Chengde Summer Resort, an ancient Chinese imperial palace, was a place where emperors of the Qing Dynasty spent summer vacations and handled government affairs. Located in the north of Chengde City, Hebei Province. It was first built in 1703 and took 89 years to complete after the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties of the Qing Dynasty. Together with the Summer Palace, the Humble Administrator's Garden and the Liuyuan Garden, which are national key cultural relics protection units, it is also known as China's four famous gardens. In December 1994, the Summer Resort and surrounding temples (Rehe Palace) were included in the World Cultural Heritage List. On May 8, 2007, Chengde Summer Resort and the surrounding temple scenic spots were officially approved by the National Tourism Administration as a national 5A tourist attraction.
Chengde Summer Resort has a long history. As early as the Neolithic Age at the end of primitive society, traces of human beings have been living on this land. Rich historical relics such as stone axes, net pendants, and pottery hats found here are the relics of their labor and life here. During the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, this was the area where the Shanxu and Donghu ethnic minorities lived, and it was the sphere of influence of the Marquis of Yan. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, the central governments of all dynasties have set up administrative agencies here. In the long history, the economic and culture of the Han, Xiongnu, Wuhuan, Xianbei, Kumoxi, Khitan, Turk, Mongolian and other ethnic groups here have further developed. In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, the situation on the border became increasingly tense, and the domestic situation was also turbulent. In the twelfth year of Kangxi's reign, the Sanpan Rebellion led by Wu Sangui broke out.
Three Pans refer to the surrendered generals of the Ming Dynasty, Wu Sangui, King of Pingxi, Shangzhixin, King of Pingnan, and Geng Jingzhong, King of Jingnan. After the Qing troops entered the pass, due to the lack of troops under the Eight Banners, in order to deal with the peasant uprising and the resistance of the Nanming regime, They relied on the recaptured Ming Dynasty generals to serve as the vanguard, engage in recruitment work, and suppress by force. At that time, among the generals who surrendered in the Ming Dynasty, Kong Youde, Geng Jinming, Shang Kexi, and Wu Sangui contributed the most to the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, they were highly appreciated by the Qing emperor and were later crowned kings to show their favor. After twenty years of struggle, the anti-Qing peasant uprising was suppressed and the Nanming regime collapsed. Under these circumstances, the Qing army transferred its basic troops to Beijing to garrison the capital and other important cities. At that time, Wu Sangui was guarding Guangdong, Geng Jingzhong was guarding Fujian, and Shang Zhixin was guarding Yunnan, thus forming the Three Feuds. After the San Francisco gained territory, its power grew day by day. It was not restricted by the Qing Dynasty. It seemed to consider itself an independent kingdom and attempted to divide it for a long time. Wu Sangui of San Francisco was the most powerful and the most arrogant. The existence of the three feudal lords seriously threatened the Qing regime, and eliminating the feudal lords was a top priority. Emperor Kangxi ordered the elimination of vassals in the twelfth year of Kangxi. Wu Sangui first launched a rebellion, followed by Shang Zhixin and Geng Jingzhong who actively responded. The rebellion spread from the southeast to the northwest and spread to the Central Plains. Within a few months, war spread across several provinces. Emperor Kangxi fully demonstrated his talent and strategy in this struggle. He recognized that the main rebel was Wu Sangui, so he adopted the strategy of capturing the thieves first and the king first, never giving them a chance to compromise, and resorting to large-scale appeasement of others. The policy of letting things go as long as they surrender weakened Wu Sangui's party members and isolated Wu Sangui. Due to Kangxi's correct counter-insurgency strategy, after eight years of fighting, the Sanpan Rebellion was finally completely eliminated in the winter of the 20th year of Kangxi's reign. After pacifying the Three Feudatories, the Qing Dynasty truly completed the great cause of unifying the country and stabilized its rule. However, just after the situation stabilized, Tsarist Russia's intrusions in northern my country became more and more rampant, which attracted the attention of the Qing government. In the sixteenth century, Tsarist Russia had already crossed the Ural Mountains and actively expanded to the east. In the late 1740s, the aggressive forces of Tsarist Russia had expanded to the Heilongjiang River Basin of our country and occupied a large area of ??territory, harassing our country's borders for decades. During the Rebellion of the Three Feudatories, Tsarist Russia's aggressive forces became even more arrogant, burning, killing and looting everywhere. At the same time, Galdan, the leader of the Junggar tribe in Mongolia, openly raised the flag of separatism under the instigation of Tsarist Russia, proclaimed himself a khan without permission, and invaded and threatened the entire country. The security of the northwest frontier has caused the situation on the border to become increasingly tense. However, the Eight Banners soldiers who were famous for their bravery and prowess in battle in history gradually became arrogant and complacent after entering the customs, their morale was greatly weakened, and they indulged in peace and contentment every day. Especially in the battle to put down the rebellion of San Francisco, the Qing army's performance was very pitiful. In order to escape the battle, they sometimes escaped from Chen, causing their own injuries. Sometimes one person was injured, and dozens of people escorted him to help him off the battlefield. Take advantage of various opportunities to return to the capital. It can be said that the poor quality of soldiers after entering the customs for 20 years was fully exposed in the counter-insurgency war. Faced with this situation, Kangxi was very worried.
However, what shocked the Qing government even more was the rebellion of the northern Chahar Mongolian prince Burni. The reason why the Manchu royal family Aisin Gioro was able to successfully march from the northeastern region to the pass, compete in the Central Plains, and become the dominant nation in China, one of the factors that cannot be ignored is that they relied on the power of the Mongolian cavalry. Therefore, Emperor Kangxi always regarded the Mongols as his reliable allies, but at the critical moment, problems arose within the alliance forces.
The above series of reasons forced Emperor Kangxi to put issues such as improving the quality of soldiers, how to consolidate the northwest frontier, and win over the Mongolian princes on the agenda. Therefore, after putting down the San Francisco Rebellion, he immediately turned his political attention to the north. Strengthen the management of Mongolia's Monnan, Moxi, and Mobei to effectively defend against Tsarist Russia. Emperor Kangxi personally led the Eight Banners of Manchu and Mongolia out of Xifengkou to inspect the north, and surveyed the terrain on the spot. In the name of the pastures dedicated by the Mongolian princes of Kalaqin Aohan, Wengniute and other banners, the Mulan Paddock was set up for the purpose of practicing martial arts in Suiyuan.
After the establishment of Mulan Paddock, martial arts training became a custom and became a family tradition.
The Qing emperor regularly held large-scale Mulan Autumn Monument military activities in the paddock every year. Officials from the Zongren Mansion, the Cabinet, and the Six Ministries accompanied him, as well as princes, elder brothers, and Eight Banners soldiers from the royal family. The total number reached more than 30,000. In addition, there are many upper-class Mongolian figures. After the siege period, the Qing government and the Mongolian princes would hold a grand celebration and farewell banquet. After the banquet, the Qing emperor would feast the Mongolian princes again, and the annual Mulan Autumn Festival would be held here.
It can be seen that hunting in siege is just a superficial appearance. In essence, it is an important measure for the Qing government to win over the Mongolian princes, plan the northern border affairs, and organize the army and military. Because the paddock is far away from the capital, the scale of the Autumn Festival is large, and each time lasts for more than 20 days, requiring a large amount of supplies. Moreover, the 800-mile journey and hunting round trip take several months, and rest is needed in the middle. Important memorials must be delivered quickly and processed in a timely manner. In order to solve these problems, it was necessary to build a series of palaces on the patrol route between Gubeikou and Weichang based on the transportation capacity at that time.
Introduction to Chengde Mountain Resort Chengde Mountain Resort was once the summer palace of the emperor of the Qing Dynasty of China. 200 kilometers away from Beijing. It is composed of the emperor's palace, royal gardens and magnificent temples. The Summer Resort is located in a narrow valley on the west bank of the Wulie River to the north of the city center of Chengde. The architectural layout of the mountain resort can be roughly divided into two parts: the palace area and the garden scenic area. The garden scenic area can be divided into three parts: the lake area, the plain area and the mountainous area. There are 72 scenes designated by Emperor Kangxi and Qianlong. There are more than 100 buildings such as halls, halls, buildings, pavilions, pavilions, pavilions, pavilions, studios and temples. It is one of the three major ancient building complexes in China. Its biggest feature is that there is a garden in the mountains, and there are mountains in the garden. After the summer resort was built, the Qing emperor spent a lot of time here every year to deal with important military and political affairs, and to receive foreign envoys and political and religious leaders of border ethnic minorities. A series of important events, important relics and important cultural relics that happened here have become historical witnesses to the final formation of China's multi-ethnic unified country.