1968, the Burmese people's army bravely entered. 1989, the "Myanmar Shan National Democratic Alliance" was boldly established, and in the same year it was recognized by the Myanmar government as "the first special zone of Shan State". In 2002, poppy cultivation was basically banned in this area, which made a big step in the history of local nationalities and drug control.
The first Kokang Special Zone in Shan State, located on the east bank of salween in northern Myanmar, covers an area of about 5,200 square kilometers and borders Zhenkang County, Cangyuan County, Gengma County and Longling County in Baoshan District, Yunnan Province, China. The border between China and Myanmar is 250 kilometers long. The history of courage for hundreds of years, especially nearly a hundred years, is the history of armed division for the purpose of drug trafficking and profit. Dissecting its history, we can see the miniature of the formation and development history of ethnic armed forces and drug trafficking armed forces in several areas of northern Myanmar. Today, the "Kokang" minority in Myanmar, which is composed of 95% China people, has a profound historical origin with the border areas of Yunnan. It is of great significance to discuss it deeply, not only for the academic study of the history of the southwest frontier, but also for the world to understand the history and present situation of the drug problem outside Yunnan and maintain the stability and development of the southwest frontier.
After careful study, the history of the Kokang nationality originated from the forced slope in Kunming, China, and was closely related to the Emperor Li Yong in the late Ming Dynasty in China. Today, many brave people still claim to be descendants of the royal family and are proud of it. Forced death slope is a steep slope at the western foot of Wuhua Mountain in Kunming and the northwest section of Huashan Mountain. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Gong Yuan began to study here, and later gradually developed into an important traffic artery leading to Gong Yuan (now Yunnan University), the North Gate and the northern suburbs. It is said that there were several shops selling castor seeds on this hillside at first, so it was called Ricinus slope. Wu Sangui's hundreds of thousands of troops marched into Kunming in three ways. The small court of Nanming had to give up Kunming, the capital of Yunnan, and retreat into Myanmar via Baoshan and Tengchong. Although the army of the Western Expedition in Nanming was defeated again and again, a brave general named Luo emerged during this period. Luo Xinghan, the tenth descendant of this man, became a drug Lord in the lofty Golden Triangle.
According to the records of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Youlang 1500 people fled from Tengchong to Wacheng, Myanmar (that is, Awa, the ancient capital on the outskirts of Mandalay), and the king of Myanmar was watching the situation to comfort his guests in the mountains of northern Myanmar. 166 1 year, the old king of Myanmar died and the new scholar Mangbai succeeded to the throne. Seeing the situation clearly, he sent elite soldiers to attack at night, hacked to death dozens of military commanders in Nanming, and imprisoned the emperor Li Yong. This is called "the difficulty of cursing water" in history. 1662, Wu Sangui led hundreds of thousands of Qing soldiers to drink Ma Nujiang River and arrived at the outskirts of Wacheng, Myanmar. Mangbai immediately sent Li Yong and his mother, wife and concubines to the Qing army to avoid getting burned. Zhu Youlang was escorted back to Kunming and imprisoned in Jinchan Temple (now Limin Lane) in Bizipotou. In April of the first year of Kangxi (1662), Li Yong was strangled by Wu Sangui with a bowstring in what is now called forced slope, and the Nanming Dynasty was completely ended.
Out of indignation at Wu Sangui's treason, Kunming people renamed Li Zipo, where Li Yong was killed, as Forced Slope. Governor Qing Yungui thought it would damage the reputation of the Qing Dynasty, so he changed the forced slope into an ascending slope during the Daoguang period and erected a monument to promote its prosperity, but the people still called it a forced slope. Later, General Cai E, Commander-in-Chief of the Yunnan Army, in the name of the Third Sergeant, erected a stone tablet on the top of the mountain where the Ming Emperor Li Yong was killed. The stone tablet was once lost, but fortunately it was found in 1983, and now it stands at the top of the slope.
A group of down soldiers in Nanming fled to a place called Maliba, which means the most savage place in Burmese, which is today's Kokang County, Myanmar (the whole Kokang area is strip-shaped, mostly high mountains and hills, mainly composed of three dams, the most famous of which is Maliba, which is famous for producing great smoke, with an average altitude of 1 2 16 m, a year. Today, the Chinese in the Kokang area are mainly descendants of these officers and men in the late Ming Dynasty. One of them is a martial arts master named Yang. His great-grandfather was a veteran when General Mu Ying marched into Yunnan. Since then, he has been guarding southwest Yunnan for generations and knows the geography of the southwest people like the back of his hand. Yang became a local toast, leading the adherents of Nanming in various ministries to escape the pursuit of Qing soldiers. A Chinese community rose in the northern plateau of Myanmar and multiplied to hundreds of thousands of people. Later, both Kokang Tusi and Lemmon Tusi inherited the bureaucratic system of China feudal dynasty. Until 1962, Yang Jiacai reached an agreement with General Newin to hand over the official clothes and seals of the chiefs and implement local autonomy. Yunnan Governor Chen Yongbin was ordered to retake Mamo (Ba Maw) by force. In order to strengthen the border defense, Chen Yongbin built eight passes at the border of Tengyue, namely Shenhu Pass (now Dongka Mountain in the northwest of Tengchong County, Yunnan Province), Wanqie Pass (now Dongnong Mountain in the northwest of Yingjiang County, Yunnan Province), Jushi Pass (now Ximashan Mountain in the northwest of Yingjiang County, Yunnan Province), Tongbi Pass (now Buha Mountain in the northwest of Yingjiang County, Yunnan Province) and Tiebi Pass (now Bubi Pass in the northwest of Yingjiang County, Yunnan Province) At that time, these eight passes were all located in the tens to hundreds of miles of China-Myanmar border.
As the deputy commander-in-chief of Li Yong in Nanming, the descendants of Roche also fell because of Li Yong's defeat. In the fourth generation of the Luo family, they established ancestral training to conceal the history that their ancestor was the deputy commander-in-chief of Li Yong. Therefore, although there are genealogies handed down from generation to generation, their family background is even less known because of the strict discipline of the people. By the beginning of the 20th century, the Luo family around the emperor had spread to the eighth generation. 19 16 winter, Luo Jia's fourth son was born. This is Luo Chaoxing, a famous boss in North Myanmar. 1934, Luo Chaoxing, who reached the age of 18, married his wife Duan and had four men and one woman. The eldest son (born in 1935), the second son Xing Tang, the third son Zhou, the fourth son Xing Jie and the eldest daughter Rui. The tenth generation of general Luo will become the world's largest drug Lord triangle poison. The courageous war in 2009 was the courageous war in Myanmar in August 2009. One of the warring parties is the Myanmar National League for Democracy, and the other is the government of the Union of Myanmar. The military confrontation that began on August 8 triggered a wave of refugees, which was called the August 8 incident. Two weeks later, the war broke out, and finally, under the superior military power of the Burmese military government, the Kokang Special Zone Army was disintegrated.
Chairman Kokang SAR appealed to the international community for help through the media. However, under the situation that Myanmar and China controlled the news, the war did not attract widespread international attention. Most news sources were reported by China people who dared to flee to the border of China, and were estimated by observers familiar with Myanmar affairs. Kokang is an autonomous region of China in Myanmar, which was originally a ruling area of Myanmar. 1989 broke away from the peace talks between the Republic of Myanmar and the Burmese military government, and Peng Jiasheng and Yangon regime reached an agreement to send troops to maintain regional peace, which eased regional tensions.
In 2008, Myanmar adopted a new constitution to ensure that the military government can more vigorously promote the process of national reconciliation and democracy led by it. The Myanmar Peace and Democracy Front Alliance issued a statement saying that the Myanmar government forces are pressing them to incorporate their troops into the government-controlled border security forces before the 20 10 Myanmar general election to avoid their influence on the general election. The fuse On August 7th, 2009, the troops affiliated to Myanmar's military government entered Kokang Special Zone to search the gun repair shop under the pretext of drug control. The courageous defenders refused this request and the two armies confronted each other. The next day, a wave of refugees broke out boldly, and tens of thousands of civilians fled to China. With the coordination of all parties, the situation has eased. A few days later, the government of Kokang Special Zone announced that Myanmar government troops had begun to withdraw from Kokang, and the situation tended to be calm. The sar government came forward to appease the people and called on them to return to courage.
On August 22, 2009, the Burmese army announced that Peng Jiasheng, the chairman of the SAR, had illegally opened a gun repair shop, and immediately sent troops to control the SAR government, shelling the headquarters of the Allied Forces in Hubei, making peace with Liu Guoxi, Xue Chang, Wei and others, and Peng Jiasheng led the troops to resist. On the 28th, the Burmese army successively occupied Laojie and Qingshui River, and the allies retreated to the mountains. Kun Sai, editor-in-chief of Shan State Herald News Agency, and Mattison, an analyst of Myanmar affairs, believe that the United Wa State Army has joined the courageous side to fight against the Burmese government forces.
On 28th, He Yongchun, vice president of Yunnan Red Cross Society, confirmed in an interview with the media that a shell fell into China from Myanmar on 28th, killing 1 person and injuring several others.
Peng Jiasheng, the leader of Kokang, claimed in the Global Times on the 29th that during the two-day fighting on the 27th and 28th, the Kokang Allied Forces killed more than 30 government soldiers and captured more than 50 people. He also said that the actions of government forces have caused tens of billions of RMB losses to Kokang. On the 29th, the courageous allied forces lost to the Burmese army and retreated to China. China has received weapons from the Chinese side in accordance with international practice, and granted refugee status for resettlement. Myanmar military analyst Aung Kyaw Zaw told Irrawaddy magazine that it is estimated that at least 700 brave soldiers gave up their resistance and retreated to China.
On the 30th, the situation became calm. After consultation, the Chinese and Burmese governments released their own news. Myanmar apologized to China for the loss of China citizens, and announced the number of casualties, stressing that the war would not affect China's oil transportation projects in Myanmar. Myanmar's military government declared the end of the war and established a new brave government. Peng Jiasheng denied on the phone that the allied forces had surrendered to the Burmese government forces. Answering a reporter's question at a regular press conference on August 6-7, 2009, People's Republic of China (PRC) Foreign Ministry spokesperson Qin Gang said: "The courageous issue belongs to Myanmar's internal affairs, and the Myanmar issue should be solved by the Myanmar government and people through their own wisdom. We hope that Myanmar will solve the existing problems and achieve national reconciliation through its own efforts. The China government will pursue a consistent policy of non-interference in other countries' internal affairs and hopes to see a stable, democratic, developed and reconciled Myanmar. " Spokesperson Jiang Yu said on the 28th, "China hopes that Myanmar will properly solve relevant domestic problems and maintain stability in the border areas between China and Myanmar. "China Yunnan Province has set up seven resettlement sites for humanitarian purposes to provide living security and necessary medical services for refugees. United States: the State Council expressed serious concern about the military attacks by the Burmese military government on ethnic minorities in Kokang, and urged Myanmar to stop its military operations. Japan: The Japanese government will provide $750,000 in aid to the Kokang First Special Zone, mainly to buy food for women and children in the Kokang First Special Zone. This aid will be used for the brave aid project of the World Food Programme (WFP).
On the afternoon of August 27th, 2009, Myanmar government forces and Kokang local armed forces escalated from the original confrontation state to the fighting state, resulting in tens of thousands of Chinese businessmen and Myanmar border residents doing business in Kokang area flocking to China-Myanmar border areas. However, on August 7, 2009, the calm that lasted for 20 years was broken. The Myanmar police said that during the drug investigation, the police asked to search a gun repair shop in the Kokang area, but they were boldly refused, and the two sides were in a state of confrontation, causing panic among local people.
It is reported that from 8th to12nd, nearly 10,000 Chinese businessmen doing business in Kokang area and some Burmese border people crossed the border and ran into Yunnan Province to take refuge. On the afternoon of the 27th, there was a fierce battle between the Burmese army and the Kokang Allied Forces, during which there were casualties and even innocent civilians were injured. Yunnan officials confirmed on the 27th that Burmese border people have flooded into Yunnan Province, which borders Kokang, and the influx is still increasing. The number of refugees entering the country cannot be counted. According to UNHCR's estimation, 30,000 refugees have flooded into China.
According to the information office of the Yunnan Provincial Government, starting from the overall situation of maintaining the friendly relations between the two countries and the stability of the border areas, Yunnan Province has taken active measures to demarcate areas, properly resettle Myanmar border people who have entered China, and provide necessary life and health protection.
It is reported that Yunnan Province has set up seven resettlement sites in the border area between China and Myanmar, equipped with necessary daily necessities and provided necessary medical assistance.
According to eyewitnesses at the refugee settlement, the refugee camp is quiet, with more women and children gathered and the smell of disinfectant. The environment is fairly clean, and everyone sleeps on the floor. However, some refugees who can't contact their relatives are very sad. As soon as they came back from abroad, they gathered around to ask about the situation.
China demands that Myanmar protect its citizens in China.
According to Xinhua News Agency, according to the website of China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Jiang Yu said on 28th that China hopes Myanmar will properly solve relevant domestic problems and maintain stability in the border areas between China and Myanmar.
Jiang Yu said: "China has paid close attention to the development of the situation and has expressed its concern to Myanmar through diplomatic channels. It is hoped that Myanmar will properly solve relevant domestic problems and maintain stability in the border areas between China and Myanmar. We also demand that Myanmar protect the safety and legitimate rights and interests of citizens in China, Myanmar. "
Myanmar deeply apologizes for the casualties of some border residents in China caused by the above incidents, thanks China for being kind to border residents entering Myanmar, and promises to protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens of Myanmar and China according to law.