Knowledgeable and diligent in writing.

Song Yingxing (A.D. 1587—— about 1666) was a native of Fengxin Beixiang (now Songbu Township). Song surname is the most popular surname in the local area. Song's great-grandfather was very virtuous, and he was named Southern Tang Dynasty. Successive Nanjing secretariat, Nanjing secretariat, Nanjing secretariat, Zuodu Duchayuan secretariat, had a great influence on future generations of the Song Dynasty. Song Chengqing, the third son of my grandfather Song Jing, died young. Father Song, whose real name is Rurun, is a giant Sichuan native and a little orphan. He was brought up by his mother Gu and his uncle Song Heqing. He has not been an official for forty years. Song has four sons, and Song is the third. Ying Ding and his brother were both born to the same mother, Wei Shi. When Song was born, the Song family was declining, and his mother was a farmer's daughter, so he was easy to get close to agricultural production and the masses from an early age.

Fengxin is located in Nanchang area. In the Ming dynasty, the style of writing here was very prosperous, and many celebrities were produced. When Song was young, he and his eldest brother Song Yingsheng studied in a family school founded by his uncle. At the age of seven, he studied under the imperial clan uncle Song Guozuo, and soon he studied under the new juren Deng Conscience. At the age of sixteen, he was admitted to the county school and went to the countryside for nine years. He was smart and eager to learn since he was a child, and his academic performance surprised the teachers. Song Shiyuan, his nephew, said in "Chang Chuan": "The public is less clever, and the eyebrows are pressed. How old can you rhyme?" And mix the arts to shock the elders. " Song was familiar with classics and hundreds of books when he was young. He has an in-depth study of Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism and can think independently. He particularly emphasized Zhang Zai's Guan Xue, from which he accepted the materialistic view of nature. At the same time, he is very interested in natural science and technology. He has read Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica and other books. He also likes music and art, and is especially concerned about current affairs and politics, and has the ideal of benefiting the country and the people. He often talks about world affairs with his classmates and friends.

In the 43rd year of Wanli (A.D. 16 15), Song and his younger brother Song Yingsheng went to Nanchang, the provincial capital, to take the rural entrance examination for compulsory courses, and won the third place as a juror. His brother ranked sixth, and only his brother was selected among the students in the county, so he was called "Fengxin Second Song Dynasty". When I arrived in the capital in autumn, it should be the second year's exam, but I failed. In order to prepare for the second interview, they went to the famous Bailudong Academy in Jiujiang Prefecture for further study, and joined Shu, the owner of the cave. In the forty-seventh year of Wanli (A.D. 16 19), he went to Beijing to take the exam again, but he still fell into Sun Shan. After that, I took the exam again in the early years of Apocalypse and Chongzhen. As a result, he didn't pass the exam and didn't think about the imperial examination. In the fourth year of Chongzhen (A.D. 163 1), Song Yingsheng was elected as the magistrate of Tongxiang County, Zhejiang Province by the official department, and Song returned to his hometown to serve his mother. In the eighth year of Chongzhen (A.D. 1635), after her mother was taken to Zhejiang by her brother Song Yingsheng, Song became a teacher of the government, mainly teaching students in the county town. After four years in office, he has achieved excellent educational achievements, which has made the local "scholar-style" flourish. More importantly, he has enough spare time to write, and most of his major works were completed at this time.

In the eleventh year of Chongzhen (AD 1638), Song ranked first in the appraisal, and was soon promoted to be an official of Tingzhou Prefecture (now Changting) in Fujian Province, in charge of a prison, commonly known as the punishment hall, also known as the general manager. Before his term of office expired, he resigned in the 13th year of Chongzhen (AD 1640). In the sixteenth year of Chongzhen, he was appointed as the state capital of Fengyang Prefecture in Nanli Zhili. At this time, it was the eve of the demise of the Ming Dynasty. After he came to power, the country was destroyed by war and there was no place to go to worship. Most officials have left. After several efforts to rebuild, he made it take shape and donated money to set up a college in the city. At the beginning of the following year (A.D. 1644), Bozhou was surrounded by the peasant army of Li Zicheng, and Song abandoned the official and returned to Fengxin. Song Yingsheng had already been promoted to the position of magistrate in guangzhou fu, but he had no intention of falling in love with officials after Shen Jia and finally returned to his hometown. Their brothers and other Jiangxi people pinned their hopes on the regime of the axe king in the Southern Ming Dynasty, but this regime was dominated by eunuchs Ruan Dacheng and Ma Shiying, excluding Zhongliang, and soon perished under the iron hoof of the Qing Dynasty. Song Yingsheng died on 1646 when the Qing soldiers attacked Jiangxi. After Song buried his brother, he lived in seclusion in the Qing Palace and spent his old age in poverty and resentment. He died in the fifth year of Kangxi (1666) at the age of 80. There are only two sons left, the eldest son Song was born quietly, and the second son was born sincerely. Both of them are literary talents and are called "Shuangyu". Song Yingxing taught his descendants before his death, one is not to take the imperial examination, and the other is not to be an official. All future generations can serve this heritage and study at home.

Author: BIOS phinx 2004-10-1419: 04: 00)

Song Ying Xing lived in the late Ming Dynasty. He witnessed the dark phenomenon of many drawbacks in officialdom, and finally left the official career of imperial examination and turned to practical learning, especially the production technology of agriculture and handicrafts. He has conducted many years' investigation and extensive social investigation. All these have prepared him for writing Heavenly Creations in the future. Although he didn't gain the fame of a scholar through arduous trekking in Wan Li, he gained extremely precious scientific and social knowledge, and his thoughts became more radical, becoming a representative of the enlightenment trend of thought that criticized the old academic tradition. He is an encyclopedic scholar. He has a lot of knowledge and writings during his college years. His works can be divided into four categories: First, those belonging to natural science and technical science are Heavenly Creations (1637), Viewing Images (1637), Music (1637) and On Qi (/kloc-0). 2. Humanities include Ye Yi (1636), Huayin Reformed (1636), essays, Chunqiu Rongdijie (1644), etc. 3. Consumption (1637) and ten words in between (1637); Fourthly, there are Poems of Sorrow (1636) and Notes on Romance (1645) which belong to literary creation. Most of them were formed in the late Ming or Ming and Qing Dynasties. Because of their strong anti-Qing thoughts, they were not allowed by the Qing rulers. Most of the works have been lost, and there are five kinds of works left so far: Heavenly Creations, Wild Theory, Poems on Huai, On Qi and Talking about Heaven.

Tiangong Wu Kai popularization of science everyone

Heavenly Creations is the most important masterpiece of Song Ying Xing. The tenth year of Chongzhen (AD 1637) was funded by a friend Tu Shaozhuo (word Boju), and the first edition was published in Nanchang House. The book has 18 articles in three volumes, covering the technology and experience of 30 production departments of ancient agriculture and handicrafts in China, covering almost all social production fields. According to the principle of "emphasizing grain over jade", the preface puts agriculture related to food and clothing in the first place, related industries in the second place, and pearls and jade after the throne, which reflects the author's idea of attaching importance to agriculture, heavy industry and practical learning.

There are more than six articles related to agriculture in the first volume. Neri mainly discussed the planting, cultivation techniques and production tools of rice, wheat, millet, millet, sorghum, millet, hemp and soybean, including all kinds of irrigation machinery, and introduced the rice cultivation techniques in Jiangnan area represented by Jiangxi. Naifu includes sericulture, silk reeling, cotton spinning, hemp spinning, wool spinning and other production technologies, as well as tools and equipment, especially focusing on the advanced technologies of sericulture, silk spinning and cotton spinning in Jiaxing and Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, and drawing the structural diagram of large jacquard machines. "Zhang Shi" introduces plant dyes and dyeing techniques, emphasizing the process of indigo planting and extraction, and the process of extracting dyes from safflower, as well as the color matching and mordant dyeing methods of various colors. "Essence" describes crop processing technologies such as rice and wheat harvesting, threshing and milling, with emphasis on windmills, water hammers, stone mills, soil hammers, wood hammers and milling and milling. Zuo Xian discussed the salt-producing areas and salt-making techniques of sea salt, pool salt and well salt, especially in sea salt and well salt. Ganyin describes the techniques and tools of sugarcane planting, sugar pressing and sugar making, as well as honey and maltose. Each narrative has its main points and sub-points, focusing on selecting important products and highlighting the production technology in advanced areas.

There are seven volumes in the book, mostly handicraft technology. "Yan Tao" describes the manufacture and tools of bricks and tiles used in building construction and ceramics used in daily life (especially white porcelain and celadon), focusing on the process of producing civil white porcelain in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province, from raw material preparation, blank making, glazing to kiln sintering. Smelting and Casting is the most detailed record of the traditional casting technology in China, focusing on the casting technology and equipment of copper bell, iron pot and copper coin, including three basic methods: lost wax, full mold and dieless casting. Ships and cars are dedicated to transportation. Firstly, the structural components and materials of various ships and vehicles are represented by data, and the driving modes of various ships and vehicles are also explained. See "Cao Boat", a grain carrier on the Grand Canal. "Hammer Forging" systematically discusses the forging technology of iron and bronze, ranging from an iron anchor of 10,000 kilograms to a slender embroidery needle, various production tools such as axe, chisel, hoe and saw, as well as metal processing technologies such as welding and metal heat treatment. Calcined Stone involves technologies such as burning lime, coal, ettringite, sulfur and arsenic, and discusses the classification, mining and underground safety operation of coal. "Ointment" introduces the oil yield, properties and uses of sixteen oil crops, as well as the technologies and tools for extracting oil by pressing and replacing oil with water. The method of making bark oil and the technology of making candles with oil are also discussed. "Killing green" discusses the types, raw materials and uses of paper, and discusses in detail the complete set of technology and equipment for making bamboo paper and leather paper. The production operation diagram provided is particularly precious.

There are five articles in the second volume, which also belong to the industry. The hardware discusses the mining, washing, smelting and separation technologies of gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, lead and zinc, as well as the smelting of steel and various copper alloys. The attached production flow chart is very rare. Many inventions of China are recorded, such as using coal to make iron, blowing with piston bellows, directly frying pig iron into mature iron, and melting pig iron and mature iron into steel. "Jia Bing" involves cold weapons such as bows and arrows, crossbows and guns, as well as the manufacturing technology of gunpowder and firearms, including guns, mines, mines, birdguns and ten thousand enemies (rotating rockets). "Danqing" mainly describes the technology of making ink from pine smoke and oil fume and making cinnabar (mercury sulfide) from pigment. These products are used for research. Qumei describes the raw materials, proportion, production technology and product use of distiller's yeast, medicated leaven and Qu Dan (red yeast), among which red yeast has special properties and is a new product after the Song Dynasty. "Zhuyu" describes pearl mining in the South China Sea and jade mining in Hotan, Xinjiang. It also talks about the methods and processing techniques of underground gem mining, including agate, crystal and glass.

In addition to the text narration, the book is accompanied by 123 illustrations, which are vivid and true, and are accompanied by explanations, showing the relevant production processes of industry and agriculture. Most of the contents in the book are information from field investigations in the north and south.

Author: BIOS phinx 2004-10-1419: 04: 00)

While describing each production process, Song also developed the research method of "exhaustive experiment". He criticized all kinds of superstitions, monsters and absurd old theories, such as alchemy, and injected new scientific spirit into the field of science and technology. This is the biggest feature of the book "Heavenly Creations", which is refreshing.

The value of Heavenly Creations lies in its description of many advanced scientific and technological achievements in industrial and agricultural production. The book quantifies technical data, reveals advanced scientific ideas and theoretical explanations, and focuses on introducing theoretical concepts rather than purely technical descriptions. In agriculture, Neri pointed out that rice should be pulled up and sown 30 days after seedling raising, and 25 acres of paddy field can be transplanted, that is, the ratio of paddy field to Honda is 1: 25. It is also said that upland rice eats three buckets of water and late rice eats five buckets of water. If it loses moisture, it will dry up. These technical data have a guiding role in agricultural production and are the theoretical basis for seedling raising, transplanting and irrigation, which have never been mentioned in previous agricultural books. It is pointed out that "the soil vein changes at any time, and the species follows the soil moisture", thus the relationship between crops and the environment and the influence of external environmental changes on the variation of crop species are discussed. It is mentioned that drought-resistant upland rice can be cultivated by artificial selection, and advanced technological achievements such as dressing seeds with arsenic as pesticide and neutralizing acid soil with lime are introduced. According to Ganxi, planting sugarcane by transplanting rice seedlings is a new technology. The water land in Jiangxi described in Essence uses hydraulic power as energy to drive the water wheel to rotate, and drives all parts through vertical shafts, and at the same time realizes three mechanical functions of irrigation, grain threshing and grinding. It is an advanced agricultural machinery in the world in the17th century. Neve introduced the variation of silkworm, which is almost the same as that described by British biologist Darwin in the19th century. In addition, it is suggested that hybrid silkworms with the advantages of their parents can be cultivated by artificially crossing one-sex silkworms with two-sex silkworms, yellow silkworms with white silkworms; It is in line with scientific principles that healthy silkworms can develop smoothly by killing diseased silkworms through silkworm bath. In industry, the iron smelting furnace and the iron frying furnace described in Hardware can be used in series to complete the continuous production process of smelting mature iron directly from pig iron. The principle of improved equipment for refining pig iron into steel has become the ancestor of modern Martin furnace. When comparing the weights of gold, silver and copper per unit volume, the concept of specific gravity has been established. The discussion on the smelting process of metallic zinc ("Japanese lead") is the earliest clear and detailed literature record in the world. It is of worldwide guiding significance to explore the smelting of alloy brass with different properties with different proportions of copper and zinc. "Burned Stone" is about shaft mining, the technology of installing giant bamboo pipes underground to exhaust gas and roadway support, and the safe operation measures when burning gangue, all of which are commendable. Song named Heavenly Creations as Heavenly Creations, which actually embodied one of his universal scientific thoughts, that is, Heavenly Creations. This idea emphasizes the complementarity between nature and human beings, the coordination between natural behavior and human activities, and the development of products from natural resources through technology to meet people's material and spiritual needs, so that people can show and play their subjective initiative in front of nature. "Ointment" pointed out that "the vegetation is solid and contains ointment (grease), so it cannot flow by itself. The fake medium is fire and water, and the wood [squeezing] stone [grinding] is used and then poured out. " This just reflects the connotation of the thought of "Heaven". In short, the core of this idea is to create everything with nature, or to develop products from nature through the coordination of natural forces and manpower. Japanese scholar Dr. Sanzhi Yin Bo (1892- 1963) wrote when explaining the idea of heavenly creation: "Heaven is a behavior corresponding to human behavior, and creation artificially processes all kinds of things contained in nature according to the interests of human survival. I'm afraid there is no work with this title in European technical books. Technology is indeed the product of the coordination between nature and human beings, and it is a bridge between human beings and nature. Only when you have a good understanding of technology can you know how to open things manually while using nature. " This unique scientific thought of China became the guiding ideology of the book. The so-called technology, in Song's view, is the organic combination of method, technique and instrument, that is, the combination of process operation method, production workers' operation skills and tools and equipment. Only by using technology to act on nature can people realize the process of opening things up. The book "Heavenly Creations" systematically and comprehensively summarizes the production technology of traditional Chinese agriculture and handicrafts, and is the first in style. Its scope is wide enough to rival the technical classic Metal written by agricola in the Western Renaissance (De re Metallica, A.D. 1556). After the first edition was published, the second edition was published by Fujian bookseller Yang (1604- 168 1) in the early Qing Dynasty, and then by The Collection of Ancient and Modern Books (1725) and The General Examination of Time (1738) It appeared in Osaka in A.D. 177 1 and was carved. Since then, it has been widely valued and quoted in the Edo period (A.D. 1608- 1868). Song's thought of nature stimulated the rise of "chemistry" in Japan. In the 20th century, this book was translated into modern Japanese, and it still sells well today.

This book spread to North Korea in the18th century and became a reference book for scholars in the late Li Dynasty. Stanislav Julian (,1799- 1873), a professor at the French Academy, translated into French and then into English and German. The part about sericulture in Neve has also been translated into Italian and Russian. Darwin read this part and quoted it, calling it an "authoritative work". 1869, translated French abstracts of various articles on industry were included in the book "Ancient and Modern Industries in China" and published in Paris. By 1964, the first four articles on agriculture were translated into German, and the whole book was translated into English at 1966 and published in the United States. This book has become a world-famous scientific classic and spread all over the world. Joseph Needham, a British scholar, called Song "an agronomist in China" and "Diderot in China". Guo Neiqing, a Japanese scholar, also thinks that Song's book can be compared with the encyclopedia edited by Diderot (Denis Diderot, 17 13- 1784) in the 8th century.

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