Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrine disease with genetic susceptibility, which is caused by the metabolic disorder of carbohydrate, fat and protein caused by the absolute or relative lack of insulin. It is characterized by high blood sugar and urine sugar, and clinical overeating, excessive drinking, polyuria, fatigue, ecstasy and so on. In severe cases, ketoacidosis and even coma may occur. There are cardiovascular, kidney, eye and nervous system diseases in the middle and late stage. Surgery is often complicated with suppurative infection, gangrene, long-term postoperative wound nonunion and other symptoms. There are many complications, high disability rate and high cost, but people are not familiar with the disease and the control rate is low. For patients with diabetes diagnosed for the first time, there are great misunderstandings in diet choice and exercise. Therefore, early health education is particularly important, which can help patients to fully choose the right food and keep fit through moderate exercise, so as to enhance the curative effect of drugs, reduce the dosage of drugs, delay and prevent complications, and achieve the purpose of prolonging life. 1 Dietary guidance helps them to make a diet plan according to their own conditions, weight, eating habits, education level, work situation, teaching and so on. Control the contents of sugar, fat and protein in food through diet adjustment. The contents of three meals should be unified, and each meal should contain protein, fat and carbohydrates, so as to diversify the menu. Eat nine points full and avoid overeating. Eating regularly and quantitatively is beneficial to slow down the absorption of glucose and promote the release of insulin. Strictly limit the intake of white sugar, brown sugar, honey, jam, various desserts, chocolate and sweet juice. These foods contain more glucose and sucrose and more calories, and the blood sugar increases obviously after absorption. Try to eat less roots and nuts, including onions, lotus roots, potatoes, sweet potatoes, carrots, yams, peanuts, melon seeds, fresh broad beans, fresh peas, walnuts and almonds. This kind of food has high starch content and can raise blood sugar. People with diabetes can eat a small amount of fruit. Cucumber, tomato, peach, apple, pear, grapefruit, papaya and other safer fruits, but the principle is to exchange grain for fruit. Fructose contained in fruit is sweeter than sucrose, but its absorption is slower than glucose, and the effect of raising blood sugar is also slow. At the same time, it can supplement dietary fiber and vitamins. Tomatoes and cucumbers are low in sugar, but don't eat them every day. It should be eaten 2 hours after meals or before going to bed. At this time, the peak of blood sugar has passed and blood sugar begins to drop. Advocate eating more crude fiber food and vegetables. Brown rice, corn, beans, mung bean sprouts, Chinese cabbage, rape, spinach, cauliflower, leek, green pepper, wax gourd, loofah, lettuce, eggplant and water spinach are preferred. The increased fiber content in food can promote intestinal peristalsis and reduce constipation, at the same time, it can delay the digestion and absorption of food and reduce the peak blood sugar after meals. Ensure adequate intake of refined protein, such as lean meat, eggs, milk, bean products, fish, etc. The protein supply of standard body weight is 1 ~ 5g/, and animal protein is needed for 1/ to ensure the supply of essential amino acids. However, it should be reduced to 0.6 ~ 0.8g/[2] when renal insufficiency is noted. Avoid animal fat and reduce the intake of saturated fatty acids. Edible vegetable oils containing unsaturated fatty acids, such as soybean oil, peanut oil, corn oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, etc. Ensure the daily protein and total energy supply to enhance the body's immunity. Eat less animal viscera with high cholesterol content, such as liver, brain, kidney, roe, shrimp eggs and egg yolk. And the cholesterol intake should be 300 mg/d, quit smoking and drinking. Patients who are prone to hypoglycemia due to insulin therapy can add meals between meals, but the added food should be deducted from the three meals of the day. You can choose eggs, bread, dried tofu, peanuts and so on. When adding meals. When you want to eat sweets, you can choose pumpkin, which has the function of stabilizing blood sugar and is rich in fiber. 2 Exercise Guidance 1 Exercise Safety Assessment Comprehensive physical examination, especially monitoring blood sugar. The blood sugar is between 5 ~ 17mmol/L, which can basically ensure the safety of exercise. When using urine ketone, it is not suitable for exercise. When blood sugar 17 mmol/L, exercise is prohibited. If the blood sugar is well controlled, the dose before exercise should be reduced by 20% to avoid hypoglycemia. If the blood sugar is still 5mmol/L after exercise, the dosage can be appropriately reduced or meals can be added before exercise. Choose safe and non-competitive aerobic exercise, such as walking, running, cycling, swimming, housework, Tai Ji Chuan, playing tennis, dancing, mountain climbing, etc. And exercise regularly, quantitatively and step by step, not vigorously. Someone accompanied him during exercise, carrying a diabetes rescue card, a blood glucose meter, sugar cubes, sweet juice, etc. If you feel unwell, monitor your blood sugar in time. If you have hypoglycemia, you should supplement sugar as soon as possible. Exercise as much as possible after meals 1 ~ 2 hours. When the fasting time is too long and the effect of insulin or hypoglycemic agents reaches the peak, exercise is prohibited. Exercise is prohibited when suffering from other diseases, serious injuries, numbness and tingling in both feet, neck and chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea, blurred vision or blind spots. Try not to engage in strenuous activities at dusk or at night to avoid hypoglycemia after sleep. Check the sports ground to avoid bad weather and accidents. 2 how to grasp the amount of exercise 1 diabetes is best to exercise at a fixed time every day, at least three times a week, 30 minutes each time, and the exercise intensity is 60% ~ 80% of the individual's maximum heartbeat. Type 2 diabetes should exercise at least 5 times a week for 30 ~ 60 minutes each time to increase calorie consumption and help lose weight. Because of its long exercise time, the intensity can be slightly lower, reaching 60% ~ 70% of the maximum heartbeat of an individual. The whole exercise process includes 10 ~ 15 minutes of warm-up exercise and 5 ~ 10 minutes of finishing exercise. The real exercise time is 20~30min, at least 20 ~ 30 min, but we should also master it flexibly and stop sweating slightly on the principle of not being tired.