Life broadly refers to various human activities, including daily life behavior, study, work, leisure, social interaction, entertainment, etc. Tujia is a nation with a long history, so it also has its own unique customs and habits. Let’s learn about the customs of Tujia together! What are the customs of Tujia 1

1. Language

Tujia belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language family of the Sino-Tibetan language family, the Tujia language branch, and some people think it belongs to the Burmese-Yi branch. It is a very ancient and unique language within the Tibeto-Burman language family. The vast majority of people speak Chinese, but today only a few settlements still retain the Tujia language. There is no native script, and the Latin script created in 1984 is currently used, and Chinese is commonly used. Worship ancestors and believe in many gods.

2. Song and dance culture

a. Nuotang opera: an ancestor worship activity of the Tujia people. It is also influenced by the Central Plains culture and Ba and Chu culture. It has a relatively obvious Ba style. Human beings are "all concerned with ghosts and gods" and the cultural traces of Chu people's strong belief in witchcraft.

b. Hand-waving dance: an activity of Tujia people offering sacrifices and praying. It is usually held on New Year's Day and has developed into comprehensive folk activities such as sacrifices, prayers, singing and dancing, socializing, sports competitions, and material exchanges.

c. Maogusi Dance: Maogusi is called "Gusibopu" in Tujia language, which means "the story of the ancestors". In Chinese, it is often called Mao Gusi or Mao Xie Wu. It is one of the ancient performing arts of the Tujia people that has been passed down to this day, and traditional Maogus does not allow women to participate in performances. They mainly participate in the Tujia hand-waving dance at the beginning of each year and perform interspersed performances. They also perform alone on certain occasions.

3. Religious belief

The Tujia people are in the stage of primitive religious worship. There are many forms of ancestor worship, nature worship, hero worship, totem worship, etc.

In terms of religion, influenced by the Han people, they mainly believe in ghosts and gods and worship ancestors. These gods are not their own gods. In the past there were wizards who exorcised ghosts. Some places believe in Taoism.

4. Eating habits

In addition to rice, the daily staple food of the Tujia people is rice, which is the most common. Rice with rice is mainly rice noodles, mixed with an appropriate amount of rice and cooked in a tripod pot. , or steamed in a wooden steamer. Sometimes they also eat bean rice, which is to cook mung beans, peas, etc. with rice to make rice. Baba and dumplings are also seasonal staple foods of the Tujia people.

Tea is also a daily necessity for Tujia people, who like to drink it and make tea. Tea is brewed in a large earthen pot between the fire pits and is kept all year round. It is the "tumbler" in the Tujia people's fire pit. When making tea, rattan tea, old tea leaves or tea fruits are often used. It is commonly known as longevity rattan, magic tea, and its scientific name is Maoyanberry.

5. Customs and Festivals

a. Ox King Festival: April 18th every year is the Tujia Niu King Festival. On this day, Ox King Festival singing gatherings are held in various places. A singing stage is set up and a cow head is hung in the center of the singing stage to praise the merits of the cow.

b. Marrying a Caterpillar Festival: The "Marrying a Caterpillar" festival is held on the 8th of April, also known as "Respecting Mother-in-law God". At that time, each family will use two pieces of red paper with the following words: "Buddha was born on April 8th, the caterpillar will get married today, she will marry far away from the mountains, and she will never come home forever" and other words, cross them into one word, and paste them on the left center pillar of the main room. It is thought that this can drive away pests and ensure peace throughout the seasons.

c. May Festival: The fifth day of the fifth lunar month, commonly known as the May Festival in some places. The folk customs are to make rice dumplings, hang sachets, hang calamus and mugwort, burn moxa sticks, and go to the river to offer sacrifices to ghosts and gods. .

d. Catch the New Year Festival: Among the traditional festivals of the Tujia people, "Catch the New Year" is the most grand. The Tujia people celebrate New Year one day earlier than the Han people. The small month is the 28th day of the twelfth lunar month and the big month is the 29th day.

e. Sheba Festival: "Sheba Day", Tujia dialect, also known as "Sheba", "Sheba" means waving hands, "日", verb, means "to do". In Tujia language, the verb and object are inverted, "Sheba Ri", the Chinese literal translation is "waving hands", and the free translation is "waving hands dance". It has a strong sacrificial color, with songs and dances being born, and dances following the names of the songs. It is said that the hand-waving dance originated from the ancient Bayu dance. It is an ancient war dance that began in ancient times and flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

f. Daughters’ Club: Also known as Enshi Tujia Daughters’ Club, it is a unique custom of Enshi Tujia people and a place for young men and women to fall in love. It is known as Oriental Valentine’s Day or Tujia Valentine’s Day. .

g. June 6th: Most Tujia people call June 6th "Shanlongpao", which is basically the same as the Han people's title.

h. Adjusting the New Year: "Adjusting the New Year" is the Spring Festival of the Tujia people, which precedes the Spring Festival of the Han people by one day. What are the customs of the Tujia people 2

Today I will introduce to you some festivals of the Tujia people. The first is the Spring Festival. The Tujia people usually celebrate the Spring Festival one or two days earlier than the Han people, and some may celebrate the Spring Festival six or seven days earlier, which is called "catch up with the new year."

The time of "catching up with the new year" varies depending on the clan branch of the surname. Take Youyang County as an example; the surname Peng in Laozhai Township means "catch up with the new year" on the 29th day of the twelfth lunar month; the surname Peng in Houxi Township means "catch up with the new year" on the 24th day of the twelfth lunar month; The eighteenth year is "catch up with the new year". The ways of celebrating the New Year are not exactly the same. However, during the "New Year" festival in Dasha and Beach Township, it is forbidden to kill chickens and pigs, and it is forbidden to light oil lamps at night. Only candles can be lit and kept on all night. When some people named Peng celebrate the New Year, men have to cook in the early morning.

After the meal is ready and the sacrifices to the ancestors are completed, the women and children are called to get up.

After dinner, the whole family went out to play. Tujia people cook in tripod pots on weekdays. For rice, they cut the meat into pieces, add condiments, layer rice, meat, radish, etc., and cook them together in one pot. When the "New Year's rice" is ready, ancestors must be sacrificed first. When offering sacrifices, people burn incense and candles, burn money into paper, and kneel three times and kowtow nine times to commemorate the merits of their ancestors. The second one is to catch up with the new year, or "celebrate the new year in advance," which is the most solemn and richest sacrificial activity of the Tujia people. A festival with the strongest national characteristics. The Chinese New Year falls on the 30th day of the twelfth lunar month. The Tujia people celebrate the New Year one day earlier than the Han people; if the twelfth lunar month is big, it will be 29 days; if the twelfth lunar month is small, it will be 28 days.

If there is a deceased person in the family, the New Year will be celebrated one day earlier, which is called "catch up with the New Year". There are several legends about the origin of celebrating the New Year in advance among the Tujia people, but the most widely spread theory is that during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, Tujia soldiers were ordered to go to the Jiangjian coast to participate in the anti-Japanese war. In order not to delay the war, the Tujia people celebrated the New Year one day early. Later, he achieved "the first success on the southeastern front" and returned triumphantly. The celebration of the New Year has been passed down from that time, so that the descendants of the Tujia people will not forget the illustrious military exploits of their ancestors.

When Tujia people celebrate the New Year, they must place sacrifices under the shrine in the main room to honor family gods and ancestors. What are the customs of the Tujia people 3

The Tujia people have special folk customs of making glutinous rice cakes, "worshiping the moon", and "stealing melons" and giving them to "children".

During the Mid-Autumn Festival, "making glutinous rice cakes" and "worshiping the moon" are closely related to Tujia marriage customs. "There is no thunder in the sky, no rain, and no matchmaker on the ground, no marriage." The Tujia people regard the moon as the matchmaker and "Yue Lao" who helps people make connections, arrange marriages, and achieve adult beauty. The Mid-Autumn Festival is the birthday of "Yue Lao" and is "Moonlight birthday", so "making glutinous rice cakes" and "worshiping the moon" to celebrate birthdays.

After Tujia young men and women fall in love, the girl will give her sweetheart an "embroidered belt" and "flower insoles" embroidered by herself to convey her affection. She will also use white silk to embroider a picture of "Mandarin ducks playing in the water" "Picture, as a token of love. The Tujia people who live in Tujia villages such as Huangshui, Lengshui, Guantian, Zhongyi, Shazi, and Huzhen at the foot of Qiyao Mountain, after the harvest of new grains, on the "Mid-Autumn Festival", the mother-in-law's family happily invites their son-in-law to their home as a guest, and uses the new grains to celebrate the harvest. The glutinous rice produced is "made into glutinous rice cakes", and the son-in-law's family is invited to "try new things" and taste the joy of the harvest that year. They eat glutinous rice cakes to "worship the moon" and admire the moon, and spend a good night together.

What is more interesting is that when the unmarried son-in-law comes home, the girl will affectionately give her sweetheart a round and big "big glutinous rice cake". The glutinous rice cake symbolizes the girl's unswerving loyalty to love. Like the glutinous rice cake, she will never be separated from her sweetheart, and she will be reunited like the glutinous rice cake. The girl dyed the big round glutinous rice cake with colorful food red, and wrote some beautiful lines such as "The flowers are beautiful and the moon is full", "A century-old Luan and Phoenix", "Eternally tune the harp and harp", "The Luan and Phoenix sing in harmony". Educated girls wrote poems and painted pictures of colorful phoenixes and magpies on them, making them more poetic and picturesque.

On the night of the Mid-Autumn Festival, the autumn air is crisp, the garden is filled with cinnamon fragrance, and the moonlight is like water. The Tujia people set up an incense table in the courtyard in front of the stilted building in the village, and put out offerings such as moon cakes, glutinous rice cakes, peanuts, and osmanthus wine to worship the moon god. "Moon", praying for a good harvest, a happy family, and no disasters; praying for lovers to get married eventually. Then they drank wine, ate moon cakes and glutinous rice cakes to "appreciate the moon" in the courtyard.

After admiring the moon, young Tujia men and women go to the vegetable garden in the dead of night to "steal melons". The owner of the melons is not allowed to scold him when he finds out. The stolen pumpkin is quietly delivered to the home of a couple who has been married for a long time without children, and is placed on the bed. One person imitates the cry of a baby, and the other person says four or eight auspicious words to wish the owner of the melon to have a child in the coming year. This custom is called "giving a boy away." It means "breaking melons will lead to children". If the owner of the melons gives birth to a child in the next year, he must hold a banquet to treat the melon givers and the melon growers as a reward.

The custom of "stealing melons" and giving away "boys" also has its magical legend. According to legend, in ancient times, there lived a couple in a Tujia village who were over fifty years old. They had no children, but they had accumulated good deeds throughout their lives. One year during the Mid-Autumn Festival on August 15th, the Emperor's Empress passed by a Tujia village. After hearing the praises of the old man's virtues of giving charity and helping the poor, she left one of her children in a melon shed and ordered the mountain people to give it to the old man. So the mountain people quietly delivered the pumpkin, which was shaped like a doll, to the old man's bed. When the old man went to sleep, the pumpkin broke open, and suddenly a lively and cute baby jumped out of the pumpkin. The old man was so moved that he burst into tears, and he lived happily ever after. old age. "Breaking melons to get seeds" later became a custom. What are the customs of Tujia people 4

1. Cold Food Festival

Tujia people attach great importance to traditional festivals. From the beginning to the end of the year, it can be said that there are festivals every month. New Year's Day (celebration of the New Year), Lantern Festival in the first and twelfth lunar month, Social Day and Flower Festival in February, Cold Food Festival, Qingming Festival in March, Ox King Festival on the eighth day of April, Dragon Boat Festival in May, King Xiang Festival on the sixth day of June , July Qiao Qiao Festival, Daughter's Club, Half Moon Festival, August 15th Mid-Autumn Festival, September 9th Double Ninth Festival, October 1st "Winter Clothes Festival", etc., are all relatively important festivals.

Among the many festivals, "Celebrating the New Year" is the most distinctive. Now only some areas retain this custom. The New Year is celebrated on the twenty-ninth day of the twelfth lunar month, and the New Year is celebrated on the twenty-eighth day of the twelfth lunar month. It is named because it is celebrated one day earlier than the Han people. At that time, every household will kill the New Year pig to make mung bean powder, cook rice wine or sip wine, etc.

2. Kite flying

Kite flying is also a favorite activity during the Qingming Festival. During the Qingming Festival, people fly kites not only during the day but also at night. At night, strings of small colorful lanterns are hung on the kite strings, like twinkling stars, and are called "magic lanterns."

In the past, some people would cut the strings after flying kites into the blue sky and let the breeze carry them to the ends of the earth. It is said that this can eliminate diseases and disasters and bring good luck to themselves.

3. Tomb-sweeping

Tomb-sweeping during the Qingming Festival is called "respecting the times" for ancestors. Its custom has a long history. In fact, tomb-sweeping existed before the Qin Dynasty, but not necessarily during the Qingming Festival. Tomb-sweeping during the Qingming Festival was something that happened after the Qin Dynasty. It became popular in the Tang Dynasty and has been passed down to this day.

4. Willow planting

On Qingming Festival, Chinese people have the custom of planting willows. Experts said that there are three theories about the origin of the custom of inserting willows during the Qingming Festival. One theory is that it is to commemorate the founder of agriculture, Shennong, who "taught the people how to farm". Another theory is that Qingming Festival is a ghost festival, so people plant and wear willows to ward off evil spirits. Another theory is that they burned themselves in a big willow tree to commemorate Mingzhi's observance of the festival. The next Jie Zitui.

5. Outing

Also called spring outing. In ancient times, it was called Tanchun, Xunchun, etc. On the Qingming Festival in April, spring returns to the earth, and the natural world presents a vibrant scene everywhere. It is a great time for outings. Chinese people have long maintained the habit of going outing during the Qingming Festival.

6. Swinging

This is an ancient Chinese Qingming Festival custom. The history of the swing is very old. It was first called Qianqiu, but later it was changed to swing to avoid taboos. In ancient times, swings were mostly made of tree branches and tied with colorful ribbons. Later, it gradually developed into a swing with two ropes and pedals. Swinging can not only improve health, but also cultivate bravery. It is still loved by people, especially children. What are the customs of the Tujia people 5

The ancestors of the Tujia people engaged in farming early, and have developed a tradition of caring for and respecting cattle since ancient times. Every year, April 18th on the lunar calendar is designated as the birthday of the Ox. On this day, the Tujia people celebrate their cattle’s birthday. Even if they are very busy with spring plowing and production, on April 18th, all the cattle will have to rest for a day, and they will also be given extra meals, and their owners will have to eat them respectfully. Recite a poem in Tujia language called "Ci of Congratulations to the Ox King".

Some of the poems "Congratulations to the Ox King" sing like this:

You are the best in the world, and you are the most miserable.

After dragging the rake for a year, the food in the mouth is green grass.

On nights in February and March, it rained heavily like a ladle pouring down.

If the master wants to clear the fields in the dark, the torch will be tied to your horns.

The Thunder God also cheered, and the ground shook with his roar.

The master whips you with all his strength, but the rope has been torn.

Look where you set up your shackles, look where you drag your ropes.

The living flesh has turned into dead lumps, and there is not a single word of complaint in your mouth.

It is said that after reading this, the old cow burst into tears, feeling that the master was talking about its innermost feelings.

According to legend, the Ox King was originally a divine general in the sky. One day, he accompanied the Jade Emperor to watch the mortal scenery at Nantianmen. When he saw that the mortals had no food to eat and were all sallow and thin, he begged the Jade Emperor to send grain seeds to the mortals so that they could eat their bellies. The Jade Emperor agreed to the Ox King's request, but asked: "Let the mortals eat one meal every three days." The Ox King came to the mortal world happily, gave many seeds to the mortals, and taught them farming methods, but he panicked. Zhang mistook the Jade Emperor's words and said that he should eat three meals a day.

Mortals have food and eat three meals a day. Their bellies are full and their lives are good. But they all eat fat and have nothing to do. They bang the lids of cauldrons and sing songs, which makes the Jade Emperor restless. . One day, the Jade Emperor said to the Ox King: "Mortals have nothing to do after eating. You go to the grain field and sow some grass seeds so that some green grass can grow in the grain field. Let the mortals have nothing to do." This time the Ox The king misheard what the Jade Emperor said again, so he took one step and sowed three handfuls of grass seeds. Later, the grain field was covered with green grass, and there was no end to the grass. People scolded the Jade Emperor for killing mortals, and they scolded the Jade Emperor for killing mortals. The Jade Emperor was impatient.

One day, the Jade Emperor called the Ox King and said, "It's all you who have done bad things. Mortals can't finish their work. You can go down to the lower world and help mortals pull plows and rakes. If you're hungry, just do it." Eat the green grass on the ground. "On April 18th, the Ox King descended to earth. From then on, the Ox King worked honestly for the mortals, helping them drag plows and harrows, and he suffered endless hardships for a year without rest. When you are hungry, you eat grass to stuff your belly. In order to repay the Ox King, people designated April 18 as the Ox King's birthday. "On April 18th, the cows stop driving." This ancient custom is still firmly maintained until now. What are the customs of the Tujia people? 6

The Tujia people are warm and hospitable, "passers-by are welcome to stay without food."

In the past, when distinguished guests arrived, iron cannons were fired to welcome them. The iron cannon is as big as a large firecracker. It is erected on an iron box and shakes the heaven and earth when it is set off. If there are no iron cannons at the moment, you can also fire cannons to express your welcome. Hearing the sound of cannons, the old people, young people, and children in the village came out together to greet the distinguished guests. The host immediately simmered the tea, filled it with cigarettes, and made tea soup. At the banquet, a large bowl of wine is consumed and a large piece of meat is eaten. At the same time, the elderly or prominent figures in the village are also invited to accompany the guests and hold a candle.

The Tujia people’s oil tea soup is very exquisite in its preparation. First, deep-fry tea leaves, vermicelli, soybeans, etc., add cooked bacon cubes, tofu cubes, and soaked corn, add chopped green onion, ginger, rice and other condiments, and add boiling oil soup to make it delicious and refreshing. : Swimming tea soup can warm the body in winter, relieve summer heat, refresh and relieve fatigue, treat hunger and sober up. Many people stay with it all year round and must drink it every day. It is a traditional national drink used by Tujia people to entertain guests.

The fire in the Tujia fire pit never goes out in all seasons. In winter, they surround the pond for warmth and cook in tripod pots. The Tujia people in Haowangjiao, Tianfu, are industrious and simple. From spring to late autumn, they have the habit of working early in the morning. They are straightforward, trustworthy, and have good moral standards. Relatives, friends and neighbors take care of and help each other during weddings, funerals, house construction, natural and man-made disasters. When there is a wedding, the whole village can stay together for three days and go together to congratulate the bride, help welcome the bride, pay gifts, decorate the new house, cook and prepare the banquet, and take care of the guests. When I met Bai Xi and heard the funeral announcement, the whole village came rushing to help with the preparations during the day and danced and watched the funeral at night. They all did their own business until the funeral was carried out, the grave was dug, and the grave was built. When building a house, the beams and pillars were put up, and the whole village was dispatched, and no one collected a penny. During the busy farming season, wheat is harvested, rice seedlings are planted, grain is threshed and fields are raised. Everyone takes the initiative to help the weak households, and the host family only provides food and drink. When collecting grain, it is necessary to gather one family and then two families to help each other without asking for compensation. This has been a custom for thousands of years.

Go hunting in the mountains, and the prey will be distributed according to the principle of "everyone who sees it gets a share". When distributing, first count the number of people present, then chop the animal meat into several pieces according to the number of people, put on the brown rope, put it into the backpack, cover it, and expose the brown rope head. One person carries the basket and spins it several times. Everyone present grabs a brown rope and pulls out the animal meat. No one has any opinion on whether it is good or bad. Passers-by can pick and eat fruits at the edges of fields, corners of fields, and roadsides when they are ripe. These all retain traces of the original distribution.

Qianjiang is a place where many ethnic groups live together, with 13 ethnic minorities. The Tujia and Miao people who have lived here for generations account for more than half of the total population. Due to the intermingling of various ethnic groups, long-term economic exchanges, cultural exchanges, mutual influence of customs, mutual learning of languages, common progress and common development, a unique history of civilization has been created here.

Walking into the Tujia Miao Village, under the green bamboo ridge and among the ancient trees, you can see the villages, surrounded by mountains and rivers, quiet and mysterious. Upon entering the Diaojiaolou, the host enthusiastically serves a fragrant and refreshing oil tea soup, which can warm the body in winter and relieve the heat in summer, making people feel tired. If you encounter a "crying marriage". By "jumping the funeral", you can experience the Tujia and Miao ethnic groups' views on marriage, love, and life and death. Festivals such as the Tujia people's "Catching the New Year" and "April 8th" and the Miao people's "Catching the Autumn Festival" are even more spectacular, the atmosphere is warm, and they are quite ancient.

Tujia and Miao villages contain rich folk culture and folk art. The hand-waving dance and copper bell dance of the Tujia people, and the Lusheng and wooden drum dances of the Miao people are well-known and have long been famous. Tujia embroidery and Miao batik are both unique. The Tujia Miao Village is a sea of ??songs. Everyone can sing, and there are songs everywhere. There is a sea of ??folk songs, and the village is full of emotions. There are "antiphons", "panges", "folk songs", "grass pulling gongs and drums", etc., which are vivid and phonological. Harmonious, sincere, beautiful and pleasant to the ear, it feels like tasting sweet wine, like taking a shower in the spring breeze. What are the customs of the Tujia people 7

The Tujia people call funerals "white happiness". They have an optimistic attitude towards death and believe that the death of an elderly person is a "good thing", which has become a Tujia shaman culture that praises life and bless new life. Death is a kind of "immortality of the soul", "rebirth after death" and "death". "It's a blessing" view of life and death. We believe that life leads to death, and death leads to life. Death is as joyful and congratulatory as the birth of a new baby into the world. Therefore, the Tujia people have the custom of circling coffins and dancing "funeral dances" after death. This custom originated from Wuluo Zhongli Mountain in the Qingjiang River Basin. The tribal confederation later became the country of Pakistan.

"Funeral dance" is popular along the Qingjiang River in Changyang, Badong, Jianshi, Hefeng and Enshi in Hubei. In the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, "when parents died... drums were played and songs were played, and relatives had feasts and dances." The Ba clan worshiped their ancestors by beating drums and making sacrifices, and howling to cheer them up. "Sacrifice to the gods." The Ba people who have lived in western Hubei do not feel sad when an old man dies, but regard it as a happy event and hold "white celebrations" and "beating drums and singing". "Must jump", the whole family held a celebration to celebrate his achievements. This was something that the local Han people would not do at that time, and showed a strong sense of ancestor worship and totem worship.

The popular long lyrics are "When you walk in the door and look up, a mulberry bow is hanging on the wall", "Three dreams of a white tiger sitting in the hall, the white tiger sitting in the hall is the god of the house.

" "The people are above, the happy land is below. We open up territory to the king, and our people guard the land and cultivate crops." From circling the coffin and dancing "funeral dance" to: Phoenix spreads its wings, rhinoceros looks at the moon, cow scratches its itch, dog eats the moon, swallow carries mud, Yaomeizi Dance movements such as Sister Sifting the Basket and Tiger Descending the Mountain are the Ba people's high-level summary of their ancestors' work, life and entertainment. For example, "Phoenix Spreading Its Wings", two people back to back, arms spread out, fanning up and down, just like a phoenix spreading its wings to fly. , its movements are implicit and have strong metaphorical power. "Itch", the two people are back to back, with their hands on their hips, shaking each other from left to right, and the waist and hips are vibrating slowly, steadily and brightly.

The most spectacular thing is "Tiger Descending the Mountain", which is a drunken dance after midnight. When people are tired and sleepy, the dancers are dancing, and suddenly the drumbeat changes, one of the two He jumped suddenly into the air, flipped his partner, and then the two of them bowed and stared at each other, suddenly high-fiving and bumping elbows, leaning forward and backward, jumping and pounced, imitating the various movements of a tiger pouncing on food, and making bursts of tiger roars from his mouth. , the last person is held by another person and leaps over the head with a back bow. The image of his movements gives people a feeling of respect for the rough and majestic tiger whose ancestor is.

Many of the other actions simulate the actions of their ancestors, throwing darts, fishing, hunting, and fighting with weapons, such as the high-fives in "Twenty-One" and "Sister Yao Aunt Sifting Baskets" are simple customs of the Tujia people. , a portrayal of simplicity and elegance.

"Swallow Holding Mud" is a difficult movement. One person throws a handkerchief (or other object) to the ground, and the other person stands with legs spread apart. As the drumbeat speeds up, he slowly bends down. , but your legs should be straight, and finally hold the object close to the ground with your mouth, and lift your hands back like a swallow's wings, repeating several times.