to remove residue, add white sugar, mix well, and drink. The main point of this vegetable soup is: choose fresh carrots as raw materials. In operation, the carrot H residue is chopped, cooked and cleaned. This soup is slightly sweet and nutritious. Suitable for babies of 4 ~ 5 months.
Spinach juice
Ingredients: 50 grams of spinach (both rape and cabbage), appropriate amount of refined salt and 50 grams of clear water. Practice: choose one of spinach, rape and cabbage, wash and chop. Put the steel pot on the fire, add water and cut vegetables, cover the pot and boil. Remove the pan from the fire, press the vegetables out of juice with a spoon and add a little salt. Serve. Vegetable juice, no vegetable residue. This vegetable juice is suitable for infants aged 4-5 months. Pay attention to this dish: use fresh vegetables as raw materials. Vegetables should be chopped and cooked. Only take vegetable juice, not vegetable residue. Vegetable water made from the above vegetables is rich in calcium, iron and vitamins. Suitable for babies of 4 ~ 5 months.
2. Pay attention to the baby's diet
Babies about 1 year old are the cutest. They have been able to understand some of their parents' words, do things like adults, and express their demands with gestures and pronunciation. Especially when they see adults eating, they will show urgent needs. At this time, parents should distinguish that not all food can be fed to their children.
Small, slippery and hard foods such as melon seeds, peanuts and candy are not suitable for children; Although the baby has teeth, its chewing function is not well developed and it is impossible to eat. Moreover, granular and smooth food is easy to cause cough, and the baby's swallowing function is not perfect. It can't cover the trachea like a lid when swallowing food like an adult, and it is easy to choke people's trachea. If parents can't bear to refuse their children, they have to take certain risks, which is not worth doing from the perspective of children's safety.
In addition, glutinous rice products such as Yuanxiao, rice cakes and zongzi are sticky and difficult to digest, so they are not suitable for infants. Some irritating foods such as coffee, strong tea and pepper are not conducive to the normal development of the nervous system and digestive system of infants, and are not suitable for infants. Too sweet and greasy food has low nutritional value, which affects the baby's normal eating. It's best not to eat either. Choose foods for your baby that are nutritious, easy to digest and light in taste.
Food that newborn babies should refuse.
As the saying goes, illness comes from the mouth. Because children's physical development is not perfect, the negative reaction caused by diet will be more obvious and stronger than that caused by adults. Therefore, parents need to pay more attention to their children's diet and carefully regulate it. The following are some foods that children should not eat in their daily lives, and parents need to pay special attention.
spinach
Spinach contains a lot of oxalic acid, which will combine with calcium in other foods in the body to form calcium oxalate, which can not be absorbed by the small intestine and can only be excreted from the large intestine intact. However, children need a lot of calcium for their growth and development. Eating more spinach will obviously reduce the absorption of calcium, thus affecting tooth eruption and bone development, causing rickets and even hypocalcemia convulsions. Moreover, oxalic acid will combine with iron in food to form insoluble complexes, which will affect the absorption of iron.
carbohydrate
Sugar is the main source of body heat energy, accounting for about 50% of the total daily calories, which is necessary for children's growth and development. But eating too much is harmful because:
Eating too much sugar can easily make the stomach feel saturated, consume a lot of vitamins in the body, reduce the secretion of saliva and digestive juice, increase gastric acid, and ferment in the intestine, thus causing indigestion and loss of appetite;
Eating a lot of sugar will cause inorganic salt metabolism disorder, tooth resistance decline, and it is easy to produce dental caries;
Too much sugar will cause the liver to produce too much neutral fat, which is easy to deposit on the arterial wall with the flow of blood, forming early arteriosclerosis in children.
How much sugar should children eat every day? In general, the quantity should be limited to about 10g, which is equivalent to 3 pieces of candy sold in the market.
fat meat
Fat is an important heating substance for human body, accounting for 35% of total calories. Fat is also beneficial to the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, which is necessary for children's growth and development. However, children's daily intake is best controlled within 100g. If you take too much for a long time, it will be very unfavorable for growth and development. The reason is:
High-fat diet will affect the absorption of calcium, because fat will form insoluble fatty acid calcium with calcium after digestion, which will hinder the absorption of calcium;
Excessive fat intake leads to the increase of blood cholesterol and triglyceride, which is the main pathogenic substance of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction. Clinically, it is found that children under 10 will suffer from atherosclerosis.
If you eat too much fat, too much heat will be stored in the body in the form of triglycerides, which will increase the volume and number of fat cells and lead to obesity.
milk
As we all know, milk is nutritious, but it is not good for children to drink too much milk because:
The iron content in milk is very low and the absorption rate is low. When other foods can't supplement enough iron, it is easy to have iron deficiency anemia in children.
Drink too much milk, the proportion of calcium and phosphorus in the body is out of balance, and the antibacterial ability of teeth is weakened, which is easy to form dental caries;
Some children will have symptoms such as abdominal distension, hernia, abdominal pain and diarrhea after drinking milk. This is because lactose in milk is not easy to digest. Because lactose must be digested and absorbed, it must be decomposed into glucose and galactose by lactase in the intestine. 1 ~ 2-year-old children have a lot of lactase in their intestines, which can digest milk well. However, with the increase of age, the lactase content of most children drops sharply or even disappears, and these symptoms are easy to appear after drinking a lot of milk.
tea grounds
A large number of surveys at home and abroad show that children are most prone to iron deficiency anemia. Tea contains a lot of tannins, which can combine with iron in food to form insoluble complexes and hinder the absorption of iron. According to research, both black tea and green tea can reduce the absorption of iron in food by 1 ~ 3 times. Therefore, in order not to affect the absorption of iron in food, children had better not be like their bodies.
Bath lotion is harmful to the baby's health.
Core Tip: According to the research report published in American Journal of Pediatrics, phthalate esters and other additives are commonly found in baby shampoo, shower gel, talcum powder and so on. Overexposure of infants may be harmful to health and even cause reproductive problems.
Reminder: shower gel is harmful to your baby's health.
What kind of substance is phthalate? This plasticizer is widely used, not only in plastic products, but also in some cleaning and nursing products, including baby products. It can make the fragrance last for a long time and has softening effect.
At present, in China and many other countries, phthalates are allowed to be used in cleaning products, but the dosage is limited. This benzene-containing substance does have certain toxicity, mainly to children, because children have poor decomposition ability of toxic substances. Related research shows that excessive exposure of infants to such substances may have a certain impact on liver and kidney function, and may also cause some reproductive problems in the future.
Therefore, parents should choose products containing phthalates as little as possible when choosing cleaning care products for their children. But at present, there are hard and fast rules that only the main components of the product must be marked on the packaging. Therefore, consumers can't clearly understand all the ingredients when buying.
[Edit this paragraph] 20 common situations of babies and their solutions
Drink milk
1. How much milk does the baby drink?
Growth status and milk consumption of children of different months.
0 ~ 2 months
Children pay more attention to drinking milk within 2 months after birth, because they sleep for a long time and will fall asleep after drinking enough. After 2 months, the child's food intake began to decrease. By 4 months, there will be a physiological period of breast-weariness, and the child will automatically adjust the milk quantity. These are all normal phenomena. As long as the child's weight gain is normal, parents need not worry too much.
There is a growth weight curve table in the children's health care manual. As long as the child's weight percentage is not less than two squares of the normal value, it belongs to the normal range. Mothers can know the height and weight of their children through regular physical examinations. If the basic milk quantity of children is calculated by weight, the ideal milk quantity is 150 ml milk per kilogram of body weight per day.
For example, for a child weighing 6 kg, the daily milk consumption is 150× 6 = 900 ml, which is the daily milk demand of the child. As long as the milk quantity is kept between 100 ml and 150 ml, it is still a normal value.
3 ~ 4 months
If a child drinks less than 100 ml each time after three or four months, and his weight has not increased, and his menstrual period has exceeded 1 month, it cannot be regarded as a simple physiological milk aversion. At this time, it is necessary to observe whether the child has any abnormal phenomena, such as: no longer gaining weight or growing slowly, growing slowly, and growing slowly. Moreover, it is necessary to doubt whether the imbalance of nutrition affects the development of children's intelligence and the improvement of immune function.
6 ~ 7 months
At this stage, children begin to eat non-staple food. Some children don't like to drink formula milk powder, so parents have to find ways to let their children drink it, because the calories and nutritional integrity of any other milk substitute are not as good as milk. /kloc-children under 0/year-old basically eat formula milk as their staple food. Children who often don't drink milk are not well developed in height and other aspects.
8 ~ 9 months
At this stage, parents can start feeding their children with spoons. China people are used to being fed by their parents, but foreign studies show that it doesn't matter if they eat all over their faces and everywhere, because only in this way can they better exercise their self-care ability, increase their self-confidence, and make them brave and willing to try new things.
/kloc-after 0/year old
/kloc-children after 0/year old can drink dairy products to supplement nutrition, but for children under 2 years old, the amount of milk must still account for more than 30% of the total food intake, at least the amount of milk for breakfast and dinner must be sufficient. Children under 2 years old should not drink low-fat fresh milk. According to foreign research reports, giving children low-fat milk powder prematurely has a bad effect on height development. Therefore, it is more appropriate for children before the age of 2 to drink whole milk.
2. How much water does the baby drink?
The water required by the baby is about 100 ~ 150 cc/kg/ day, but six-sevenths of the milk is water, so the newborn is not active enough, so it is not necessary to drink water. But after the baby grows up to 2 ~ 3 months, his activity and metabolism increase and he starts to drink water. And if it is summer, it is easy to sweat and lose water, so it is necessary to replenish water. Usually, after drinking milk, the baby will drink water between meals. If it is aimed at children with teething teeth, you can also remove milk residue from your mouth when drinking water. Dr. Chen Zhaohui said that babies who drink exclusively breast milk don't need extra water in the first six months. Even in very hot weather, they don't need to drink water as long as they need breast milk.
3. Can the baby feed when he is asleep?
Under normal circumstances, breastfeeding is not encouraged when the baby is asleep, because this will not only lead to malabsorption, but also cause the baby to be hungry when awake and not want to drink milk; In addition, when sleeping, the mouth contains milk, and the nipple is easy to push to the gums, which is easy to cause bottle-shaped dental caries.
4. How do you know your baby is hungry?
When the baby's lips and tongue suck; Or when your mouth touches something, such as clothes, blankets, etc. Turn your head and your mouth will open wide. Even when it touches its own hand, it sucks its fingers. It is called "sucking reflex", which means that the mother can feed the baby to drink milk; As for the baby crying, it means that he is already very hungry. In addition, you can put your hand on your baby's mouth. If you keep sucking, it means the baby is hungry.
5, the baby often spits milk or overflows milk.
After the baby drinks milk, a small amount of milk will flow out of his mouth, which is called "milk overflow"; If the amount of milk is large, or even sprayed out, it is called "spitting milk"; Sometimes it's hard to tell the difference between the two.
The following methods can reduce the occurrence of spitting or spilling milk: pat your back to help your baby vent during feeding; Eat a small amount of food, don't feed too much at a time to avoid bloating; When the baby sleeps, he can sleep on the right side or lie prone; In addition, choosing the right nipple is also an important key to reduce spitting.
Severe gastroesophageal reflux will have many complications. For example, if the baby spits milk or overflows milk, it may cause aspiration pneumonia, and gastric acid reflux may cause esophageal inflammation and bleeding, and even anemia; All the milk you drank was spit out, causing growth retardation; It is easy to cry after drinking milk. For severe gastroesophageal reflux, in addition to the above conditions, medical treatment is needed, and folding is needed if necessary.
A disease different from gastroesophageal reflux is "hypertrophic pyloric stenosis". If the baby wants to eat milk very much, he will vomit as soon as he drinks milk, and his weight will not increase, which may be "hypertrophic stenosis of pylorus". The pylorus is located at the junction of the stomach and duodenum. If the pylorus is thick and narrow, the milk will not flow smoothly, which usually occurs 2 ~ 5 weeks after the baby is born and requires surgery.
6. How to cheer up the baby?
When feeding your baby, you can pause to vent. The correct way to shoot air is to arch the palm of your hand, with moderate strength, not too light, so as to avoid shooting air; The racket back position is in the lower back, just behind the stomach. It is best for the baby to sit in a sitting position, sitting straight on the adult's lap, not lying down; It takes about 5 ~ 10 minutes to pump up. If there is still gas left, there is no need to continue.
After feeding, you can also hold your baby straight on your chest without patting your back. After about 3 ~ 4 minutes, the gas will be discharged naturally. If you don't burp, you can lie flat on the bed for a few minutes and repeat the above actions.
7. What if the baby doesn't drink milk or is disgusted with milk?
Baby's refusal to drink milk can be divided into newborn baby's refusal to drink milk or beginning to enter the period of milk aversion; Dr. Lu Shicun said that some newborns refused to drink milk as soon as they came home from nurseries or nursery centers, mostly because novice parents lacked feeding experience.
If the feeding method is not correct, the baby will not be able to drink milk, resulting in the baby not wanting to drink milk. It is common to put the bottle directly into the baby's mouth, because the improper angle of the bottle will oppress the tongue and make the baby unable to drink milk. Therefore, it is best to gently put the bottle into the baby's mouth at a 45-degree angle, so that the upper end of the nipple is against the maxillary cartilage of the baby's mouth, and the baby can naturally suck the milk reflexively. If you are a baby who drinks breast milk, you should pay attention to whether the baby sucks milk correctly and whether the baby contains the whole nipple and areola.
Sometimes the baby falls asleep while drinking milk. It may be that wearing too much makes him want to sleep and affects his appetite. At this time, you can let the baby wear less clothes, show his hands and feet, or massage his back and soles to keep him awake. If you refuse to drink milk or can't finish it, you must eat a small amount and observe whether your baby is full; It can be observed by the number of times the baby urinates. If you urinate 5 ~ 6 times a day, the color is light yellow, not thick. Most people wear diapers now. If it is difficult to judge whether the baby is wet, you can know whether the diaper is getting heavier.
Another reason why babies don't drink milk is that babies aged 4-6 months begin to have an aversion to milk, and will refuse to drink milk, or vomit and drink less milk after drinking milk. The main reason why babies hate milk is that they need to eat other things when they grow up. The lactase in the baby's body began to decrease, the taste of the tongue began to change, and the appetite began to change. Eat more nutritious food. Dr. Chen Zhicheng suggested that the milk-weariness period is a good opportunity to add non-staple food. Usually, after adding non-staple food, the situation of milk aversion will be improved. Dr. Lu Shicun suggested that the principle of adding non-staple food should be as simple and clean as possible, and the taste should be changed frequently.
8. Can the baby drink goat milk?
Can mother feed the baby goat's milk? At present, the medical profession holds an objection, because the lack of folic acid in goat's milk may cause folic acid anemia, and too much mineral content in goat's milk may easily lead to excessive burden on the kidneys, so it is not suitable for babies to drink directly. However, the infant formula goat milk powder of the present invention has the same function as the formula milk powder made of ordinary milk, and can be eaten.