Cave in northern Shaanxi
A long time ago, strong winds brought loess from far away to northern Shaanxi, creating this vast golden land. In this land, there are simple people, and the house they live in is the cave in northern Shaanxi that I want to introduce to you today.
This kind of cave is usually built on a hillside facing south. Xiangyang, with its back to the mountains. The door faces the clearing, and few trees cover it. Generally, only three to five caves are built in a hospital. In the middle is the main kiln, where sundries or small rooms are often placed on both sides, and food can also be stored.
Into the cave, there are stoves, pots and so on. There is a heatable adobe sleeping platform at the entrance of the cave. There is a fire hole in the middle of the heatable adobe sleeping platform, so that it won't feel cold in winter. This kind of cave is also cool in summer. It is really warm in winter and cool in summer!
Qiangdiaolou
Qiang nationality is a minority in Sichuan, and their unique residence is Diaolou.
In Qiang language, Diaolou is called "Deng Cage", which means a beautiful and noble house.
Qiang people have the custom of "living by the mountain, building houses with stones, and the highest one is more than ten feet". The height of the watchtower is between ten and thirty meters. Used to guard against enemies and store food and firewood. Qiang people's houses are made of slate, flat-topped and square. Most of them are three floors, each floor is about three or four meters high. It has a strong traditional folk culture.
In short, each nation has its own characteristics, and different cultures have created different folk houses. But I think they are all simple and pure beauty!
Hakka dwellings
Thousands of round houses or earth buildings are scattered in the mountains of southwest Fujian and northeast Guangdong, and are known as "strange houses in the world".
Hakka people moved to the south from the prosperous areas of the ancient Central Plains, and most of them lived in remote mountainous areas. In order to guard against the harassment of bandits and the exclusion of local people, they built camp-style houses. On the way, they mixed lime, used glutinous rice and egg white as adhesives, and used bamboo chips and wooden strips as bones and muscles, and rammed earth buildings with wall thickness 1 m and height 15 m. Most of them are 3-6 floors, and100-more than 200 houses are arranged in orange petals, and the layout is uniform and magnificent. Most earth buildings have a history of 200-300 years or even 500-600 years. They have withstood numerous earthquakes, storms and artillery attacks, showing the charm of traditional architectural culture.
Hakka ancestors advocated the circle and thought it was a symbol of auspiciousness, happiness and peace. Houses surrounded by earth buildings are in a gossip layout, and there is a firewall between the hexagrams, which is uniform.
Hakka people show obvious cultural characteristics in managing their families, doing things, treating others and establishing a career. For example, many houses are engraved with such a couplet: "Inherit the frugality of our ancestors Deloitte, and inspire future generations to study and farm", which shows the ancestors' desire for their children and grandchildren to live in harmony and manage their families diligently.
The harmonious and thrifty character of Hakkas is worth learning, and the folk culture preserved in tulou makes people feel the profoundness and long history of China traditional culture.
Daijiazhulou
When you set foot on the land where the Dai people live, you enter the green world. From a distance, green bamboos and oil palm forests cover the sky. From time to time, the sound of chickens and dogs came from the depths of the bamboo forest, but there was no village or house. Obviously, all bamboo buildings are hidden in dense green bamboo forests.
Bamboo House is a traditional architectural form of Dai people. The Dai residential area is located in the subtropical zone with high ground temperature. It is said that bamboo buildings are good for heatstroke prevention and moisture prevention. Therefore, the Dai people still maintain the habit of "living with many bamboo buildings by the water".
There are as many as 10, 20, 200 and 300 Dai villages, all of which are made up of bamboo houses with their own characteristics. There are shelterbelts around the village. Every bamboo house is surrounded by bamboo fences. There are all kinds of flowers, trees and fruit trees in the fence. It can be described as "the village is full of trees and the garden is full of flowers". There is a large open space under the bamboo building as a yard. The whole bamboo building is square and divided into upper and lower floors. People live upstairs, and downstairs is generally used to put livestock and firewood. This bamboo building is supported by twenty to twenty-four pillars. The beams of the house pass through the columns. Some beams are engraved with patterns. Seven or eight feet from the ground floor or bamboo wall, the floor is divided into two floors. house
The roof is covered with thatched grass rows or sawdust, and in recent years it has been changed to tile roof.
If you visit Dai's house, walk into the bamboo fence and climb the wooden ladder, you will come to the corridor outside the house. As soon as you enter the door, there is a hall with a big bamboo mat in the middle, which is the center of family activities and the place to entertain guests. On both sides are bedrooms separated by wooden boards or bamboo sticks, and outsiders are not allowed to enter. The building structure of Dai bamboo building is generally simple, but it is very spacious, unique and beautiful, and the indoor ventilation is also very good. Sitting indoors, I only feel the breeze slowly and the flowers and fruits are fragrant.
Building bamboo houses is an important event in Dai family life. According to the traditional custom, it is necessary to choose a good place and lay a good foundation before erecting columns and beams. The most important thing in a bamboo building is the central column. There are usually eight central columns. Choosing the center pillar is a serious and solemn matter. When the pillars are transported from the mountains into the village, everyone will meet them and splash water to bless them. There is another custom of the Dai people: one family builds a house and the whole village helps. When the new building is completed, a ceremony of "Building Bamboo House" will be held. At this time, people from all stockaded villages flocked to the village, beaming and as lively as festivals. At the same time, please "Zanha" (singer) sing the song "Congratulations on the new house", which is said to be auspicious, safe and prosperous.
Yunnan minority dwellings
Due to the different natural environment and technology in different areas, Bai folk houses have created a variety of residential forms. Most of the Bai people in mountainous areas live in single rooms or two connected "stacked wooden houses" or "bamboo fence houses". Most Bai people in the dam area live in tile houses with civil structures. Its layout takes the form of "three rooms and one wall", "one front ear and two ears" or "four entrances and five patios", and the courtyard is spacious and sunny. Most people also have flower beds, planting camellia, pomegranate, hanging flowers, torreya grandis and other flowers and trees, flowers and plants overflowing, beautiful and comfortable environment. Bai people attach great importance to the construction of zhaobi and gatehouse. The wall is painted with white ash, and celebrities write "colorful dry red", "Oriental rising sun" or "blessing" and "longevity" as auspicious symbols. The surrounding gables are also painted with various landscapes, flowers and birds, insects and fish patterns, and the decoration in every corner is very particular, giving people a lively, even, symmetrical, harmonious and beautiful feeling. The gatehouse has a unique style, which integrates the artistic wisdom of the Bai people into the architectural installations. Generally, archways overlap and the corners are staggered, and there are three-dimensional patterns such as clay sculpture, wood carving, stone carving, embossed blue bricks and marble. Its beautiful shape and rigorous structure can be compared with temples, pavilions and pavilions in the mainland. Many door leaves are composed of three-story embossed patterns such as flowers, birds, insects and fish figures, which are exquisite and beautiful. Some gatehouses and partitions don't need a nail, they just need to be connected by digging holes, but they are very strong. All these fully show that the Bai people have a high level of architectural art.
One of the Features of Yi People's Dwellings —— Earth Barrier House
In Yi areas, from village settlements to residential addresses, there are various forms of bedroom buildings inherited from various places and branches, which are closely related to local living customs. From the separation of rooms to the stacking of articles; From the architectural structure to the beliefs and taboos of folk houses, they all show unique ethnic customs.
Residential characteristics
Yi people in villages are a nation engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry, and the distribution and location of villages have their own unique inheritance. Most villages of the Yi nationality are located in mountainous and semi-mountainous areas with an altitude of 2,000-3,000 meters, and live together along ethnic groups. Generally choose to build along the sunny foothills, mostly on hillsides and ridges, with fewer foothills and valleys. "Yuanyang County Records" records: "Yi people mostly live in mountainous areas with magnificent mountains and rivers and rich resources. The village is surrounded by mountains and waters, surrounded by terraced fields, grazing in the mountains behind the village, farming in front of the village, and most villages have a ditch flowing through them. "
Folk houses are located in the southwest of China, and the Yi people are widely distributed. Therefore, the types of folk houses are complicated to adapt to the natural geographical environment and climatic conditions in different regions, or influenced by other ethnic groups, but Yi folk houses are widely representative among all ethnic groups. Generally speaking, the types of Yi folk houses can be divided into the following categories: tile houses, adobe houses, flash houses, log houses, thatched houses and so on.
Living customs Yi people are monogamous and monogamous. After marriage, their children build new houses and start their own businesses. Only the youngest son lives with his parents. Yi people have spacious courtyards, which are suitable for production and life, especially for weddings and funerals. In the living room, the main hall is dedicated to the ancestors of heaven and earth against the wall, and there are incense burners and statues of tigers and lions on the table; The square table is placed in the center to receive guests; On the left, there is a perennial fire pit made of three stones, commonly known as "Pot Village", which is used to keep warm from the cold and make tea with hot water. Around the fire pit, the family sat together to discuss. The rooms on both sides of the main room are the bedrooms of the husband, son and wife, and also store valuables. Generally, the eldest son is on the left and the second son is on the right. The elderly, children and guest rooms are located in the side hall. There is a mill behind the gate, a granary upstairs and a stable downstairs.
Yi folk architecture
Most of them are built on slopes. Take stone as the wall foundation, build a wall with adobe or soil, put a beam on the wall, spread a board, batten or bamboo on the beam, and then spread a layer of soil on it. Sprinkling water will form a platform roof, which will not leak rain. The threshing floor on the roof has started again. Some girders are placed on wooden columns, padded with wood, covered with thatch or straw, covered with soil and compacted with fine soil. Most of them are bungalows, but there are also two or three floors.
The earth palm house is warm in winter and cool in summer, with good fire prevention performance and very practical.
Characteristics of Chongqing's folk houses;
Chongqing Bayu Cultural Heritage-Diaojiaolou
Chongqing is built on the mountain and surrounded by two rivers. Because of the terrain, all buildings need to be built along the hillside in turn. When it comes to Chongqing people's "houses", we can't help but mention the famous characteristic building-Diaojiaolou.
Because the Yangtze River and Jialing River span the urban area, they have created two rivers and four banks. So on the hillside along the river in Chongqing, there are square wooden buildings supported by several Chinese fir poles everywhere, which is the diaojiao building. Diaojiaolou, as a unique traditional residential form in Chongqing, can be traced back to before the Eastern Han Dynasty. At present, most of the diaojiao buildings in Chongqing were built after the 1930s and 40s. Old Chongqing people will never forget the diaojiao buildings with the characteristics of southwest residential buildings such as Linjiangmen, Shibanpo, Hualong Bridge, Houci Street and Chuandaoguai.
The diaojiao building in Chongqing is very distinctive, just like Li Diaoyuan, a famous scholar in central Sichuan, famously said, "Two ends get lost and wear a heart shop, and three faces the diaojiao building on the river." Facing the mountain and the water, Chongqing Diaojiao Building is unique and the most beautiful place. I remember the diaojiao building in my childhood memory. In the evening, when the sun sets, the golden and soft sunshine is sprinkled on the undulating buildings. With a little light, I can see it from a distance: on the hillside, it is sometimes bright, sometimes dazzling, and sometimes faint, just like a flowing landscape with freehand brushwork and shades; The river is sparkling, like pearls, and groups of flashing lights connect the two banks and water the whole city.
The diaojiao building in Chongqing is the cultural heritage of Bayu. Nowadays, a large area of diaojiao building no longer exists. Diaojiaolou, as a typical residential building in Bayu, a mountain city, has gradually formed a unique culture of Diaojiaolou, which is a beautiful landscape in a bustling city. The renovation of old houses in Shibanpo and the city balcony in Hongyadong all reflect the charm and culture of Chongqing Diaojiao Building. The slats turned into stones, the bamboo walls turned into brick walls, and the cornices carved dragons and painted phoenixes, just like a necklace embedded around the neck of a modern city, radiated a string of shining light. These buildings, either attached to the cliff or hanging their feet on the threshold, give people the feeling of "flying over the cliff", just like a museum of humanities and art, which constitutes the unique residential style of Chongqing, a graceful mountain city, and fully demonstrates the wisdom of Chongqing people, so that the unique ancient buildings in Bayu can be reasonably protected, effectively continuing and inheriting history, culture and customs in modern life.
Chongqing shibanpo diaojiao building is a well-preserved diaojiao building group in Chongqing, which has been renovated. Although today's young people can't understand what he means, some old people will feel good to him.
Kazakh felt house
Kazakh yurts have a history of more than two thousand years. Rooms are generally about three meters high and cover an area of twenty or thirty square meters. It is surrounded by a circular felt wall with a circular roof. The skeleton of the felt house is the red willow on the Gobi desert, and the fence around it is Achnatherum splendens. The fence staggered into a diamond shape is also made of red willow wood, and the connecting materials are cowhide rope and beef tendon; Door frames and doors are made of pine. In addition, a lot of felt and wool ropes are needed, and the whole felt room does not need a nail. Kazakhs in pastoral areas have to move more than ten times a year, and they live in yurts in other three seasons except winter. This kind of felt house has the advantages of portability, firmness and portability, and it is easy to disassemble and assemble. It can be "built" in more than two hours and is very popular among herders.
The size of a house depends on the number of walls. Ordinary felt houses use six felt walls. Each wall is about 2-3m wide and1.7-2m high; If you have a large population and good economic conditions, you can build 8- 10 felt houses with walls.
The color main belt for the felt house fence is about 20-40 cm wide and made of wool. It is mainly used for binding the joint of building wall and column, which makes the felt room firm and rich in texture. The door is engraved with patterns and painted with patterns.
There have been rich and colorful historical events in the areas where Oroqen people hunted. Xianbei people used to hunt deer in Xing 'an Mountains and ride horses between Hulunbeier forest and grassland. More than 2,000 years ago, they competed in the Central Plains, which contributed to the first national integration and national culture collision that shocked the history of China. Later, the Mongolian army rose on the Ergon River in the north of Xing 'an Mountains, and the Iron Horse Pavilion spanned Europe and Asia, which changed the process of world civilization. The reason why the Oroqen people have a spring relationship with the ancient Xianbei people is mainly because today's Oroqen people have many customs the same as the Xianbei people. Oroqen people have lived in northern China since ancient times, and are famous for their long hunting time and bravery. Hulunbeier is the main settlement of Oroqen nationality, and the first ethnic minority to implement regional autonomy after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC). For a long time, especially in recent decades, the Oroqen and other ethnic minorities have made due contributions to the economic construction and social development of the autonomous region and made unprecedented progress.