Haha, there really isn’t any

The following is relevant information about Finland

Finland

Independence Day: December 6 (1917) Government: *** and system

Area: 337,030 square kilometers

Population: 5.191 million (2003.7)

Ethnicity: Finn@93%, Swede@6 %. Language: Finnish@93.4%, Swedish@5.9%

Religion: Protestant @89.0%, Orthodox @1.0%

Capital: Helsinki Second City: Espoo

Currency: EUR (Euro)

Time zone: GMT+02, using daylight saving time

National Day: December 6

National flowers: lily of the valley, hydrangea

National bird: Whooper Swan

National anthem: "Motherland".

National flag: rectangular in shape, with a length-to-width ratio of 18:11. The flag ground is white. A wide cross-shaped blue bar slightly to the left divides the flag into four white rectangles. Finland is known as the "Land of Thousand Lakes", with the Baltic Sea to the southwest. The blue on the flag symbolizes lakes, rivers and oceans; another said that it symbolizes the blue sky. More than a quarter of Finland's territory is within the Arctic Circle, and the climate is cold. The white on the flag symbolizes the snow-covered land. The cross on the flag represents Finland's historically close ties with other Nordic countries. The flag was made around 1860 based on the suggestions of the Finnish poet Tocharis Topelius

Administrative divisions: The country is divided into five provinces and one autonomous region: South Finland, East Finland, The provinces of West Finland, Oulu, Labi and the autonomous region of ?land.

Physical geography: area is 338,145 square kilometers. It is located in northern Europe, bordering Norway to the north, Sweden to the northwest, Russia to the east, the Gulf of Finland to the south, and the tidal Gulf of Bothnia to the west. The terrain is high in the north and low in the south. The northern Manserkia hills are 200-700 meters above sea level, the central part is moraine hills with an altitude of 200-300 meters, and the coastal areas are plains below 50 meters above sea level. Finland is extremely rich in forest resources. The country's forest area reaches 26 million hectares, with an average of 5 hectares of forest land per capita, ranking second in the world in terms of per capita forest land. 69% of the country's land is covered by forests, ranking first in Europe and second in the world. Most of the tree species are spruce forest, pine forest and birch forest. The dense jungle is full of flowers and berries. Lake Saimaa in the south covers an area of ??4,400 square kilometers and is the largest lake in Finland. Finnish lakes are connected with narrow waterways, short rivers, and rapids, forming waterways that communicate with each other. The inland water area accounts for 10% of the country's total area. There are about 179,000 islands and about 188,000 lakes. It is known as the "Land of Thousand Lakes". Finland's coastline is 1,100 kilometers long. Rich in fish resources. One-third of Finland is located within the Arctic Circle, and the northern climate is cold and snowy. In the far north, the sun cannot be seen for 40-50 days in winter, but the sun can be seen day and night from the end of May to the end of July in summer. It has a temperate maritime climate. The average temperature ranges from -14 ℃ to 3 ℃ in winter and 13 ℃ to 17 ℃ in summer. The average annual rainfall is 600 mm.

History

At the end of the Ice Age about 9,000 years ago, the ancestors of the Finns moved here from the south and southeast. Before the 12th century, Finland was in the period of primitive commune society. It became part of Sweden in the second half of the 12th century, and became a principality of Sweden in 1581. After the Russian-Swedish War in 1809, it was occupied by Russia and became a grand duchy under the rule of Tsarist Russia. The Tsar also served as the Grand Duke of Finland. After the revolution in October 1917, Finland declared independence on December 6 of the same year and established the Republic of Korea in 1919. After the Finnish-Soviet War (called the "Winter War" in Finland) from 1939 to 1940, Finland was forced to sign a Finnish-Soviet peace treaty with the former Soviet Union that ceded territory to the Soviet Union. From 1941 to 1944, Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union, and Finland participated in the war against the Soviet Union (called the "continuation war" in Finland). In February 1944, Finland, as a defeated country, signed the Paris Peace Treaty with the Soviet Union and other countries. In April 1948, the "Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance" was signed with the Soviet Union. After the Cold War, Finland joined the European Union in 1995. It joined the Eurozone in 1999.

Politics: The Constitution stipulates that national legislative power is exercised by the Parliament and the President of the Republic of China; the President is the head of state and has real powers such as appointing the government, taking charge of diplomacy, and commanding the armed forces. Every 6 years One election. In 1999, the Finnish Parliament passed a new constitution, and its name was changed from the "Government Organization Act" to the "Constitution". The new constitution strengthened the role of parliament and the government in the country's political life and reduced some of the powers of the president. The Parliament is a unicameral system and is the country's highest authority and legislative body. It consists of 200 members directly elected by voters for a four-year term. The main functions are legislation, government supervision, and financial supervision. The highest judicial organs are the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court. The Supreme Court is composed of the president and 19 judges, and is responsible for hearing civil and criminal cases. The Supreme Administrative Court, composed of the president and 20 judges, is responsible for hearing administrative cases involving government agencies and provincial, municipal (county) agencies. The prosecuting authority is the procuratorate at all levels.

There is also a National Legal Ombudsman, who has the right to attend cabinet meetings and supervise whether the decisions of the president, cabinet and various government departments comply with the provisions of the constitution. The presidents and judges of the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court, as well as the Supreme Prosecutor General, are appointed by the President.

Geography

Basic location: Earth/Eastern Hemisphere-Northern Hemisphere/Europe/Northern Europe

Geographical divisions:

1) Mainland 2) Aaland Islands (located in the Baltic Sea)

Land boundaries: 729 kilometers to Norway, 586 kilometers to Sweden, 1,313 kilometers to Russia.

Coastline: 1126 kilometers (excluding islands)

Sea occupation: territorial sea 12 nautical miles to the Gulf of Bothnia, 4 nautical miles to the Gulf of Finland, exclusive fishing area 12 nautical miles.

Climate: Subarctic continental climate. The winter is long and cold, and the summer is short and warm. The average temperature in February is -14~-6℃, the average temperature in July is 13~18℃, and the annual precipitation is 400~600 mm.

Arable land area: 640 square kilometers

Population adult rate: 66.9% Adult sex ratio: 1.02 males/1 female

Population growth rate: 0.14% Average life span : Females are 81.68 years old, males are 74.28 years old

Average mother-to-child rate: 1 mother/1.7 babies

National literacy rate: 100%

Main national foreign languages: < /p>

1) Swedish 2) English 3) German

Politics

Foundation of the country:

Independence from Russia on December 6, 1917.

Constitution: Established in 1919.

Head of State: President, Tarja HALONEN (female), took office on March 1, 2000.

Head of Government: Prime Minister, Matti VANHANNEN, took office on June 24, 2003.

Parliament: unicameral, with 200 seats and a four-year term.

Administrative divisions: There are three levels: province (L?ni), road (Maakunta), and county (Kunna). There are 6 provinces and 20 roads in the country.

Economy

Per capita GDP: US$26,200 (2002)

Three rates:

(2002) Economic growth rate: 1.1% Inflation Inflation rate: 1.9% Unemployment rate: 8.5%

(2001) Economic growth rate: 0.6% Inflation rate: 2.6% Unemployment rate: 9.4%

(2000) Economic growth rate :5.6% Inflation rate: 3.4% Unemployment rate: 9.8%

(1999) Economic growth rate: 4.0% Inflation rate: 1.4% Unemployment rate: 10.2%

Three major Export partners: Germany @12.4%, United States @9.7%, United Kingdom @9.6%

Three major import partners: Germany @14.5%, Sweden @10.2%, Russia @9.4%

Currency: EUR (Euro)

Exchange rate: 1EUR to ?USD, ?=1.0626 (@2002), 1.1175 (@2001), 1.0854 (@2000), 0.9386 (@1999)

Transportation

Railway: 5,850 kilometers, including 2,400 kilometers of electrified railways.

Roads: 77,831 kilometers, including 49,789 kilometers of surface roads, including 444 kilometers of expressways.

Waterways: 6,675 kilometers.

Pipeline: 0 kilometers of crude oil; 0 kilometers of oil; 580 kilometers of natural gas.

Airports: 159, including 74 road airports, including 2 airports with main runways above 3,047 meters.

Features: The capital Helsinki has subways and trams.

Media

The largest news agency: Finnish News Agency

The largest newspaper: Helsingin Sanomat

National Radio: YLE

National TV station: YLE

National window website: www.finland.fi

Others

The largest city: Helsinki

Place nameHelsingfors

Place name

Urban population 555,000

Espoo Esbo 213,000

Tampere Tammerfors 195,000

Vantaa 178,000

Turko?bo 167,000

Oulu Ule?borg

120,000

Pick and pick

Going to the wild to pick wild berries and wild mushrooms is one of the ways to appreciate the pure nature of Finland.

In other countries, you may need to pay a fee and there are regional restrictions, but under the protection of Finland's national regulations Everyman's Rights, you can pick at will. In Finland, 67% of people do this as a summer activity.

Astronomical landscapes

Polar night and polar day

Since most of Finland’s Lapland province is located within the Arctic Circle, you can see the polar night and polar day. In extreme daylight, the midnight sky will not be dark, and even on the southern coast, there are 19-20 hours of sunshine.

Northern Lights

On cold, dry nights, the greater the latitude, the more opportunities to see the Northern Lights. Utsjoki in the north, the dates for viewing the Northern Lights each year It is from November 25th to January 17th

Finland

It is a Japanese country located in northern Europe. The full name is the Republic of Finland. Area: 338,100 square kilometers; population: 5.04 million (1992). Among them, Finns account for 93.6%, Swedes 6.2%, and a small number of Sami people (formerly known as Lapps). Finnish and Swedish are both official languages. 88.4% of the residents believe in Protestant Christianity and 1.1% believe in Orthodox Christianity. The capital is Helsinki.

Finnish flag and national emblem

Geography: It borders Norway to the north, Russia to the east, the Gulf of Finland to the south, the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, and Sweden to the northwest. The coastline is 1,100 kilometers long. The terrain is high in the north and low in the south. The inland water area accounts for more than 9% of the country's area, and it is known as the country of thousands of lakes. Lake Saimaa in the southwest is the largest, covering an area of ??approximately 4,400 square kilometers. The main rivers are Patz, Kemi, Kokaimaki and other rivers. One-quarter of the country's territory is within the Arctic Circle. It has a temperate coniferous forest climate. The average temperature is -14~-3℃ in winter and 13~17℃ in summer. The average annual precipitation from north to south is between 400 and 700 mm.

History It was a primitive society before the 12th century. It became part of Sweden in the second half of the 12th century. In the mid-14th century, it officially became part of the Kingdom of Sweden. After the Russo-Swedish War in 1809, it became a Russian Grand Duchy. Declared independence on December 6, 1917. In 1918, the working class launched an armed uprising and established a revolutionary regime, which was later suppressed. After the Finnish-Soviet War of 1939-1940, Finland was forced to sign a peace treaty with the Soviet Union ceding territory to the Soviet Union. From 1941 to 1944, Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union, and Finland participated in the war against the Soviet Union. In February 1944, Finland, as a defeated country, signed the Paris Peace Treaty with the Soviet Union and other countries. In April 1948, Finland and the Soviet Union signed the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance. After World War II, Pasikivi and Kiko Nin served as presidents successively. In 1966, the Social Democratic Party won the general election. Since then, a coalition government dominated by the Social Democratic Party and the Center Party has begun. The prime minister is basically composed of people from both parties. After the parliamentary election in March 1979, the conservative United Party began to become the second largest party in parliament, but did not enter the cabinet. In 1981, President Kikonin resigned due to illness. Early presidential elections were held in 1982, and Koivisto was elected president. In the 1987 parliamentary election, the United Party won and formed a "blue-red" government with the Social Democratic Party and the Swedish People's Party. This changed the post-war 40 years of mainly "center-left" parties in power and the 20 years of government formation with the Social Democratic Party as the main body. situation. In the 1988 presidential election, Koivisto was re-elected president. After the parliamentary election in March 1991, the Center Party, which had been in opposition for four years, won and formed a four-party coalition government with the United Party, the Swedish People's Party and the Christian Union. In January 1994, Finland held a presidential election, and M. Ahtisaari was elected president and took office on March 1.

Politics The Finnish Constitution came into effect on July 17, 1919. It stipulates that: National legislative power is exercised by the parliament and the president of the country; the president is the head of state and has real powers such as dissolving parliament, appointing the government, taking charge of diplomacy, and commanding the armed forces. Elections are held every 6 years. The Parliament is the highest legislative body, unicameral, composed of 200 members directly elected by voters for a four-year term. The main functions are legislation, government supervision, and financial supervision. On April 26, 1991, a coalition government was formed by the Center Party, the United Party, the Swedish People's Party and the Christian Union. Prime Minister E. Aho.

The main political parties in Finland are: ①The Finnish Center Force, referred to as the Center Party, was established in 1906. ②The Social Democratic Party of Finland, referred to as the Social Democratic Party, was established in 1899. ③The National United Party, referred to as the United Party, was established in 1918. ④ Swedish People’s Party. Founded in 1906 by Finnish Swedes. There are also the Finnish Christian Union, the Finnish Left Alliance, the Green Alliance, the Finnish Rural Party, the Finnish Communist Party (Solidarity), etc.

Economy In the 1980s, Finland's economy continued to develop at an average annual growth rate of 3.7%. In 1989, the per capita GDP ranked fourth in the world. A severe recession began in the second half of 1990. The new government that came to power in April 1991 formulated a series of austerity policies and adopted cost-saving measures. The GDP in 1993 was 478.7 billion Finnish Marks (calculated at current year prices). The currency unit is the Finnish Mark, and the exchange rate is 5.71 Finnish Mark to 1 US dollar (1993).

Finland’s most abundant natural resources are forests, with a coverage rate of 66%, approximately 20.065 million hectares, and a timber reserve of 1.88 billion cubic meters. The mining resources are mostly copper, with small amounts of iron, nickel, vanadium, cobalt, etc. Coal resources are abundant and the energy is equivalent to 4 billion tons of oil. There are two nuclear power plants (4 nuclear reactors) with nuclear energy equivalent to 4.532 million tons of oil. The wood processing and metal industries are the two main pillars of the economy. The chemical and electronic industry sectors are developing rapidly. The papermaking industry has reached the world's advanced level and is the world's second largest exporter of paper and cardboard and the world's fourth largest exporter of pulp. Newsprint accounts for 6% of the world's total newsprint output. Finnish agriculture is closely integrated with forestry, and almost all farmers manage a certain amount of forestland. Forest management, seedling cultivation, planting, harvesting and transportation are all among the world's most advanced. We are more than self-sufficient in agricultural and livestock products. The main agricultural and livestock products include wheat, barley, oats, rye, butter, meat, eggs, milk, etc.

Finland has a developed service industry, including commerce, trade, hotels, restaurants, banks, insurance, social services and public services. The main tourist spots are Helsinki, Turku, the central lake area, the northern Labi area and the Aran Island.

Small scenery in Finland

Transportation is developed. In 1991, there were 76,400 kilometers of roads and 5,874 kilometers of railways, 28% of which were electrified. There are nearly 30 ports. There are 4 airlines, and the international airports are Helsinki, Turku and Tampere.

Finland’s export revenue accounts for more than 1/3 of its GDP. About 80% of wood processing products and 40% of metal industry products are exported. 80% of the energy required and many industrial raw materials are imported. The main trading partners are the European Union countries and the European Free Association countries. The main investment targets are member states of the two European organizations mentioned above. Finland's main foreign aid targets are Tanzania, Egypt, Kenya, Zambia, Sri Lanka and Nepal. Key projects include agriculture, water conservancy, transportation, etc. The main investing countries in Finland are Sweden, Germany and the United Kingdom.

Culture and Education Finland has a well-developed education industry. Implement nine-year consistent compulsory and free education. Higher education institutions include the University of Helsinki, Helsinki University of Technology, Tampere University, etc. The main newspapers include "Helsinki Zeitung", "Morning Post", "New Finland", "Capital Daily", "Haaretz" and "Finnish Social Democrats". There are five news agencies in Finland, the largest of which is the semi-official Finnish News Agency, founded in 1915. The Finnish Broadcasting Corporation was founded in 1926. Finnish Television began broadcasting programs in 1958.

External Relations: After the war, Finland has always pursued a "positive policy of peace and neutrality" that maintains friendly and good-neighborly relations with the Soviet Union, does not intervene in conflicts between major powers, and is friendly to other countries. In order to adapt to changes in the European situation, it gradually adjusted its foreign policy. While continuing to maintain good-neighborly relations with Russia, it emphasized that the core of Finland's neutrality is military non-alignment and defense independence.

Finland and China established diplomatic relations on October 28, 1950. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations, the relations between the two countries have been normal and friendly. In 1992, the trade volume between the two countries was US$345 million.

After the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe, Finland continued to develop relations with them while also developing relations with the European Union. The European Union has become an important market for Finland's investment and trade. . In 1995, Finland became a member of the European Economic and Monetary Union. Traditional cooperation with Nordic countries is an important pillar of Finland's foreign policy. Finland attaches great importance to developing relations with the United States. Relations with the Third World have developed rapidly.

History of Finland

Finland is also known as the "Land of a Thousand Lakes". After King Erik of Sweden brought Christianity to Finland in 1154, the two countries developed in 700 We have maintained a very close relationship over the years. Swedish has always been the first language in administrative and educational institutions, while Finnish did not receive attention until the rise of Finnish nationalism in the 19th century and the publication of Finland's first national poetic history, the Kalevala.

In 1808, Finland was occupied by the troops of Tsar Alexander I. Since then, Finland has been an autonomous grand duchy within the Russian Empire until 1917. Shortly after the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia (October Revolution) on December 6, 1917, Finland declared its independence. In 1918 the country experienced a brief but unforgettable civil war. During World War II, Finland and the Soviet Union fought twice: the Winter War of 1939-1940 (in which Sweden provided partial assistance to Finland) and the Continuation War of 1941-1944 (Nazi Germany provided important help to Finland) . During the Battle of Lapland from 1944 to 1945, Finland drove the Germans out of northern Finland.

Many treaties signed with the Soviet Union in 1947 and 1948 stipulated Finland's obligations and restrictions towards the Soviet Union. Finland also made more territorial concessions based on the 1940 peace treaty. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Finland was finally able to decide its own destiny and joined the European Union in 1995.

Politics

Finland’s political system is dominated by parliament, although the president also has greater power. Most executive power is vested in a cabinet headed by the prime minister, who is elected by parliament.

The Cabinet consists of ministers from various departments of the central government, the Prime Minister himself, and a Chief Justice.

The constitution stipulates that the 200-member unicameral Parliament (Finnish: Eduskunta; Swedish: Riksdag) is the highest authority in Finland. Parliament can amend the constitution, dissolve the cabinet or veto the president's decisions; but it has no power to change judicial decisions. The cabinet or any member of Parliament can propose legislative motions. Members serve a 4-year term and are elected proportionally.

The judicial system is divided into a court responsible for civil and criminal judicial disputes, and a special court responsible for public and administrative litigation. Finland is a country with clear laws. The courts are divided into district courts, regional courts of appeal and the Supreme Court.

Administrative Regions

Finland initially had 12 provinces (Finnish: singular l?ni, plural l?nit; Swedish: l?n). After the administrative divisions were reclassified in 1997 The existing provinces are reduced to 6:

?land (Finnish: Ahvenanmaan maakunta; Swedish: ?land)

Eastern Finland (Finnish: It?-Suomen l ?ni; Swedish: ?stra Finlands l?n)

Lapland Province (Finnish: Lapin l?ni; Swedish: Lapplands l?n)

Oulu Province (Finnish: Oulun l?ni; Swedish: Ule?borgs l?n)

Southern Finland (Finnish: Etel?-Suomen l?ni; Swedish: S?dra Finlands l? n)

Western Finland (Finnish: L?nsi-Suomen l?ni; Swedish: V?stra Finlands l?n)

Among them ?land (?land ) enjoys a high degree of autonomy.

Geography

Finland is known as the "Land of a Thousand Islands" and the "Land of a Thousand Lakes": to be precise, there are 187,888 lakes and 179,584 islands in the country. Finland has a flat terrain. The Haltia Peak in northern Lapland, located on the border of Finland and Norway, is 1,328 meters above sea level and is the highest point in Finland. Except for lakes, the country is covered by large areas of forest, with less arable area. Most of the islands are in the southwest and the southern coast of the Finnish peninsula. The famous ones are the ?land Islands.

Finland is located in the northern temperate zone, with cold and sometimes severe winters and relatively warm summers. A quarter of Finland is located within the Arctic Circle. In these areas, there are 73 days in the summer and 51 days in the winter without the sun.

Economy

Finland is a highly industrialized, liberalized market economy with output per capita about the same as the United Kingdom, France, Germany or Italy. The main pillar of the economy is manufacturing - mainly wood, metal, engineering, telecommunications and electronics industries. Finland's communications industry, represented by Nokia, is very developed. Finland is known as the country with the highest Internet access ratio and per capita mobile phone ownership. Trade is important to Finland, with about one-third of GDP coming from exports. With the exception of timber and a few minerals, Finland relies on imports of raw materials, energy and some industrial components.

Due to weather conditions, Finland’s agriculture can only maintain self-sufficiency in basic agricultural products. The forestry industry, a major pillar of exports, provides a second job option to the rural population. Finland joined the Euro system in 1999, and in the next few years Finland will integrate more quickly with Western European economies.

Finland’s glass craft manufacturing is world-famous, and its metal processing technology is also quite sophisticated. Due to its abundance of wood, Finland's furniture design and manufacturing industry enjoys a world-renowned reputation, and furniture designed in Finland in the early 20th century still looks very modern today.

Population

Finland has two official languages: Finnish, spoken by 93% of the population, and Swedish, the mother tongue of 6% of the population. Minority populations include Sami, Russians, Jews, etc.

The majority of Finns (89%) believe in Lutheran Christianity, and about 1% of the population believes in Orthodox Christianity. The remainder include a small number of members of other Protestant denominations, Roman Catholics, Muslims and Jews.

About 12% of the population needed to be resettled after the Winter War. War reparations, unemployment, and uncertainty about Finland's prospects for independence led to large numbers of immigrants leaving Finland in the 1970s. In the 1990s, Finland began to receive a large number of refugees and immigrants.

Culture

Finland’s severe climate conditions, special geographical location and history have enabled the Finns to form a national character and culture with strong Nordic characteristics. Finns are introverted and low-key, but in fact they are full of national pride. In today's globalized world, they do not follow the trend, but firmly maintain their own traditional culture.

There are many famous artists in Finland: the great musician Sibelius created a new era of national music and is known as the father of Finnish national music; the legendary linguist Lenrot collected and compiled The national epic "Kalevala" has become one of the greatest epics in the history of world literature; the famous architect Alvar Aalto is unique in the modernist architectural design trend with a design full of Finnish traditional romantic style. Finland also has a number of world-class artists. What's particularly special is that Finland's design style with its own national cultural characteristics makes many handicrafts and buildings from decades ago still novel, unique and imaginative masterpieces in the eyes of modern people. Most of the works by Finnish design masters are world-renowned for their simple and practical design style, high-quality materials and exquisite workmanship.

Finland is also the hometown of Santa Claus