Autism, also known as autism, is a developmental disorder caused by nervous system disorder, and its symptoms include abnormal social skills, communication skills, interests and behavior patterns.
Autism is a widespread developmental disorder, characterized by serious and extensive social interaction, impaired communication ability and rigid behaviors, interests and activities. 1。
Nonverbal type: usually mistaken for hearing problems or aphasia. 2。
Instant imitation: it can be divided into imitation with change and elasticity and imitation without change and elasticity. The former is regarded as an autistic child and intends to express communication; Most of the latter have no intention to communicate.
3。 Postponement parody: Repeating certain words, phrases, idioms, sentences, whole poems or songs after a period of time can also be communicative or non-communicative, which is usually related to situations and pressures.
4。 Speak without emotion: I'm just talking to you, not talking to you, and I don't have the characteristics of asking and answering questions and coming and going freely when ordinary people talk.
5。 Unable to master tone and volume: speaking like a puppet is highly mechanized. It is impossible to express emotions or feelings through the tone, rhythm and cadence of the voice, and it is impossible to use different volumes in different situations.
6。 The meaning of a word cannot be changed: for example, school and correction can't distinguish its pronunciation.
7。 Pronoun inversion: pronouns such as "you", "I" and "he" are confused.
8。 The concepts of affirmation and negation are unclear: "no" is often used and "yes" or "good" is rarely used.
9。 Immature grammatical structure: he can use his own language, and usually only people who have frequent contact with him can understand the hidden meaning in his language.
10。 Rarely ask questions: They rarely ask questions except for compulsion.
1 1。 Fixity: repeat a sentence no matter how the situation changes.
12。 Can't use causal language: about because, so, so, please refer to Baidu Encyclopedia for vocabulary details.
2. What is autism
Autism was first diagnosed in childhood, including pervasive developmental disorder.
Autism can be divided into three aspects: social communication, communication and interest range according to abnormal or absent behavior. Autistic children generally avoid eye contact and socializing.
They will not develop normal peer relationships, nor will they show a typical desire to share toys or participate in social games. Their communication skills are also abnormal, such as slow language development, improper use of personal pronouns and slow language reuse ("Your parents are here! Your parents are here! " )。
Finally, they show a limited range of interests, and show a strong or obsessive concern for certain objects or themes. For example, an autistic person will be fascinated by trains and remember the whole timetable of a transportation system.
In addition, it shows strict compliance with the convention, and when the convention is violated, it shows obvious trouble. Some of these symptoms are related to other characteristics. Although this feature has been studied, it has not been included in the system of Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
People with autism usually lack theory of mind. Theory of mind refers to the ability to understand another person's subjective experience, which is the necessary first step of empathy.
Due to the lack of theory of mind, it is difficult for autistic people to understand social interaction, and they are often very nervous because they are in social situations.
3. How to find autism early?
Autism has some abnormal phenomena since childhood, which can be found early by careful observation.
(1) Dysplasia: The progress and sequence of development are different from those of normal children, and the development is delayed or premature. For example, if you talk and walk late, people won't recognize you. At the age of one, you can't tell an acquaintance from a stranger. But there are also particularly "smart". They will be called "Mom and Dad" when they are seven months old. When I was two years old, I was particularly interested in literacy and soon recognized thousands of words.
(2) Nursing difficulties: Some people have little sleep, are good at crying, do not cooperate with bathing, dressing and feeding, and often shake their heads or shake their heads; Some don't show their close relationship with their parents, don't pay attention to people and things around them, often avoid looking at each other, can't play with children, don't fit in, and like to enjoy themselves alone; Especially interested in luminous things or disks.
4. What is autism?
Autism in children, also known as autism, is a serious developmental disorder.
There is a significant difference in the incidence of the disease between men and women, and the ratio of male and female prevalence in China is 6-9: 1. Its main symptoms are: 1.
Social barriers are generally manifested as lack of communication or communication skills with others and lack of safe attachment to parents. 2。
Obstacles in language communication Language development is backward, or language retrogression occurs after normal language development, or language lacks communication. 3。
Repeat rigid behavior. 4。
About 70% of autistic children with mental retardation are mentally retarded, but these children may be strong in some aspects, 20% are in the normal range, and about 10% are abnormal. Most of them have a good memory, especially in mechanical memory. 5。
Abnormal sensation is manifested as dull pain, special fear or preference for certain sounds or images. 6。
Other common behaviors include ADHD, distraction, tantrums, aggression and self-mutilation. This behavior may be related to parents' more use of beating, scolding or punishment in education.
The detailed manifestations of autism (also known as autism): (1) withdrawn, unable to establish normal contact with people. Is the lack of communication with people.
The tendency of communication, some children show this characteristic from infancy, such as not being close to their parents since childhood and not liking being held by others. When others want to pick him up, they don't reach out and look forward to picking him up. They don't take the initiative to find children to play with. When others find him to play, they show avoidance and don't respond when they call. They always like to act alone and play by themselves. Some children don't refuse others, but they don't communicate with their children, that is, they lack social skills. For example, when looking for a child, you either suddenly slap someone in the face, suddenly rob someone, or suddenly hug someone, and then leave by yourself. It seems that patting people is not to find someone to contact, but just an action, or only the form of contact, without the content and purpose of contact.
Their loneliness also shows that they don't care about things around them. They seem to turn a deaf ear and turn a blind eye. They do whatever they want, have no scruples, and no one cares. What happened around them seems to have nothing to do with him, and it is difficult to arouse his interest and attention. Their eyes often change, and it is not easy to stay on what others let him pay attention to. They seem to live in their own land in Xiaotian. In addition, their eyes don't look at each other or even avoid each other's eyes, and their eyes will wander during normal activities. They often squint at people, squint or look out of the corner of their eyes, rarely look people in the eye and never say hello.
(2) The speech disorder is very prominent. Most children seldom talk. In severe cases, they are almost silent for life and have limited vocabulary. Even if some children can talk, they often don't want to talk, preferring to use gestures instead.
Some people can talk, but their voices are very small, very low or repeat monotonous words to themselves. Some children can only imitate what others have said and can't speak in their own language.
Many children don't ask or answer questions, but just repeat other people's questions. Language communication is often manifested in the confusion and inversion of pronouns, such as "you" and "he" replacing themselves.
There are also many autistic children who often scream, sometimes until they are 5-6 years old or even longer. (3) Narrow interests and rigid and repetitive behaviors strongly demand that the environment remain unchanged.
Children with autism often focus on one or more games or activities for a long time, such as being fascinated by rotating the pot cover and monotonous placing of building blocks, keen on watching TV advertisements and weather forecasts, and have no interest in cartoons, children's TV and movies that children usually like. Some children eat the same food every day, go out the same route, and defecate in the same toilet. If anything changes, they will cry and make a scene, showing obvious anxiety. They refuse to change their old habits and behaviors, and it is difficult for them to adapt to the new environment. Most children also show aimless activities, excessive activities, monotonous repetition of jumping, clapping, waving, running, spinning, and some even self-injury, such as repeatedly picking their nostrils, picking their mouths, biting their lips, sucking and so on. (4) Most of them are backward and their intellectual development is unbalanced.
Most children's intelligence development is slower than their peers, and a few children's intelligence is normal or close to normal. However, some of them are surprisingly good at some aspects of intellectual activities, which is incredible. Many children have strong mechanical memory, especially for words and symbols.
For example, a 3-or 4-year-old child especially likes to read. When he saw the words, he took the initiative to ask what to read and only remembered it once. Because of this, he can read children's story books fluently without difficulty, which shows that he has mastered a large number of vocabulary, but when he wants to express himself in words, he has obvious difficulties, which shows that they are damaged in understanding and using language. Autism (autism) should be treated early: Generally speaking, the prognosis of autistic children is related to many factors, such as the discovery of disease symptoms, the severity of the disease, early speech development, cognitive function, whether it is accompanied by other diseases, whether it uses drugs, whether it has been trained, etc.
Psychological research has found that the essential damage of autism is cognitive impairment, which is manifested in early attention sharing and acting behavior. Sharing attention refers to sharing interest in something with others. Autism faces an object, not sharing interests with others, but getting it. This disorder is one of the early symptoms of autism.
The first part mentioned that not being able to play role-playing games is also one of the early manifestations of autism. If early symptoms can be found, early diagnosis and treatment will undoubtedly have a positive and effective impact on the prognosis.
Autistic children do not have the ability to communicate independently and will not change their behavior to adapt to the environment according to environmental requirements. This obstacle becomes more prominent with age. Severe mental retardation, such as screaming and self-injury without speech function, is uncontrollable and difficult to treat, which directly threatens their survival and brings obstacles to education and intervention. As parents, it is easy to identify these abnormalities in children.
After puberty, some children's symptoms can be improved, eccentric and rigid behaviors are reduced, and their ability to communicate with others and adapt to society is more or less improved. But it is still difficult to communicate with others, withdrawn and avoiding others; When social skills are not involved, you can do some simple and mechanical things well.
Early or diagnosed with autism.
I want to know more about autism.
Autism, also known as autism, is a representative disease of pervasive developmental disorder (PDD).
The main characteristics are indifference to emotion, refusal to communicate, slow language, repetitive and rigid behavior, and obviously limited interest in activities, which will generally be shown before the age of 3. Autistic people "have vision but don't want to look you in the eye, have language but can't communicate with you, have hearing but always turn a deaf ear, have behavior but always go against your will …" People can't explain it, so they have to call it "children of stars"-just like the stars in the sky, one person and one world, flashing alone.
Generally, the onset is within 36 months, which is mainly manifested by three core symptoms, namely: social disorder, communication disorder, narrow interest and stereotyped behavior. In infancy, children avoid eye contact, lack interest and response to people's voices, don't expect to be picked up, or are stiff when they are picked up and don't want to be close to people.
In early childhood, children still avoid eye contact, often don't respond to calls, have no attachment to their parents, lack interest in interacting or playing with children of the same age, can't interact with children of the same age in an appropriate way, can't establish a partnership with children of the same age, can't share happiness with others, and can't seek comfort from others when they are unhappy or hurt. After school, with the growth of age and the improvement of illness, children may become friendly and affectionate to their parents and compatriots, but they still obviously lack the interest and behavior of actively interacting with others.
Although some children are willing to communicate with others, there are still problems in their communication methods. They lack understanding of social customs, lack of response to other people's emotions, and can't adjust their behavior according to social occasions. Children still lack interest in communication and socialization when they are adults, and they can't establish a love relationship and get married.
Second, communication barriers 1. Children with this disease often cry or scream to express their discomfort or needs. Older children may hold an adult's hand at what he wants, lack corresponding facial expressions, and their expressions often appear indifferent, and rarely use actions such as nodding, shaking their heads and waving their hands to express their wishes.
2. Speech communication disorder There are obvious obstacles to speech communication in children with this disease, including: ① the language understanding ability is impaired to varying degrees; (2) speech development is slow or underdeveloped, and some children have expressive speech before the age of 2-3, but it gradually decreases or even disappears completely; ③ Abnormal speech form and content: children often imitate speech, repeat speech rigidly, make mistakes in grammatical structure and personal pronouns, and have abnormal intonation, speech speed, rhythm and stress. 4 Impaired speech ability: Although some children can recite children's songs and advertisements, they rarely communicate in words, and they will not bring up topics, maintain topics or speak only with stereotyped and repetitive phrases, and they are entangled in the same topic. Third, narrow interests and rigid and repetitive behaviors.
Children with this disease are not interested in toys and games that ordinary children like, but they are particularly interested in things that are not usually used as toys, such as round and rotatable things such as wheels and bottle caps. Some children are also attached to inanimate objects such as plastic bottles and wooden sticks.
Children's behaviors are often very rigid, such as doing things or playing with toys in the same way, requiring items to be placed in a fixed position, going out by the same route, and eating only a few foods for a long time. There are often rigid repetitive actions and strange behaviors, such as repeated jumping, staring at the eyes with hands, flapping or walking on tiptoe.
Fourth, treatment: 1, there is no specific drug treatment for autism. Early diagnosis and early intervention can improve the prognosis of autism, so it is generally believed that the younger the age, the better the effect, but so far there is no age cut-off point, in fact, some patients have improved when they are older.
2. Many countries in the world, especially developed countries, have established many special education and training curriculum systems for autism. The above main training methods have their own advantages and disadvantages, and there is no evidence that one therapy is obviously superior to the other. At present, various methods tend to be integrated with each other.
3. Due to the lack of specific treatment for autism, there are still hundreds of alternative therapies, which lack evidence-based medical evidence and should be used with caution. A small number of autistic children without special training and treatment have the possibility of self-improvement, and the efficacy claimed by some therapies may be related to this.
4. Sensory integration training therapy was founded by Ayers in America. At first, it was mainly used to treat ADHD and learning disabilities in children. Autistic children generally feel abnormal, so this method is also widely used to treat autistic children. This therapy mainly uses skateboards, swings, balance beams and other game facilities to train children. It has been reported that it has a certain effect on reducing hyperactivity and increasing language in autistic children.
In addition, therapies similar to sensory integration training include auditory integration training, music therapy, chiropractic therapy, squeezing therapy, hug therapy, touch therapy and so on. The efficacy of sensory integration training therapy is controversial abroad and has not been recognized by mainstream medicine.
5. The role of family in autism education and training. Family's socio-economic status, parents' mentality, environmental or social support and resources all have an impact on children's support.
Through comprehensive education and training, supplemented by drugs, the prognosis of autistic children can be significantly improved, and a considerable number of children may acquire the ability to live, study and work independently, especially those with Asperger's syndrome and high-functioning autism. Three principles should be adhered to in the process of education or training: (1) tolerance and understanding of children's behavior; (2) correction of abnormal behavior; (3) The discovery, cultivation and transformation of special abilities.
Training should be family-centered, while paying attention to making full use of social resources, setting up day training and educational institutions, and spreading relevant knowledge to parents while training children are the main measures for autism education and treatment at present. Parents need to accept the facts, overcome psychological imbalance, and properly handle the relationship between children's education and parents' life and work.
With love, patience and perseverance as the driving force, actively participate in children's education, training and treatment activities, and establish long-term consultation and cooperation with doctors.
6. What are the five characteristics of autism?
Lack of concentration and hyperactivity: Autistic children often have too much activity, too little activity, lack of concentration, lack of initiative, special fear or special love for certain things, lose their temper, and even attack or hurt themselves when what they want is not achieved. These are not unique to autism, and children with other emotional and behavioral problems, even normal children, may appear. 2。
Too obsessed with details: Autistic children tend to be too obsessed with unimportant details of things and ignore what others regard as "important". Some autistic children have strong visual discrimination, so they will focus on unimportant details in class and ignore other studies. For example, they will only notice a little spider crawling on the wall and ignore what the teacher is saying.
In addition, most autistic children have very keen hearing and are likely to notice the faint sound or noise in the environment, thus ignoring what others are saying. 3。
It is more difficult to master abstract concepts: autistic children may have difficulty in dealing with the integration of language symbols and meanings. Usually they can understand concrete concepts, but they can understand abstract concepts better.
At the same time, because they pay more attention to images and ignore language, they usually only pay attention to one-sided data when processing information, but fail to understand the whole picture of events. 4。
Unable to understand the relevance of things: autistic children can't systematically contact life experiences. Because their world is composed of many independent plates, they can't connect them in series to form a meaningful network, so they can't understand the meaning and relationship behind them.
However, with proper training, some people can process information in sequence, but too complicated relationships are still difficult for their cognition. 5。
It is difficult to process multiple pieces of information at the same time: because of "linear" thinking, autistic children can't analyze multiple data at the same time and can't finish their work in an orderly way. Usually, a certain reaction can only be made under certain circumstances, and it is difficult to flexibly apply the known concepts to different situations.
In addition, in many cases, short-term memory cannot be transformed into long-term memory in time, so that parents' instructions are quickly forgotten.