The first part of allusions related to the Zhou Dynasty: Xuan Wang's revival of Xuan Wang's revival means that after Zhou Xuanwang ascended the throne, he eliminated the influence of Li Wang's tyrannical politics, eased the unstable writing style at home and abroad, and appointed Zhao Mugong, Gong and other ministers to rectify the political affairs of the Zhou Dynasty, so that the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty, whose kingly way had declined, was revived for a period of time, greatly enhancing the prestige of the royal family, thus reviving the Zhou situation and bringing the princes back to North Korea. Historical name? Wang Xuan Zhongxing? .
After Wang Xuan acceded to the throne, he learned the lessons from his father Li, and with the assistance of Zhou Gonghe, he got rid of Li's bad policies and restored the policies in the period of literature, martial arts, success and health, which revived the declining Zhou Dynasty.
In terms of internal affairs, firstly, we reformed politics, supplemented by Zhou Gonghe, and appointed some wise ministers, such as Sun Yat-sen House, to follow the political legacy of King Wen, Wang Cheng and Kang Wang. Wang Xuan is open and honest, and actively listens to the opinions of his subordinates. He also warned officials not to misappropriate taxes and fish in the village. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen discipline and ask officials to restrain themselves and not to drink and make trouble. Announce? Don't borrow a thousand acres? . Before Wang Xuan, every year during the spring ploughing season, the Emperor held a ceremony to borrow farmland. In the era of Wang Xuan, the collective farming method of public land was difficult to continue, and the ceremony existed in name only, so Wang Xuan announced the abolition of this ceremony. This measure obviously has the significance of relaxing the control of mountain rivers. After some efforts, the domestic situation began to improve, the local governor also came to the court, and Zhou Shi's prestige was restored.
Externally, after Zhou Xuanwang acceded to the throne, in view of the serious situation that (Yan Yan) constantly harassed, plundered property and killed people, on the one hand, Zhou Xuanwang sent south, middle and north to strengthen its defense forces, and at the same time sent Yin Jifu to lead the northern expedition and catch up with Taiyuan (referring to the Loess Plateau and northern Shaanxi) and (Yan Yanyan). After the victory, Wang Xuan sent magic to the south to conquer Jingchu, and also achieved some victories. Yin Jifu was sent to conquer Huaiyi South by force and pay tribute to Huaiyi South, which temporarily controlled the southeast region and restored its influence on the south. In the south of Zhou Zong, Qin Zhong was appointed as a doctor and was ordered to make a Western expedition to Xirong. As a result, Qin Zhong was killed by Xirong. He also called Qin Zhong's five sons, Zhuang Gong and his brothers, with 7,000 troops, and then cut Xirong. As a result, he won.
Economically, cancel the native land gift. As Wang Xuan recognized the private ownership of land, the people increased their enthusiasm for work, and agricultural production that was destroyed during the reign of Wang Li began to recover. It is precisely because of this that we have the strength and capital to make a glorious northern expedition and a southern expedition, thus causing a resurgence. However, Wang Xuan's adaptation to the situation was not understood by the conservative nobles. Wang Xuan was defeated in the battle of 1000 mu, and some people blamed it on not 1000 mu.
Because of the failure of the 1000 mu campaign and the loss of the South China Division, Wang Xuan decided? Expect Taiyuan people? . Material people, that is, statistical population. Wang Xuan's expectation of the people met with opposition from the nobles. Zhong believes that since ancient times, you can know the population without counting it. Because Simin is responsible for registering life and death; The secretary is responsible for giving the family name; Scott is responsible for executing criminals; And all walks of life also know the population they manage. King Xuan didn't listen to his advice, but he still made a census. Wang Xuan's move has increased the state's population control and solved the problem of insufficient troops.
Allusions related to the Zhou Dynasty Part II: The capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty was the third slave dynasty after the slave Shang Dynasty in China history. It was founded by Zhou Wuwang Ji Fa, son of Zhou Wenwang, with Haojing as its capital (now west of Xi City, Shaanxi Province). Because the Zhou Dynasty later moved the capital to Luoyi (now Luoyang, Henan Province), it was called the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, so it was called the Western Zhou Dynasty.
There are two capitals in the Western Zhou Dynasty. At first, King Wu took Haojiang as his capital. But King Wu felt that it was too far away from the Central Plains. I want to build a new capital in Luo Yi River area, the old capital of Xia and Shang Dynasties. But soon King Wu died and his wish didn't come true. A king made Luoyi, the capital of East China. He moved the capital to Luoyi. Zhou Chengwang, Zhou Kangwang, Zhao Zhou, Zhou Wang and Wang Mu, four generations of kings were all in Luoyang. It is recorded in He Zun unearthed in Baoji that only Wang moved to Chengzhou (now Luoyang) at the beginning of this year and was blessed by heaven. In April, Wang Zongzong was in Beijing, saying: In the past, Wang and Ke Wang's great works were all subject to fate. Only Wang, because he was a businessman in Dayi, was sued by the court.
Historically, the Zhou Dynasty before moving eastward was called the Western Zhou Dynasty. The Zhou Dynasty was the heyday of ancient China society. Since the Western Zhou Dynasty, the process of continuous integration of various ethnic groups and tribes in China has been going on. During this period, Huaxia nationality gradually formed and became the predecessor of Han nationality. Since the Zhou Dynasty, various ethnic groups and tribes in China have been continuously integrated, and there are many other ethnic minorities, such as Yi, Manchu, Yue, Rongdi, Su Shen and Donghu. The state-owned farmland system in the Western Zhou Dynasty was the most typical. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the state-owned farmland system began to disintegrate, and in the Warring States Period, it was generally a county.
In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, social contradictions, including those within the ruling clique, intensified day by day, and the struggle for land and political power accelerated the demise of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The uprising of China people shook the foundation of the Western Zhou Dynasty. In 77 1 year BC, it was killed by dog Rong and the Western Zhou Dynasty perished.
In 770 BC, Emperor Shen Hou and other princes established Yijiu as the king, and King Ping moved the capital from Haojiang to Luoyi (now Luoyang City, Henan Province) to become a state. Historically, the Zhou Dynasty after moving eastward was called the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
Allusions related to the Zhou Dynasty Part III: Western Zhou Tombs A large number of Western Zhou Tombs were discovered and excavated in 1950s. Important Western Zhou tombs discovered since 1950s include Zhangjiapo Western Zhou Tomb in Fenghao Site near An 'an, Western Zhou Tomb in Joo Won? Site, Western Zhou Tomb in Rujiazhuang, Western Zhou Tomb in Liu Lihe, Beijing and Western Zhou Tomb in Baifu, and Western Zhou Tombs in Tunxi, Jurong, Lishui, Jiangsu and other places.
The Western Zhou tombs in the Central Plains are popular with pit tombs. A small tomb has a tomb without a pyramid-shaped mound. Large tombs have 1 or 2 tombs, but there are no 4 tombs like Shang tombs. Two large vertical tombs were discovered in Xincun and Xunxian County, Beijing. This tomb is wide, with 1 tomb at the north and south ends. The south tomb is long and inclined, and the north tomb is slightly shorter, and some of it is built in a step shape. Xincun 1 TombNo. is 0.6m long, 9m wide and 56.9m long. The owner of the tomb is probably a vassal or something. Among the large tombs, there are only 1 block, which have been found in the eastern suburbs of Luoyang and Rujiazhuang in Baoji. The large tombs found in the eastern suburbs of Luoyang are very rare in the tombs of the Western Zhou Dynasty. According to the inscriptions on the unearthed bronze ritual vessels, the owners of two single-tomb tombs in Rujiazhuang, Baoji can be determined. Bob and his wife Jingji. Small and medium-sized tombs are distinguished by the scale of tombs and the number of funerary objects. Many Western Zhou tombs were dug in the middle of the bottom 1? Waist pit? 1 The dog was buried in the pit. Most funerary objects are wooden coffins. Generally, two sleepers are placed at the bottom of the tomb, and then the upper wood is laid on the sleepers to form the bottom of the coffin. The four walls of the coffin chamber are made of square wood with tenon-mortise structure, and the square wood is placed horizontally on it as a cover, and the coffin is placed in the coffin chamber. Large tombs often have several coffins, medium-sized tombs are mostly 1 coffins 1 coffins, small tombs are mostly coffins without coffins, and a few small tombs have no coffins.
The mound tombs in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River do not dig graves, but only pile soil on the flat ground for burial. In Tunxi's mound tomb, river pebbles were first laid on the flat ground, and all kinds of funerary objects were placed on it, then piled up and sealed. Most of the mound tombs found in Jurong, Jintan and Lishui are not paved with pebbles, so there is no clear burial scope. Some have one mound and one tomb, and some have more than one mound. No traces of burial tools and bones were found in the tomb.
Generally speaking, the burial method is straight limbs, but there are also curved limbs, and very few of them are curved limbs. The head is not fixed. Except Baoji Rujiazhuang's? Outside the Bo tomb, most of them were buried by one person.
Most tombs in the Western Zhou Dynasty are buried with people, ranging from/kloc-0 to 7 people. Most of the martyrs were placed on the platform on the second floor, and some were buried with tools. No martyrs were found in the large tombs of Liu Lihe River in Beijing, but there were martyrs in many medium-sized tombs. It can be seen that whether a person is killed or not does not depend entirely on the size of the tomb or the social status of the owner. Among the 300-400 small and medium-sized tombs excavated in Zhangjiapo, about 7% were found to have martyrs, all of which were tombs in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, but there were no human sacrifices in the tombs in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, which is a relatively obvious change.
The funerary objects of Western Zhou tombs mainly include pottery, bronze ritual vessels, weapons, chariots and horses, jade, primitive porcelain and lacquerware. Large tombs and some medium-sized tombs are rich in funerary objects, including exquisite bronze ritual vessels, such as Ding, Wei, Yan and He? 、? , Yi, Jue, Yi, Zun, Yi, Hu, Yi, Pan, Pai, etc. Ding is the core of its combination, and the number of Ding marks the social status of the tomb owner. There is not much difference in shape and decoration between the early bronze containers and those in the late Shang Dynasty. In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the number of wine vessels decreased greatly, while the number of food vessels increased. The shape and decoration of the container have also changed greatly. Three sets of chimes were also found in Mu Wang's tombs in Pudu Village, Chang 'an. Small tombs are mostly buried with pottery, and the shapes are jars, pots, reeds, statues, pots, beans, pots and so on. There are obvious differences in the combination and shape of burial pottery between the early and late Western Zhou Dynasty.
The bronze ritual vessels in the southern mound tombs are often full of local characteristics, such as the tripod's three-legged outer roll is pointed and tapered, and the utensils are often paired. In addition, there are some unknown shapes, such as a pair of oblique-mouth devices unearthed in Yandun Mountain, Dantu, Jiangsu Province and a pair of five-column devices unearthed in Tunxi. Among the tombs in this area, primitive porcelain is usually buried with them, and the types and shapes of utensils have also changed a lot. Although there are also primitive porcelain buried in the tombs of the Western Zhou Dynasty in the Central Plains, the number is very small, and the shape of the vessels is relatively simple, mostly bean-shaped vessels. Unearthed jade articles include wall, reed, palm, handle ornaments and animal statues such as fish, dragons, birds and beasts, as well as agate and glass beads. Lacquerware of the Western Zhou Dynasty has also been unearthed in Liu Lihe and other places, but most of them have decayed, leaving only traces. Some can be restored, such as beans, dragons, dragons, dragons.
Large tombs with chariots and horses pits and some medium-sized tombs are often accompanied by chariots and horses pits. Generally, separate pits are dug near the main tomb to bury chariots and horses, ranging from as few as 1 to as many as 2 horses, and as many as 10, with dozens of horses. There are two ways of burying: one is to bury the whole car with horses lying on both sides of the shaft, and the other is to disassemble the car into parts and put them in the pit, and the horses are not arranged neatly. Others scattered their cars and put them in the main tomb, but dug holes and buried them in horses. There are many ornaments in the chariots and horses pit, some of which are well preserved and have clear traces. Therefore, according to these data, we can restore the shape and decoration of horses and chariots in the Western Zhou Dynasty.
The tombs of the Western Zhou Dynasty can be roughly divided into three periods according to their stages and years, including the tombs of Zhou people before Shang Dynasty. The first period is the tombs of Zhou people before Shang Dynasty, the so-called tombs of the pre-Zhou Dynasty. The excavated tombs are all small tombs, most of which contain 1 Tao Ge or 1 jar, and there are few bronze ritual vessels. Most of them are high-necked bags, which are considered as typical artifacts in the early Zhou Dynasty. The second period was the early Western Zhou Dynasty, and the bronze ritual vessels were similar to those in the late Shang Dynasty. The combination of buried pottery is mainly composed of enamel, reed and jar. The age began in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, and the lower limit was about the Mu Wang period. The third period was the late Western Zhou Dynasty, and there were bronze sacrificial vessels such as Ding and Ding. The shapes and patterns of wine vessels have changed significantly, such as wine vessels, wine vessels, wine vessels, wine vessels, wine vessels, wine vessels, wine vessels, wine vessels, wine vessels, wine vessels, wine vessels, wine vessels, wine vessels, wine vessels. , pots, plates, cards and other new shapes. The combination of buried pottery is pot, bean, pot and pot. Tanks are typical late-stage vessels, and other vessels, such as jars and beans, have also undergone morphological changes. The age is about from King Mu to the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty.