A, cursive script:
A Chinese character font is characterized by simple structure and continuous strokes. It appeared earlier and was formed in the Han Dynasty. It evolved on the basis of official script and was used for simple writing. There are Cao Zhang, Cao Jin and Crazy Grass.
Cao Zhang: Because Emperor Hanzhang likes cursive script, it is called "Cao Zhang", which is a cursive script of official script. Cao Zhang's words are independent and close to cursive, but the difficult words are not simplified much, and the writing style remains unchanged. There are rules to follow in the changes of strokes, such as the urgent chapter of the Three Kingdoms Wu in Songjiang Edition. Later, regular script appeared, which evolved into "modern cursive script", that is, regular script cursive script, which was written quickly, and the upper and lower characters were often written together, and the last stroke echoed the beginning. Every word is generally simplified, but it is sometimes difficult for unfamiliar people to recognize it. Generally speaking, the cursive scripts of Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi are also called modern cursive scripts.
The basic method to simplify modern cursive script is to replace the radicals of regular script with simple cursive symbols and substitute them into traditional regular script (although the cursive script appeared no later than regular script). Many regular script radicals can often be replaced by a cursive symbol, and the structure of the characters has also changed for convenience. So unfamiliar people are more difficult to identify. The arrangement of cursive symbols can be found in standard cursive scripts. Today's grass is eclectic and fluent, and its representative works include Wang Xizhi's "The First Moon" and Jin Dynasty's "Getting Time".
Wild Grass appeared in the Tang Dynasty, represented by Zhang Xu and Huai Su, and its brushwork was wild and uninhibited, which became an artistic creation completely divorced from practicality. Weeds, such as Abdominal Pain by Zhang Xu in the Tang Dynasty and Autobiographical Post by Huai Su, are all existing treasures. The function of weeds as a tool to transmit information has weakened, and it has become a work of art. It is not important to pay attention to the black and white arrangement of bookshelves and papers, and whether people can recognize what they are writing. In Weeds, there is a symbol of word association, that is, two words (common phrases) are written into one symbol. At that time, writing was mostly vertical, and even the design of Chinese characters was similar. There are cursive couplets in Tu Tou Ji and Nirvana Ji.
Hiragana in Japanese is a cursive form based on Chinese characters.
Modern people generally learn cursive script, generally starting from this grass. The recognized cursive writing method is more than the standard cursive written by Mr. You Ren (with copybook of the same name).
Second, the running script:
A font between regular script and cursive script, which can be said to be cursive or cursive. It is to make up for the shortcomings of slow writing in regular script and illegible cursive script. The brushwork is not as sloppy as cursive script, and it is not required to be as correct as regular script. There are more methods of mold opening than cursive writing, which is called "mold opening". Cursive calligraphy is more than modular method, which is called "cursive calligraphy". According to legend, this kind of running script was created by Liu Desheng, a calligrapher in the post-Han Dynasty. Wei Heng in the Western Jin Dynasty said in "Si Ti Shu": "There are two schools, namely, Zhong (Yao) and Hu (Zhao), who learn from them." Unfortunately, Liu Desheng left no ink.
The most famous masterpiece is Preface to Lanting written by Wang Xizhi, a calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Predecessors described it as "a dragon descending from heaven, a tiger lying in a phoenix pavilion" and praised it as "the best running script in the world". Tang Yan Zhenqing's book "Sacrificing a Nephew" is very bold, and the ancients rated it as "the second running script in the world". Su Shi's Huangzhou Cold Food Sticker is called "the third running script in the world". Running script with regular script or close to regular script is called "running script", and cursive script or close to cursive script is called "running script". The famous representative work in the running script is Lushan Temple Monument written by Li Yong in Tang Dynasty, which is fluent and rich. There are Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang in the Song Dynasty, Zhao Mengfu, Xian Yushu and Li Kang in the Yuan Dynasty, Zhu Yunming, Wen Zhiming, Dong Qichang and Wang Duo in the Ming Dynasty, and those in the Qing Dynasty. They are all good at running script or cursive script, and many works have been handed down from generation to generation.
Third, regular script:
Also known as a real book, or a real book. Its characteristics are: square shape, straight strokes, can be used as a model, hence the name. Began in the Eastern Han Dynasty. There are many famous regular script writers, such as Ou Ti (Ou Yangxun), Yu Ti (Yu Shinan), Yan Ti (Yan Zhenqing), Liu Ti (Liu Gongquan) and Zhao Ti (Zhao Mengfu).
Song Xuanhe's Book Score: "In the early Han Dynasty, Wang Cizhong began to use official script as regular script." People think that regular script evolved from official script. It is said: "On the tomb of Confucius, a regular script tree planted by Zi Gongzhi has straight and unyielding branches." The strokes of regular script are concise and refreshing, and must be like the branches of regular script trees.
In the early days, there were few official handwriting, the structure was slightly wider, the horizontal painting was long and the vertical painting was short. In Wei Jinzhong handed down from ancient times, such as Zhong You's "Declaration Form" (left), "List of Recommended Seasons", Wang Xizhi's "Le Yi Lun" and "Huang Ting Jing" can all be regarded as representative works. Look at its characteristics, as Weng Fanggang said: "Change the wave painting of official script, pick it up, and still keep the vertical of official script."
After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the north and the south were divided, and calligraphy was also divided into two factions. The calligraphy style of the Northern School has inherited the legacy of Han Li. The brushwork is simple and rigorous, but the style is simple and rigorous, so it is called "Weibei". Southern calligraphy is more sparse and beautiful than letters. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, because of regional differences, personal habits and book styles were very different. The books in the North are strong and the books in the South are rich, each of which is wonderful and inseparable, while Bao and Kang Youwei highly admire the books of the two dynasties, especially the epitaphs of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Kang cited ten beauties to emphasize the advantages of Weibei.
Regular script in the Tang Dynasty, like the prosperity of the national situation in the Tang Dynasty, is really unprecedented. Calligraphy style is mature, and calligraphers come forth in large numbers. In terms of regular script, Yu Shinan, Ou Yangxun, Chu Suiliang in the early Tang Dynasty, Yan Zhenqing in the middle Tang Dynasty and Liu Gongquan in the late Tang Dynasty all regarded his regular script works as models of calligraphy.
Lower case, as the name implies, is a kind of lower case, which was founded by Zhong You in the Wei Dynasty of the Three Kingdoms. He is the most outstanding authoritative official script master, and his regular script style is also born out of Han Li, and his brushwork is very vivid. However, the structure is wide and flat, the horizontal painting is long and the vertical painting is short, and the legacy of official division still exists. However, the model method is ready, and it is actually the ancestor of the official book. When Wang Xizhi arrived in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, he studied the lower case calligraphy more carefully and made it perfect, which also set a good appreciation standard for China's lower case calligraphy.
Four, official script:
Basically, it evolved from seal script, mainly changing the round strokes of seal script into square folds, which makes writing faster, and it is difficult to draw round strokes when writing with pigments on wooden slips.
Official script is also called "official character" and "ancient book". It is a font produced on the basis of seal script to meet the needs of convenient writing. The seal script is simplified, and the uniform circle lines of the seal script are changed into straight strokes, which is convenient for writing. Official script can be divided into "Qin Li" (also called "Guli") and "Han Li" (also called "Golden Calendar"). The appearance of official script is a great change in ancient writing and calligraphy.
Official script is a common solemn font in Chinese characters, with a slightly flat writing effect, long horizontal drawing and short straight drawing, and pays attention to "swallow tail of silkworm head" and "twists and turns". It originated in the Qin Dynasty and reached its peak in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Calligraphy is known as "Han Li Tang Kai". It is also said that official script originated in the Warring States period.
Official script is relative to seal script, and its name originated from the Eastern Han Dynasty. The appearance of official script is another great change of China characters, which brings China's calligraphy art into a new realm, is a turning point in the development history of Chinese characters, and lays the foundation for regular script. Official script is flat, neat and exquisite. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, stippling such as skimming was beautified as upward provocation, with different degrees of severity and artistic beauty of calligraphy. Styles also tend to be diversified, which is of great artistic appreciation value.
According to legend, the official script was compiled by Cheng Miao who was not in the prison of Qin Dynasty. By eliminating complexity and simplifying, the font becomes round and square, and the strokes become straight. Changing "Lian Bi" into "broken pen" and changing lines into strokes makes writing more convenient. "Li Ben" is not a prisoner, but a petty official, that is, a small official in charge of documents, so in ancient times, official script was called "Zuo Shu". Lishu prevailed in Han Dynasty and became the main style of calligraphy. As a start-up Qin Li, seal script has many meanings, and it has been continuously developed and processed. It broke the writing tradition since the Zhou and Qin Dynasties and gradually laid the foundation for regular script. Under the unification of the thought of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", the official script of the Han Dynasty gradually developed into the dominant script, and at the same time, cursive script, regular script and running script were derived, laying the foundation for art.
Five, seal script:
One of the ancient scripts in China. It's a general term for Da Zhuan and Xiao Zhuan. Dazhuan refers to Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Jinwen, Jinwen and Six Kingdoms, and retains the obvious features of ancient hieroglyphics. Xiao Zhuan, also known as "Qin Zhuan", is a commonly used character in Qin State and a simplified font of Da Zhuan, which is characterized by uniform and neat glyphs and is easier to write than Wen Shu. In the development history of Chinese characters, it is the transition between seal script and official script.
6. Oracle Bone Inscriptions: Characters written on tortoise shells and animal bones (mainly cattle shoulder blades and deer skulls) during the Yin and Zhou Dynasties. The full name of tortoise shell and animal bone characters, referred to as Oracle Bone Inscriptions for short, is also called tortoise shell, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Zhen Buwen, Wen Qi, Yin Qi and so on. During the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, people believed in superstitions, citing sacrifices, conquering, diseases, hunting, meteorology, going in and out, years of success, etc., in order to be virtuous and auspicious. After divination, Oracle Bone Inscriptions and other things related to divination were carved on Oracle bones, which is the earliest written demonstration of valuable documents in the Yin and Shang Dynasties in China.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions was first unearthed in Yin Ruins in Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan Province. It was discovered by Wang and Liu E in 1899, and more cultural relics were unearthed. A large number of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, a Zhou native, have been found in Joo Won?, Shaanxi and Fangdui Village, Zhaohong, Shaanxi. At present, there are about100000 pieces, which are stored in major museums in China and Harvard University in Japan and the United States.