In the Qing Dynasty, the rank of empresses from low to high is: Promise, Forever, Noble, Concubine, Imperial concubine, Imperial concubine and Empress. The first is the queen, and only one person is allowed to preside over the affairs of the inner palace. The second is the princess, including one imperial concubine, two concubines and four concubines. The third place is six people. The queen is in the middle palace and the concubines live in the twelfth house. The fourth is a noble person, the fifth is forever, and the sixth is a promise. This is not limited to the amount, but depends on the energy and love of the emperor. To correct a mistake, the emperor's son is his brother, and the emperor's daughter is Gege, but the wrong Gege "turned out to be Manchu transliteration, which translated into Chinese means miss and sister." The title of the daughter of a noble family in the Qing Dynasty was that of a woman. In the early years of the late Jin Dynasty, the predecessor of the Qing Dynasty, the monarch (that is, "Khan") and Baylor's daughter (sometimes including ordinary unmarried women) were all called "Gege", and there was no customization. For example, the eldest daughter of the Qing emperor Nurhachi was called "Dongguo Gege" and the second daughter was called "Nenzhegege". It was not until the first year of Chongde (1636) that the imitation system began after Taizong succeeded to the throne in the Qing Dynasty. The daughter of the emperor began to be called "princess", and the daughter born to the queen (that is, the middle palace) was called "Princess Gulun", and the daughter born to the concubine and the adopted daughter of the queen were called "Princess Heshuo". "Gege" is specifically referred to as %A, the daughter of princes and nobles. After Huang taiji succeeded to the throne, in the first year of Chongde (1636), the emperor's daughter began to be called "princess", and it was stipulated that the daughter born to the queen (that is, the middle palace) was called "Princess Gulun", and the daughter born to the concubine and the adopted daughter of the queen were called "Princess Heshuo" and "Gege", which were the special names of princes and nobles for their daughters. For example, Makata, the second daughter of Huang Taiji (born of Empress Xiaowen), was first named as Gulen princess royal, later changed to "Yongning princess royal" and later changed to "Wen Zhuang princess royal". It can be seen that it is inaccurate to refer to the emperor's daughter as "Gege" (such as "Princess Zhu Huan" and "Eighteen Gege") in film and television dramas. In the seventeenth year of Shunzhi (1660), Gege was divided into five grades, namely: 1. The prince's daughter is called "Gege of Heshuo" and the Chinese name is "Princess". Second, the daughter of the prince and the king of the county is called "Duoluogege", and the Chinese name is "the monarch"; Third, Dolobel's daughter, also known as "Dologe", is called "Jun Jun" in Chinese; Fourth, Beizi's daughter is called "Gu Shan Ge Ge" and her Chinese name is "Jun Jun". Fifth, the daughters of the town owner and the auxiliary owner are called "Gege", and the Chinese name is "Xiang Jun". Besides, all daughters below "male" are called "religious women". The name "Gege" was used until the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. For example, Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty (Li Hong, Emperor Qianlong) had ten daughters in his life, five of whom died young and the other five were made princesses. That is, the third daughter (born in Empress Xiaoxianchun), Feng Jialun and Princess Jing; The fourth woman (Su, Chunhui Emperor Guifei) sealed the princess; Seventh daughter (born of Empress Xiaochun), Feng Jialun, Princess Jing; The ninth female (filial piety queen), Heshuo Princess Heke; Ten daughters (Fei), Feng Jialun and Princess Xiao. She is an exception, because she was born when Qianlong was sixty-five. She was the favorite daughter of Emperor Qianlong, and later married Feng?enyende, the eldest son of Hehe. She should be named Princess Heshuo. However, Qianlong made an exception and named him "Princess Julun". In addition, Emperor Qianlong adopted a daughter of his younger brother Hongzhou, who was later named Princess Heshuo and Princess Wan. From the above example, the emperor's daughter was no longer called "Gege" in the Qing Dynasty since Huang Taiji, but was generally called "Princess". But the princess's family can also call her "Gege" in informal occasions, according to her ranking, such as "Big Gege" and "Ten Gege". The emperor's son is not a brother, but a minister's son. The emperor's son is born a prince, and the emperor can seal the marquis. From low to high, it is: Beizi, Baylor, County King, Prince, and Prince who will inherit the throne later. There are two manners of kneeling on one knee in Qing dynasty: one is called "cheating", which is a common ceremony for slaves to meet their masters and subordinates to meet their superiors. The action is that the right hand is suspended, the left knee is bent and the body leans forward slightly. The other is "hello". Men and women move differently: the man bends his right knee and kneels, while saying "greetings!" " The woman's action is to press her left knee with both hands, bend her right knee slightly and squat down. Kneeling on both knees is really called kneeling posture, which is a more solemn and formal etiquette. According to the "rites" in the Draft of the History of Qing Dynasty, it can be divided into: 1, kneeling: used for people to see officials, subordinates to see superiors, and welcoming, reading, listening to sacrificial rites, listening to imperial edicts, listening to judgments, etc. They are called "kneeling to meet, kneeling to send, kneeling to read, kneeling to listen, kneeling to receive" and so on. 2. In addition to kneeling, you should kowtow, that is, kneel down first, then press your hands in front of your head and press the ground, and your forehead touches the ground. It is also divided into "one kneeling and one knocking" (also known as "one kneeling and one worshiping", the same below), one kneeling and three knocking, two kneeling and six knocking, and three kneeling and nine knocking. And three kneeling nine knocking is the most grand. The above ceremony was called "Bowing Ceremony", and it was not announced until the founding of the Republic of China that it was abolished and changed to shaking hands and bowing. To understand the salute, we must first know the concubines system and "Gege": the concubines system in the harem of the Qing Dynasty: Empress (1), Imperial concubine (1), Imperial concubine (2), Concubine (4) and Concubine (6), and the number of concubines is unlimited. During the period of Huang taiji, the emperor's daughter began to be called "princess" and stipulated: 1. The daughter born to the queen is called "Princess Julun"; Second, the daughter born to Yu Ji and the adopted daughter of the queen are called "Princess Heshuo". "Gege" is a special title for daughters of princes and nobles. During the Shunzhi period, "Gege" was divided into five grades, namely: 1. The prince's daughter is called "Gege of Heshuo" and the Chinese name is "Princess". Second, the daughter of the prince and the king of the county is called "Duoluogege", and the Chinese name is "Princess"; Third, Dolobel's daughter, also known as "Dologe", is called "Jun Jun" in Chinese; Fourth, Beizi's daughter is called "Gu Shan Ge Ge" and her Chinese name is "Jun Jun". Fifth, the daughters of Zhen Guogong and Fu Guogong are called "Gege" and the Chinese name is "Xiang Jun"; There are four kinds of daily life etiquette in the palace: "kneel down and kowtow", "kneel down", "salute" and "nod". The most important ceremony is "kneeling and kowtowing", followed by "kneeling" ceremony and "paying tribute" ceremony, and the lightest ceremony is "nodding" ceremony. The following is my summary of the two parts (Princess and Gege): First, Princess: 1, the simple etiquette of the emperor's sister (1) saying "salute to the queen"; The queen gave a nod. (2) When the imperial concubine goes to the harem as a concubine, a ceremony of "Tao Wan Fu" (usually for those who have given birth to children or are favored) or a ceremony of "nodding" (usually for those who have not given birth to children or are not favored) should be held. These harems also have the same etiquette (if the princess gives them a "nod" ceremony, they can return. (3) For the harem below the nobles, you can nod or not, and those harems will kneel (because below the concubines, there is no leading position, unless these princesses have a certificate, they will kneel). 2. The emperor's daughter A, Princess Gulen and the emperor's sister are the same. B, Princess Heshuo (this is more troublesome) (1) bowed to the queen, and the queen bowed her head; (2) Compared with the harem mother who is an official, the harem mother bows down and nods; (3) Pay a "tribute" to the harem of the same rank as your mother, and these harems have the same "nod" or return; (4) Compared with the harem with low mother status, whether these harems do "nod" ceremony or not. Second, Gege: Then I will talk about Gege outside the palace, and the ceremony of Gege is similar, so I won't talk about it separately: (1) The Queen's "kneeling and kowtowing" ceremony and the Queen's "nodding" ceremony; (2) "Kneel down" or "say hello" to the imperial concubine's harem, and these harems give a "nod" ceremony; (3) For the harem from the nobility, the ceremony of "falling down" or "nodding" is carried out, and these harems return to the same etiquette. China, the ceremonial state of Qing Dynasty, is known as "the ceremonial state". But in the Qing Dynasty, Li Han repented, and Manchu etiquette made detailed provisions on all aspects of social life, from national military and political affairs to food, clothing, housing and transportation to gestures. Bowing down and etiquette serve to maintain the feudal hierarchy and patriarchal clan system, which is the biggest feature of China's feudal etiquette, so etiquette embodies the distinction of honor and inferiority everywhere. And enough to show this condescension, I'm afraid it is a bow-down ceremony. In feudal society, courtiers had to kneel three times and knock nine times when they saw the emperor. When people see an official, they must bow down first; Lower-level officials should bow when they meet superiors with very different levels; Children and grandchildren should kneel and kowtow when they see their elders. Of course, you should kowtow to your ancestors. 1793 On a sultry afternoon, the 83-year-old Emperor Qianlong took a nap in the summer resort. At this time, the gifts that officials sent to the king of England were mostly exquisite machinery from the west. After reading it, he was very happy. Earlier, Gan Long received a letter from the British Mission on behalf of the coastal businessmen, saying that the emperor had not come to congratulate him on his 83rd birthday. Today, the special envoy came to pay tribute. Because of the "sincere words" in the letter, he allowed the envoy Magalny and others to come to Beijing to see him, and ordered the coastal officials to receive him properly. Before the envoy arrived, the gift had arrived in advance, which made Qianlong quite satisfied. Due to the emperor's will, Magalny and his party were treated with courtesy by officials at all levels. They praised the "courtesy" of China people and said to China officials, "I know nothing about the customs of your country. In the future, please ask adults to do things cheaply in your country, and I will never disagree. " However, it was precisely the "etiquette" that both sides carefully observed that almost aborted the British mission's visit to the "Great Emperor China"-the contradiction occurred on the eve of Magalny and his party meeting with Qianlong. When the two sides discussed the meeting etiquette, Chinese officials asked Magalny and others to make three obeisances and nine knocks to Ganlong, while the British delegation insisted on kneeling and kissing hands when meeting the king of their country. When the dispute was fierce, Magalny even threatened not to see the emperor. Seeing the scheduled audience date approaching, the two sides finally reached an agreement: the officials of the British mission knelt down to the emperor. Although in the end, Qianlong showed tolerance and made Magalny curtsy on one leg, the implication behind it was that the West was a barbarian and didn't know manners. Since the etiquette is not complete, nothing else is possible. Of course, there were also rituals of bowing to the ground in the late Qing society, which were more common between officials at the same level and their peers. As soon as the two sides met, they arched with their hands, bent down and bowed their heads, and sometimes even reached out with one hand to the ground. This is a simple courtesy, but it is more complicated than bowing and shaking hands. In the late Qing Dynasty, the change from bow ceremony to bow handshake ceremony went through a long process. Western-style bow and handshake, with the theme of basic equality of personality, was introduced to China as a formal etiquette from the Qing Dynasty, but it was not until the Revolution of 1911 that it became popular as a formal etiquette in China. Clothing and etiquette Clothing and etiquette are the most revealing signs of a country's long history. The image of the son of heaven created only in the Ming and Qing Dynasties made the dragon robe the most distinctive costume of the Qing emperors. According to the etiquette of the Qing dynasty, the emperor's robes are auspicious clothes, which should be worn in general celebrations and official activities. In important ceremonies, sacrificial altars and temples, and weddings, the emperor wears higher royal clothes. Accessories that go with royal clothes include a crown, a belt, pearls, a collar and boots from head to toe. Clothing names are different, and wearing occasions are different. At that time, there were strict differences. The Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains as an alien. Manchu used to be a nomadic warrior, and formed its own way of life in the military career, and the shape of the crown suit is also very different from that of the Han nationality. After the establishment of the Qing dynasty, the costumes of the Qing dynasty can fully absorb the achievements of Han costumes. Take official uniforms as an example. Horseshoe sleeves and mandarin jackets are a major feature of official uniforms in the Qing Dynasty, but the "tonic" on official uniforms is directly taken from the Ming Dynasty. Civil servants embroider birds and military officers embroider beasts, respectively, according to the level, highlighting the requirements of officials in terms of functions and temperament. Different from the Ming Dynasty, the official uniforms in the Qing Dynasty had double breasts, and the patchwork was also divided into two pieces, which were embroidered outside the robe and called "mending the robe" or "mending the clothes". The animal patterns were slightly different from those in the Ming Dynasty. Because the patch is sewn on the back of the garment, the corner treatment is more exquisite, and it is often accompanied by delicate lace, which highlights the decorative effect. In the Ming Dynasty, black and white hats were replaced by Hua Ling in the Qing Dynasty, and the number of "eyes" or "dazzling" on peacock hair was used to classify the grades of monocular, binocular and tricuspid. Officials' robes are three layers inside and three layers outside, including robes, dresses, jackets, vests and auxiliary clothes. They are also required to wear all kinds of beads, belts, Yu Pei, colored tapestries, gold plates, wallets and so on. Zhu Chao has grades of jadeite, agate, coral, jade and sandalwood, and even silk tapestries are divided into bright yellow, sapphire and azurite. What style, material and color should be stipulated in the etiquette system, and those who violate the regulations should be punished as crimes. When Yong Zhengdi awarded Nian Gengyao the death penalty, he was accused of using a goose yellow knife and purse, wearing a four-piece suit and conniving at his family to wear patch clothes, thus subdividing the grade difference of clothes to the extreme. Although women's clothes are relatively loose, they are carefully carved, including so-called "three inlays and three volumes", "five inlays and five volumes", "seven inlays and seven volumes" and as many as "eighteen inlays". In addition to the inlay, the hem, lapels, skirts and cuffs are all covered with pearls and embroidery of various colors, and the folds are connected in series with silk threads, and even the invisible soles and soles are embroidered with dense patterns. Although this overlapping and ubiquitous decorative effect has certain aesthetic value, such complicated and meticulous packaging is the product of extremely fine clothing, which also makes it difficult to develop clothing in Qing Dynasty. In fact, the court clothes worn by Qing officials evolved from flag clothes: round neck, twisted lapel, left slit, four-sided wedge, waist, buttons, narrow sleeves (some with arrow sleeves), warmth and easy to wear. The system that began in the early Qing dynasty stipulated that officials must wear shawls and robes when they enter the DPRK, which is called court clothes. The robe has an arrow sleeve, that is, a semicircular cuff is connected in front of the already narrow cuff. Generally, the longest one is half a foot, which is shaped like a horseshoe, also called "horseshoe sleeve". Sleeves and shoulders are the symbols that distinguish Qing Dynasty costumes from other costumes. Arrow sleeve cheongsam is a holiday costume worn by Manchu nobles and flag-bearers. Generally, the standard-bearer is only allowed to wear a shawl and collar robe. In ordinary people's homes, he is only allowed to wear a collar robe without a shawl, which is called casual clothes. Cheongsam is divided into single, cotton and leather. In the early Qing dynasty, its styles were generally collarless, broad-chested, waist-tied, left and four-sided. It not only fits well, but also helps to ride and shoot. When hunting, you can also put dry food in front. This kind of cheongsam has two outstanding characteristics, one is collarless. In order to unify the clothing, Nurhachi once set a clothing system, which stipulated that "shawls and collars should be used for all court clothes, and only robes should be used for flat clothes." That is, uniforms can't lead children, and only royal dresses worn when entering the DPRK can add a large collar shaped like a shawl. Second, there is also a half-moon sleeve head with a long top and a short bottom at the narrow cuff, which looks like a horseshoe, commonly known as "horseshoe sleeve". It is also called "Arrow Sleeve" (called "Wow-ha" in Manchu) because it is put down to cover the back of the hand when hunting or fighting in winter, which not only keeps warm like gloves, but also does not affect archery. After the Manchu entered the Central Plains, "letting go of wow-ha" became a prescribed action in the etiquette of the Qing Dynasty. When officials enter the court to meet the emperor or other princes and ministers, they must first open their horseshoe sleeves and then bow down with their hands on their knees.