Trieste (Italian: Trieste, Slovenian: Trst, German: Trieste, Hungarian: Trieste) is a border port city in northeast Italy, an industrial and commercial center, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, the capital of Trieste province. Located on the northern bank of Adriatic Sea, the northwest side of Istra Peninsula and the hilly plain on the western edge of Slovenian Plateau. The city is located at the end of the narrow land between Italy, Slovenia and Adriatic Sea. Italy borders Slovenia in the south, east and north, and has a Mediterranean climate. Trieste, located at the top of Trieste Bay, is influenced by different cultures because of its unique geographical location. It is the meeting point of Germanic, Latin, Austro-Hungarian and Slavic cultures. According to the statistics in 2009, there are 205,000 residents in Trieste. It was founded in BC 18 1 year. BC 177 was controlled by ancient Rome. Trieste was also one of the oldest territories of the Habsburg dynasty, and it was under the rule of the Habsburg dynasty from 1382 to 19 18. It is one of the most important ports in Austria-Hungary, one of the European powers. As a prosperous port in the Mediterranean, Trieste became the fourth largest city in Austria-Hungary (after Vienna, Budapest and Prague). At the end of 19, it also showed its position as an important literary and music center. However, with the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after World War I and the merger of Trieste and Italy, the city's Central European culture declined and its commercial importance decreased. During the 1930s and the whole Cold War, the economic recovery in Trieste became an important meeting point between the East and West camps. Later, it was stipulated as a free port under the jurisdiction of Britain, the United States and South Africa. 1954 A area was handed over to Italy. 1975, Italy and South Africa formally demarcated their territories and territorial waters. This port is an important trading port in the Adriatic Sea and an entrepot for goods in some countries in Central and Southern Europe. Exports are mainly ships, machinery and equipment, chemical products and textile industrial products; The inputs are mainly crude oil, various metal ores and grain. The main industries are shipbuilding, metallurgy, machinery manufacturing, petroleum processing, chemistry, textiles and food. The remains of ancient Rome include theaters and arches. There is a castle in the old German-speaking town, followed by a medieval museum. There is an observatory. It is the birthplace of illy Coffee Company and Zhongli Group, and the largest canned coffee base in Europe. Today, the city has become one of the richest regions in Italy, and it has also become an important shipping center in the Adriatic Sea through its ports, shipbuilding and financial services. At first, some Illyrians settled here, and later it was occupied by the Karni tribe in the eastern Alps. From BC 177, Tel Gist was under the rule of the Romans, and at the behest of Julius Caesar, the city was given the status of a Roman colony. In 5 1 year BC, Julius Caesar recorded the name of this city as Tergeste in his book "Review of Bello Gregory". From 200 BC to/kloc-0 BC, the city developed into a military colony. At that time, the ancient Greek geographer Artemi Dorus Dardias and the ancient Greek Kani geographer Strebo defined TelGist as an Illyrian city.

During the Roman Empire, the border of "Romans and Italians" moved from Timavo River to Forr Mionet (today's Risano), while TelGist under Roman rule experienced a prosperous era, which was due to its geographical position as the crossroads of Aquilia, which was the main city of Rome and Istria at that time. As an excellent port, its remains can still be seen today. From 33 BC to 32 BC, Augustus built a wall around the city, while Trajan built a theater in the city in the 2nd century.

In the early days of Christ, it was a prosperous central city. After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476, Trieste became a military outpost of the Eastern Roman Empire. In 567, Lombardy invaded northern Italy and destroyed the city. In 788, the city became part of the Frankish kingdom and was ruled by the Archbishop Trieste. Since 108 1, the city has been under the loose rule of the Bishop State of Aquilia. At the end of 12, the city developed into a free city. After two centuries of war with the neighboring major power, the Venetians occupied the city briefly in 1369- 1372. Most citizens of Trieste submitted a petition to Leopold III of Habsburg dynasty, hoping that he could come to Trieste where he was in charge. At that time, the Austrian Grand Duchy was also part of Leopold III's rule. The interrupted agreement was signed in June 1382 at St. bartholomew's Church in Chyska village, Ljubljana (German: apud Sisciam). However, citizens also continued to have certain autonomy rights until the17th century.

Trieste became an important port and trade center. 17 19, Trieste became a free port under the authorization of charles vi, the Habsburg dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire, and remained a free port until 189 1 July 1. Under the rule of maria theresia, who inherited charles vi, the city began a prosperous era.

1768, Johann Joachim winkelmann, a German art historian, was murdered by a robber in Trieste on his way from Vienna to Italy. During the Napoleonic Wars, Trieste was occupied by the French in 1797, 1805 and 1809 respectively. During the period of 1809- 18 13, the city was incorporated into Illyria, the Italian kingdom under Napoleon's rule, which interrupted its status as a free port and deprived it of its autonomy. However, after the city was reoccupied by the Austrian Empire in 18 13, the autonomy of the city was not returned. After the Napoleonic Wars, Trieste, as a free city of the empire (German: Stadt Triest), continued to experience prosperity and gained the status of economic freedom. However, the political autonomy of the city is still restricted, and the role of the city is as the main trading port and shipbuilding center of the Austrian Empire, which was further emphasized in the establishment of Lloyd's merchant fleet in Austria in 1836. The headquarters of the merchant fleet is located in the Grand Plaza (Pia in Italian). By the end of 19 13, Lloyd's merchant fleet had 62 ships with a gross tonnage of 236,000 tons. With the promulgation of the Austrian Imperial Constitution in 1860, urban autonomy was restored and Trieste became the capital of the coastal areas of the Austrian Empire (German: Adriatisches Küstenland).

The specific friuli dialect, called Tergestino, was still used until the beginning of19th century, but it was gradually replaced by Venetian Trieste dialect and other languages, including German grammar, Slovenian and standard Italian. At the same time, Trieste is used by most citizens in the city, while German is the language used by Austrian municipal departments, while Slovenian is dominant in the villages around the city. Since the last decade of the 19th century, the number of Slovenian speakers has been growing steadily, reaching 25% of the total population of Trieste in 19 1 year (accounting for 30% of the total population of Trieste including Austria-Hungary).

According to the census of 19 1 1, the proportion of Slovenian-speaking population is about 12, with 4% in the city center, 47,6% in the suburbs and 90,5% in the surrounding areas. Of the 19 residential areas in Trieste, 9 are Slovenes. On the other hand, Italian speakers account for about 60, 1% in the city center, 38, 1% in the suburbs, and only 6,0% in the suburbs. They are the largest language group in 19 residential area. Seven of them occupy the vast majority (including all six residential areas in the city center). Among the 1 1 villages within the city boundary, 10 speaks Slovenian, while German users only occupy the majority in Male and Milla.

German speakers account for about 5% of the city's total population, with the highest proportion in the city center.

A small number of people use Croatian (19 1 1, 3%), and cities are also included in several other minority communities, such as Czechs, Romanians, Serbs and Greeks in Istrad, and most of them are assimilated by Italian-speaking communities or Slovenian-speaking communities.

The modern Austro-Hungarian navy built a shipyard in Trieste and used it as a naval base. The construction of the first railway trunk lines in the Empire was completed in 1857, and the South Austrian Railway from Vienna to Trieste became the most valuable property of the Imperial coal supply and trade.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Trieste was a busy international metropolis frequented by artists and philosophers, such as James Joyce, italo svevo, sigmund freud, drago Tinkett, Ivan Senkal, Scipio SlaThaper and Umberto Saba. This city is also the main port of the Austrian Riviera and the only enclave in central Europe of southern alps. To this day, Viennese-style buildings and cafes still dominate the streets of Trieste. Like Tranto, Trieste is one of the main focuses of the Italian national unification movement. They expect Italy to annex all the land they claim and the Italian-speaking population. Many local Italians volunteered to join the Royal Italian Army (a famous example is the writer Scipio La Tapper).

After the First World War, the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed, and many border areas of the former empire, including the coastal areas of Austria, caused disputes among countries in the disintegration of the empire. 1918165438+1On October 3rd, Italy and Austria-Hungary signed the Armistice Agreement of Villagusti, ending the hostilities. After the Austro-Hungarian army received the order to lay down their arms, Trieste was occupied by the Italian army (warmly welcomed by the local Italians), and the armistice agreement just came into effect one day ago, which made the Italians effectively declare their occupation of this area before stopping hostilities (a similar situation happened in South Tyrol). 1920, Trieste was formally annexed by the Kingdom of Italy through the Treaty of Raparo, and this area was reorganized into a new administrative unit named Venezia Giulia (Italian: Venezia Giulia, Croatian and Slovenian: Julijska krajina, German: Juli Schvenetian, Venetian: Venesia Ju? Ia, friu Li:vignie Julie, Latin: Carsia Julia).

Although it is different from risorgimento, it also reduces the importance of the city. The new national boundaries deprive the city and the former inland areas. Slovenes (25% of the total population according to 19 10 census) are persecuted by escalating Italian fascism. 13 The riot of April 3 1920 began the period of violent persecution of Slovenes. The riot was organized in retaliation for the attack by the local Croats on the Italian occupation army in Split. Many Slovenian shops and houses were destroyed. When a group of Italian fascists led by Francisco Gyunta pushed the riots to a climax, they set fire to the National Assembly (Italian: Narodni dom), which is also the community building of Slovenians in Trieste.

1922 after the Italian fascist regime came to power, the official began to implement the Italian policy and banned the public use of Slovenian. By 1927, all Slovenian language associations were dissolved, and the names and surnames of Slavic and Germanic languages were italicized until the end of 1930.

Thousands of Slovenians from Trieste, especially intellectuals, immigrated to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and South America, where many people became famous figures in their respective fields. Among the famous Slovenians who immigrated from Trieste, there are writers Vladimir Barthol, Essip Ribic, jurist Boris Furlan and architect Victor Surik, while thousands of Italians from Dalmatia migrated to Trieste from the newly established Yugoslavia.

In the late 1920s, the national unification of Yugoslavia began to appear. Slovenian: Revolucionarna Organizacija Julijske Krajine T.I.G.R., a radical anti-fascist organization in Slovenia, launched many bomb attacks in the city center, and two bomb attacks occurred in 1930 and 194 1 year.

Although the traditional multilingual and multicultural features of Trieste have ended, most German-speaking people and a large number of Slovenians have emigrated, the total population of the city continues to grow. Therefore, with the industrial development in the late 1930s, the economy has made important development and progress.

The fascist regime built several new infrastructures and public buildings, including the Victory Lighthouse (Italian: Faro della Vittoria) which was nearly 70 meters high. It has also become one of the symbols of this city, and the University of Trieste was founded in this period.

Even under the oppressive rule of the fascist regime, the research and development of art and knowledge continues to attract a large number of people to learn. In the 1920s, this city was the base camp of avant-garde writers' movement, which was an important visual art school, represented by futurist artist turio Clary and structuralist artist Afgust cerny Goy. In the same period, Trieste consolidated its position as one of the centers of modern Italian literature. Umberto Saba, piaggio Marin, Jenny Stupari and Salvato Sata all lived in this city. Among the non-Italian writers and intellectuals who still live in Trieste, the most famous are Julius Kuji, an Austrian, and Boris Pahor, a Slovenian. Intellectuals often contact the Cafe Saint Kyle, which is still open today.

1938 promulgated the anti-semitic racial law, which dealt a serious blow to the Jewish community in this city (the third largest in Italy). The fascist anti-Semitic movement led to a series of attacks on Jewish property and individuals, which reached its peak in July 1942, when the synagogue in Trieste was attacked and destroyed by fascist troops and thugs. With the invasion and occupation of Yugoslavia by Nazi Germany in April 194 1, the battlefield of World War II approached Trieste. From the winter of 194 1, the first Yugoslav guerrilla appeared in Trieste province, although the resistance movement did not enter the city until the end of 1943.

1943 after the armistice agreement between Italy and the allied forces came into effect in September, the city was occupied by the Germans, and Trieste became a part of the newly established Italian social Republic in name, but it was actually ruled by Nazi Germany. Nazi Germany established the action zone along the Adriatic Sea in the northeast of Italy (German: Operations Zone Adriatisches Kü stenland, Italian: Zona d 'Operacion i del Litorale Adriatic, Slovenian: Operacijska Cona Jadransko Primorje, Croatian: Pothvatno podru? Je Jadransko primorje), Trieste is the administrative center of the region. This new administrative entity is headed by Friedrich Lai Na. Under Nazi occupation, the only concentration camp with crematorium in Italy was established on Italian soil. The concentration camp is located in Risiera di San Sabba (Slovenian: ri? On April 4th, 1944, nearly 3,000 Jews, Yugoslavs and Italian anti-fascists were killed in Risiera, while thousands of prisoners were imprisoned before being sent to other concentration camps.

Trieste was bombed by allied air forces, and the activities of Italian and Yugoslav guerrillas became more rampant. Jews in the city were deported to extermination camps, where most people died.

1945 On April 30th, Don Mazzari and Guan Mingsheng Fonda of Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale (CLN for short) organized nearly 3,500 volunteers and held an uprising against German occupation. /kloc-in may, 2000, the 8th Dalmatian division of Yugoslav guerrillas in the allied forces arrived and occupied most of the city, leaving only the court building and the castle of San Giusto. The German guards there refused to surrender to either side. In addition to the allied New Zealand troops, the 2nd Division of New Zealand continued to advance along the north bank of Adriatic Sea 14 and arrived in Trieste the next day. On the evening of May 2, the Germans surrendered, but were immediately handed over to the Yugoslav guerrillas.

The Yugoslav army controlled the whole city until June 12. This period is called "Forty Days in Trieste" in Italian Chronicles. During this period, hundreds of local Italians and anti-communist Slovenes were arrested by Yugoslav authorities, many of whom disappeared, including former fascists and Nazi collaborators, Italian nationalists and other real or potential opponents who threatened Yugoslav communist regime. Some of them were held in concentration camps in Yugoslavia (especially in Borovnica), while others were executed and their bodies were thrown into caves on the karst plateau.

After Yugoslav Tito reached an agreement with British Marshal harold alexander, Yugoslav troops withdrew from Trieste, and Trieste was immediately under British and American military control. Until September 1947, Yugoslav military authorities and Americans carved up the massage roots in Venice-Juilliard area, and the Paris Peace Treaty also established the Trieste Freeport. 1947, Trieste was publicly declared as an independent urban autonomous entity, protected by the United Nations, and the free port of Trieste was formed. The administrative area of the city is divided into area A and area B along the Morgan line delineated by 1945.

From 1947 to 1954, Area A was managed by the allied government. Part of this government is composed of American troops stationed in Trieste (abbreviated as TRUST), under the command of Major General Bryant E Moore, then commander of the 88th Infantry Division of the US Army, and the other part is composed of British troops stationed in Trieste (abbreviated as BETFOR), composed of Terrence. Area A covers almost the whole area of Trieste province in Italy today, except for four small villages in the south of Muja, which were handed over to Yugoslavia after the 1954 free port treaty was lifted. Area B is still under the military control of the Yugoslav People's Army, consisting of the westernmost and northernmost parts of the Istra Peninsula, located on the Milna River and Debeli Zitic Point (Slovenian: Debeli Rti? Italian: Punta Groosa).

1954, the free port of Trieste was cancelled, and most of the vast area A, including today's Trieste, was included in the Italian territory. Area B became a part of Yugoslavia, and Yugoslavia also got four villages in Area A: Praf Ye, Spode Nie Skofyer, Herr Vatini and Yelaji. Area B was eventually divided between Slovenia and Croatia. 1954,101October 26th, the Italian government officially announced the annexation of Trieste, which was welcomed by the vast majority of the citizens in the city. 1975 The signing of the Treaty of Osimo finally defined the border between Italy and Yugoslavia and the status of ethnic minorities in this region. This border is now the border between Italy and Slovenia.