1. Common psychological problems of primary school students
(1) School adaptation
When children enter primary school from kindergarten, they have a problem of gradually adapting to the new environment of campus life. For the freshmen of grade one in primary school, the natural environment on campus, the interpersonal environment of teachers and classmates are all unfamiliar, as well as the pressure of study and the constraints of school rules and regulations, all of which constitute a severe challenge for the psychological adaptation of new children. For some students with rapid psychological development and children who have received school preparation education in kindergartens, they can adapt to the new learning and living environment quickly, but some children will have maladjustment. This maladjustment is mainly manifested in: emotional disorders, such as anxiety, anxiety, depression, fear, etc.; Lack of concentration, and then lose interest in learning; Can't restrain yourself, always violate discipline, etc. Generally, after a few weeks of self-adjustment, they can gradually adapt, and a few students may last for months. Usually, students who are introverted, timid, cautious, impatient and emotionally unstable are prone to maladjustment.
(2) Problems in learning
Physiological and psychological research shows that learning is a hard mental work. As students' learning competition intensifies, the learning burden is too heavy, and schools, teachers and parents pay too much attention to grades, which causes serious physical and psychological pressure on primary school students. According to a statistical data of Liaoning Education Research Institute, in 1995, the amount of homework for primary and middle school students in Liaoning Province was 6% higher than the standard set by the State Education Commission, and many parents also gave their children "small stoves", which made students spend more and more time reading at night. In most cities, nearly 7% of primary and middle school students slept less than 9 hours. In addition, the existing teaching content is difficult, which makes the self-reliance of students worse. Under such heavy pressure, students' body and mind have been greatly damaged. The younger children are, the more likely they are to get tired in the learning process. If students' learning lasts too long, it is easy to cause study fatigue. If students are in a state of fatigue for a long time, their eyesight will drop, they will lose appetite, look pale, have insufficient blood supply to the brain, be sleepy, lose sleep, have a hot head and cold feet. Psychologically, depression, irritability, lack of confidence, memory loss, difficulty in concentration and slow thinking will occur.
(3) weariness and truancy
According to a survey, 5%-1% of primary school students are wearisome. These primary school students are mainly lack of interest in learning, and their learning is difficult, which leads to long-term failure to keep up with the progress, and lack of courage and perseverance to catch up. Teachers also failed to give timely encouragement, which dampened students' enthusiasm for learning. Therefore, they either look around in class and are distracted; Or secretly read animated books or play with toys below; Or doze off in class; Or simply play truant, truant, and play around. Some rural children are tired of learning and supported by their parents. They simply drop out of school to help their parents work and do business. There are also some top students, because of their poor psychological endurance. Once others surpass themselves or fail to achieve their goals, they are prone to weariness.
(4) Problems in interpersonal communication
As social people, people have the need to communicate with others. Through normal interpersonal communication, people can gain correct and reasonable social knowledge and experience, at the same time, they can gain intimate friends in life and study and get support and help when they are in trouble. If there is no normal communication, people will not be able to satisfy their attachment, and their inner anguish will not be vented and eliminated, which will affect children's normal interpersonal communication and psychological needs and be harmful to the mental health of primary school students. At present, most primary school students are only children, and most of their family contacts are adults. In this uncoordinated communication, children often live in "self-centered" "prosperity". Therefore, students generally have the characteristics of being willful, stubborn and dependent. When they enter a new group, their position in the group has changed, but they still take themselves as the center to communicate with others, so they are often self-centered and unable to understand others. I can't overcome difficulties, I don't want to overcome them, and I lack self-confidence, so that primary school students can't and won't interact with people normally. In contact with others, there is often too much fear and too much preventive psychology, and the result is to close yourself. Moreover, teachers' educational methods are improper, ignoring the cultivation of students' interpersonal skills. In primary school, teachers are students' ideal goals and fair representatives. They hope to get teachers' care, understanding and love. If teachers can't give guidance and help with enthusiasm, instead, they will make accusations, and students will feel disappointed, have a sense of oppression, produce negative emotions, and lead to indifference between teachers and students. This kind of communication that ends in students' failure will also migrate and generalize in the communication between primary school students and others, which will aggravate the anxiety of interpersonal communication.
(5) Will disorder
This kind of primary school students are mainly characterized by weak will and lack of purpose and consistency in action. It is easy to give up halfway, be deceived easily, love to tell lies, can't withstand the normal competition brought by school and life, can't face setbacks correctly, and let things drift. Parents in China have always attached great importance to their children's safety, caring for them in every way, even doting on them. As a result, children are like flowers in a greenhouse, unable to withstand any wind and rain, and their willpower is very weak. Naturally, when they are faced with difficulties and setbacks, they will be at a loss, and even take a negative escape way. Once this negative frustration adaptation way is habituated and stabilized, even if the frustration state changes in a certain situation, their behavior still appears in a habitual adaptation way. As a result, the negative frustration adaptation has been transformed into a more serious psychological problem that needs long-term patient education.
(6) problem behavior
problem behavior refers to the behavior that disturbs others or causes obstacles to the individual's body and mind, mainly manifested as attack, escape, self-abandonment, etc. According to the nature, problem behavior can be divided into negligence type and bad moral character type. The former refers to the violation or violation of organizational discipline and general social life standards by individual behavior. This problem behavior is often caused by inappropriate needs, curiosity, activeness, temptation, fear, lack of experience and insufficient understanding. The problem behavior with bad moral character refers to the violation or infringement of certain social moral norms, collective interests and the interests of others by individual behavior. This kind of problem behavior is generally caused by wrong consciousness tendency or personality characteristics, so it shows the characteristics of regularity, tendency and intention.
(7) Personality disorder
Personality disorder refers to the uncoordinated development of primary school students' personality. Mainly manifested as narrow-minded, jealous, extremely stubborn, go its own way, interpersonal tension.
(8) Dependence Psychology
Due to their own characteristics, primary school students have not been able to live independently, and they can only live under the care and love of their parents and others for a long time, thus forming a strong dependence psychology of primary school students. First of all, they are dependent on the environment. For example, if the weather changes, they can't adapt, and they don't know how to add or subtract clothes, so they need to be reminded by teachers or parents, otherwise they will easily catch a cold. Secondly, it shows a tendency of self-blame. This phenomenon is more common among primary school students, which endangers their mental health. Self-reproach tendency means that when something unpleasant happens, you often think that you are not good and have a fear of what you have done. The root of self-reproach tendency is anxiety about losing others' love. When students feel abandoned by their parents, teachers and friends, they often form a tendency of self-blame. For example, parents and teachers are too strict and autocratic to children, which hurts children's self-esteem, and children do not feel the love from authoritative figures, resulting in self-blame psychology; When the desire for others' love is too strong, a little mistake will make primary school students feel that they are no longer loved. Such children often have a strong dependence.
(9) Fear of stage fright in exams
Due to the pressure of exams and further studies, some primary school students are in a state of tension and fear when they take exams. Especially for the graduating students, most of them feel nervous and stressed when facing the entrance examination that determines their future. They are eager for success and worried about failure. Some students usually get good grades, but once they fail, they doubt their abilities, blame themselves too much, and have anxiety, which leads to worries about the next exam. They are always afraid that they will not do well in the exam, and even get upset and tremble when they arrive at the examination room. The questions that should have been answered have no impression in their minds and are out of order. In severe cases, there will be abnormal physiological reactions, and you can't take the exam normally. If this happens for a long time, it will cause his psychopathy, eccentric personality and abnormal behavior.
2. Causes of common psychological problems of primary school students
(1) Factors from primary school students themselves
1. Genetic factors
In rural areas, children's physical development is congenitally deficient, their appearance is poor or disabled, and their intelligence is low, which makes them unable to study and live well. They often feel inferior to others, and others look at them with different eyes, which will inevitably lead to some psychological problems.
2. Temperament types
Pupils, like adults, have four temperament types: sanguine, choleric, mucinous and depressive. Among them, students with bile and depression are sensitive to bad stimuli, and they are prone to unhealthy psychology. As far as teacher criticism is concerned, it is a trivial matter that is not worth mentioning to us, but it is a great blow to them. For example, a primary school student in Liaoyuan committed suicide by taking poison because of teacher's criticism, which is probably directly related to that student's temperament type.
3. Physical and mental development characteristics and psychological needs of primary school students
The physical development of children in childhood has entered a relatively gentle stage, and the development of their brains tends to mature, which is extremely beneficial to their psychological development. Therefore, the psychological development of children in childhood has entered a period of rapid development. However, because their psychology is not stable enough, they are easily disturbed by other external factors, so they are also most likely to have psychological problems.
(2) Factors from the family
Family is the initial environment for primary school students to receive education, and the quality of family atmosphere directly affects the emotional will of primary school students and the healthy development of their psychology.
1. Parents' doting
As we all know, China has implemented the family planning policy for more than 2 years, which has caused great changes in our families: there are more and more one-child families. In the one-child family, some parents regard their children as the apple of their eyes and take care of them in every way. They don't want them to suffer a little injustice and experience a little storm. Even when their children make mistakes, their parents don't say "no". Over time, their children naturally form a "self-centered" psychology. When they enter school, go out to the society to communicate with others and encounter setbacks, they can't accept it and are at a loss.
2. Improper family education methods
In some families, parents never regard their children as equal members with themselves, and think that their children can only be obedient and obedient. They are too strict, rude and autocratic to their children. In other one-child families, family education often falls into the "misunderstanding of love", demanding too much from children, expecting too much, protecting too much and doting too much. They want their children to be successful, their daughters to be successful, and they demand too much from their children's study. They are proficient in piano, chess, calligraphy and painting, and they are among the best in exams ... As long as they study well, they will do whatever they want. And once you make a mistake, you will be sarcastic and stick together. Parents' unrealistic high expectations and simple and rude educational methods have damaged their children's self-esteem and suppressed their independence. In addition, there are differences in their outlook on life and values, which can easily lead to tension between parents and children, aggravate the gap, and make children form negative psychological qualities such as resistance, doubt and timidity, and induce psychological problems.
3, the family atmosphere is not harmonious
With the rising divorce rate, more and more children are brought misfortune, which seriously destroys the normal living environment of children, and the psychological trauma caused to them is difficult to heal and prone to psychological problems. Divorced parents, some of whom don't want children, some of whom follow the court's decision. In either case, it is easy for their children to let themselves drift and form bad behavior habits and personality psychology. What's more, they hate society and envy others at school age and embark on the road of illegal crimes. In addition, in families with frequent conflicts, the proportion of children with psychological problems is relatively large. Studies have proved that family conflicts will not only cause psychological trauma to children, but also lead to some neurological and psychological pathologies of children.
(3) Factors from the school
1. Overburden of study
With the intensification of social competition, the competitive pressure of primary school students is also increasing, and they are burdened with parents' hopes and teachers' expectations. Because quality education has not really been implemented, the phenomenon of one-sided pursuit of enrollment rate, emphasizing wisdom over morality, emphasizing grades over ability, and emphasizing books over classroom still exists. Teachers evaluate students and society measures schools. Theoretically, they are all-round development, but in essence, they are scores and enrollment rates. In order to pursue the enrollment rate, overtime and sea tactics are valuable to students. This situation makes primary school students tired of coping and extremely nervous, which leads them to overuse their brains and reduce their cortical function, thus affecting their learning efficiency, causing them to lose interest and confidence in learning, or to have anxiety, depression, fear and other bad moods. Over time, some people will have psychological obstacles to varying degrees.
2. Improper methods of teacher education
Primary school is the foundation of basic education, which is very important for students' development. However, some teachers regard students' high scores as the starting point and the end result of their work, while ignoring the education of psychological quality and the cultivation of interpersonal skills. In primary school, primary school students hope to get teachers' care, understanding and love. If teachers lack understanding, patience and love, and can't give students guidance and help with enthusiasm, instead, they will criticize, and students will feel disappointed and have negative emotions, which will lead to the indifference between teachers and students. This kind of communication that ends with students' failure will also migrate and generalize to the communication between primary school students and others, causing interpersonal anxiety.
3. Mental health education in primary school is almost blank
In the past, due to the influence of political factors, our country treated psychology unfairly. In the early 198s, our country resumed the teaching and scientific research of psychology in some colleges and universities. Although the work of popularizing psychological scientific knowledge has been done for more than 2 years, mental health education has not yet entered the primary school classroom, and there are generally no mental health guidance institutions in primary schools, and the few domestic psychologists and psychologists are beyond the reach of primary school students.
(4) Factors from society
1. Intensification of social competition
Although primary school students have not been in direct contact with society, their parents, teachers and people around them are all instilling in them a fact: with the rapid development of science and technology, the information dissemination is changing rapidly, and the competition mechanism under the socialist market economy system is everywhere and ever-present, which makes primary school students have to feel the pressure of competition and life.
2. Social bad behavior