1. Principles of diet therapy
Dietotherapy is the basis of hyperlipidemia treatment. No matter whether you take any medication or not, you must first take diet therapy. Drug therapy can only be used if the diet therapy is ineffective or the patient can't tolerate it. Attention should also be paid to diet control during taking lipid-lowering drugs to enhance the efficacy of drugs.
(1) Reducing fat intake is the basis of controlling calories. Reduce animal fat such as lard, fat pork, butter, fat sheep, fat cattle, fat ducks, fat geese, etc. There are too many saturated fatty acids in this kind of food, and the fat is easy to deposit on the blood vessel wall, which increases the viscosity of blood. Saturated fatty acids can promote the absorption of cholesterol and the synthesis of liver cholesterol, and improve the level of serum cholesterol. Long-term excessive intake of saturated fatty acids can increase triglycerides, accelerate blood coagulation and promote thrombosis.
Polyunsaturated fatty acid DHA can make the fatty acid spectrum in blood develop in a healthy direction, reduce platelet aggregation and increase anticoagulant effect. Can reduce blood viscosity. DHA can reduce blood lipid and protect nervous system. Therefore, it is recommended to eat more marine fish to protect the cardiovascular system and reduce blood lipids. Vegetable oils should be used when cooking, such as soybean oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, tea oil, sesame oil, etc. And the edible oil should be 10 ml ~ 15 ml every day.
(2) Limit cholesterol intake. Cholesterol is an essential substance for human body, but excessive intake is very harmful. Cholesterol in the diet should not exceed 300 mg per day. Avoid foods with high cholesterol, such as animal viscera, egg yolk, roe and squid.
Phytosterols exist in rice, wheat, corn, rapeseed and other plants. Phytosterol is in a free state in vegetable oil, and it does have cholesterol-lowering effect, while soybean sterol has obvious blood lipid-lowering effect. Advocate eating more soy products.
(3) Adequate protein supply. The source of protein is very important, mainly from milk, eggs, lean meat, skinless poultry, fish and shrimp, soybeans, bean products and other foods. But protein's intake should be above 50%.
(4) Reduce carbohydrate intake appropriately. Don't eat too much sugar and sweets, because sugar can be converted into triglycerides. Every meal should be seven or eight points full. You should eat more coarse grains, such as millet, oats, beans and other foods, which are high in cellulose and have the effect of lowering blood fat.
(5) Eat more foods rich in vitamins, inorganic salts and cellulose. You should eat more fruits and vegetables, which contain vitamin C, inorganic salts and cellulose, which can reduce triglycerides and promote cholesterol excretion. The lipid-lowering food can be yogurt, garlic, green tea, hawthorn, mung bean, onion, shiitake mushroom, mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, Flammulina velutipes, auricularia auricula, tremella, Hericium erinaceus and other foods. In recent years, it has been found that mushrooms are rich in "Lentinus edodes", and every 3 ~ 4 mushrooms contain Lentinus edodes 100 mg, which has the function of reducing blood fat and protecting health. Hawthorn, peanut, mussel, radish, corn, kelp, tofu, milk, soybean and other foods all have the function of lowering blood fat. Avoid drinking alcohol, alcohol can inhibit lipoprotein lipase, promote the synthesis of endogenous cholesterol and triglycerides, and lead to increased blood lipids. It is necessary to adopt the cooking methods of steaming, boiling, stewing, boiling and boiling, and adhere to a diet with less salt, with no more than 6 grams of salt per day.
2. Food selection points
(1) Restrain staple food. People who are overweight or obese should pay special attention to moderation. Avoid pure sugar foods and sweets.
(2) Eat more fish (especially marine fish), soybeans and bean products, poultry meat, lean meat and other foods that can provide high-quality protein but are low in saturated fatty acids and cholesterol.
(3) Control the intake of viscera such as animal liver, and strictly limit animal brain, crab roe and roe.
(4) Cook with vegetable oil to minimize the intake of animal fat.
(5) Eat more vegetables, fruits and coarse grains. And ensure the proper intake of dietary fiber, vitamins and inorganic salts. In particular, you should eat more foods rich in niacin, vitamin C, vitamin E and vitamin B6.
(6) It has been found that many foods have hypolipidemic effects:
① Garlic: Garlic can increase high-density lipoprotein in blood, which is beneficial to prevent arteriosclerosis.
② Eggplant: The decomposition products of eggplant in intestine can be combined with excess cholesterol and excreted.
③ Mushrooms and auricularia auricula: It can lower blood cholesterol and triglyceride. According to the research, its cholesterol-lowering effect is stronger than that of Antoine 10 times.
④ Onion and kelp: Onion can reduce arterial lipid deposition; Iodine and magnesium in kelp can also prevent arterial lipid deposition.
⑤ Soybeans: Researchers found that eating 1 15g of beans every day can reduce blood cholesterol by 20%, especially low-density lipoprotein related to atherosclerosis.
⑥ Tea: Tea can reduce blood lipids, and the blood cholesterol content and incidence of coronary heart disease of residents in tea areas are significantly lower than those in other areas.
⑦ Fish: Fish contains a lot of high unsaturated fatty acids, which is beneficial to lower blood cholesterol.
(8) Vegetable oil: It contains unsaturated fatty acids necessary for human body and can lower blood cholesterol, especially sesame oil, corn oil and peanut oil.
Pet-name ruby other foods, such as hawthorn, celery, wax gourd, oats, apples, etc. , all have different degrees of hypolipidemic effect.
3. One-day recipe example
Breakfast: skim milk 250ml (skim milk 250g), corn flour cake (corn flour 100g), shredded lettuce 150g (lettuce 150g).
Lunch: steamed bread or rice 100g (flour or rice 100g), stewed tofu (dry rice 15g, mushrooms 25g, tofu 100g), fried shredded tomatoes (eggplant 100g).
Dinner: steamed bread or rice (100g flour or rice), tomato fried cabbage (50g tomato and 100g cabbage), stewed chicken nuggets (100g chicken nuggets).
All-day cooking oil 10g. The above recipes contain 1682 kcal (7.03 MJ) of heat energy.
Patients with hyperlipidemia mainly pay attention to lipid lowering, so they can eat more black fungus and celery in their diet, which are very effective lipid-lowering foods. Buckwheat is the best cereal, which can lower blood pressure, blood lipid and blood sugar, followed by oats.
Red wine in wine can reduce blood pressure and blood lipid, but it cannot exceed 100 ml per day.
Spirulina is the first choice for lowering blood pressure and blood lipid in nutrition.
Patients with hyperlipidemia should first consider exercise and diet therapy when their condition is not serious. So, how to adjust the diet structure? Because the lipids in blood are fat-soluble and must combine with protein to form a water-soluble complex to run the whole body, hyperlipidemia actually manifests as hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP). Because hyperlipoproteinemia is divided into five types, each type has its own characteristics, and each type of diet induction and diet therapy also has its own characteristics, so diet therapy should be carried out according to different types.
Type 1. HLP is also called hypercholesterolemia. The prominent feature of this kind of patients is that the blood triglyceride (TG) concentration is extremely high, often reaching more than 56 mmol/L, while the cholesterol may be normal. So its diet therapy principle is low fat. The daily intake of food contains less than 35g of fat (including edible oil). The intake of fat should be limited to the extent that it can alleviate and prevent abdominal pain and eliminate xanthoma. There are no restrictions on protein and cholesterol. Minimize cooking oil and use cooking methods such as steaming, stewing, boiling, stewing, marinating and mixing. The food should be light. Low-fat diet can easily lead to malabsorption of iron and fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K, and should be supplemented.
2. Type 2.IIA hyperlipoproteinemia is also called high β lipoproteinemia. The clinical feature of these patients is high cholesterol (TC), sometimes as high as 26 mmol/L, so the principle of diet therapy naturally aims at reducing TC. Limit cholesterol intake, the daily intake should be less than 300 mg (equivalent to 90 grams of pig liver and 60 grams of pig kidney). The TC content in animal brains and eggs is the highest, followed by roe and crab roe, followed by animal viscera, and the TC content in fish is the lowest. In addition, it is necessary to reduce the total amount of fat in the diet, increase the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, and make the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids greater than 1.8, so as to reduce the raw materials for cholesterol synthesis such as liver and small intestine and inhibit the production of endogenous cholesterol. Because this kind of diet is low in cholesterol and fat, it can reduce the levels of vitamins A and E in plasma, so it should be supplemented.
3. Type 3.IIB and type III hyperlipoproteinemia are also called hyperβ and hyperβ lipoproteinemia. Due to the increase of β -lipoprotein (i.e. low-density lipoprotein) and pre-β-lipoprotein (i.e. very low-density lipoprotein) in patients with type Ⅱ B, the plasma triglyceride of patients with type Ⅲ can reach L.65 ~11mmol/L. Therefore, the principle of dietotherapy is to limit carbohydrates, limit and adjust fat and cholesterol. The specific contents are as follows: ① Limit the total calories and control the body weight at an ideal level. 2 Limit the intake of carbohydrates, especially sucrose, honey and sweets, and do not exceed 60% of the total calories. ③ Control the intake of fat and cholesterol. The fat intake should be less than 20% of the total calories, and some animal fats should be replaced by vegetable oil. The intake of cholesterol should be less than 300 mg per day. Because this diet may cause iron deficiency, we should eat more iron-containing foods and vegetables, such as sesame, bean products, celery, spinach, kelp, fungus, tea and so on. Give them medicine if necessary.
4. Type 4.IV HLP is a common hyperlipidemia. It is characterized by high incidence of vascular diseases, impaired glucose tolerance, high triglyceride and high uric acid, and has a family history. The examination showed that triglyceride was elevated, cholesterol was normal, pre-β lipoprotein was abnormally elevated, and β lipoprotein was not elevated. No chyle particles. The principle of dietotherapy is to control carbohydrate and fat and limit cholesterol appropriately. The specific methods are as follows: ① Control the weight to the standard weight. ② Control carbohydrate to account for 50% ~ 60% of total calories or less than 5g/kg. There is no candy. ③ The cholesterol intake is 300 ~ 500mg per day. ④ Eat more foods containing unsaturated fatty acids and don't drink alcohol.
5. Type V HLP is actually high β lipoprotein and hypercholesterolemia, and cholesterol can be increased or normal. The principle of diet is to limit fat, control carbohydrates and properly limit cholesterol. Its practice: ① limit the total intake and maintain normal weight. ② Limit fat to less than 20% of total calories. ③ Carbohydrate intake accounts for 50%~60% of total calories. ④ The cholesterol intake is 300 ~ 500mg per day. Protein accounts for 20% ~ 24% of the total heat. ⑤ There may be iron deficiency in this diet, so we should pay attention to supplement it.
Vegetables that can reduce blood fat are:
Onion 1- not only has the function of lowering blood fat, but also has the function of preventing cancer and atherosclerosis if eaten for a long time.
2 eggplant-eggplant skin is rich in vitamin P, which has a significant effect on lowering blood lipid and cholesterol. Vitamin P can also increase the elasticity of capillaries and improve microcirculation. In addition, eggplant also contains a lot of saponins, which can combine with cholesterol and excrete it.
3 celery-celery is rich in vitamins and minerals, which can enhance gastrointestinal peristalsis, have a good laxative effect and help eliminate excess fat in the intestine. Studies have confirmed that people who eat celery regularly have significantly lower cholesterol content and can significantly lower blood pressure.
4 cauliflower-cauliflower is low in calories, high in dietary fiber, rich in vitamins and minerals, and has a lipid-lowering effect.
5 Pepper-Pepper has a high proportion of vitamin C, which can improve microcirculation, reduce capillary fragility and reduce cholesterol content. It is a natural lipid-lowering food. Japanese scholars have found that capsaicin seasoning can promote fat metabolism and prevent fat accumulation in the body, so it has the effect of reducing fat and losing weight.
5 Garlic-Garlic has obvious effects of reducing blood lipid and preventing arteriosclerosis, and can effectively prevent thrombosis. Regular consumption of garlic has a significant protective effect on cardiovascular system.
6 Bitter gourd-cool and bitter, contains more bitter gourd saponin, which can stimulate the release of insulin and has a very obvious hypoglycemic effect. Bitter gourd is rich in vitamin B 1, vitamin C and various minerals, which can regulate blood lipid and improve immunity. Also known as "plant insulin".
7 kelp-kelp is rich in taurine and alginic acid, which can reduce cholesterol in blood and bile, inhibit the absorption of cholesterol in the body and promote its excretion.
8 mushrooms-mushrooms have the effect of lowering cholesterol. Pumpkin: It can stick excess cholesterol together and excrete it. In addition, fungus, wax gourd, tomatoes and so on. All have lipid-lowering function.
Soybean and its products, such as bean powder, bean sprouts, tofu, etc. , has a very significant lipid-lowering effect, especially the content of low-density lipoprotein, which is unfavorable to the human body.
Reducing blood fat through food is an economical, safe and practical health care method. However, if you have hyperlipidemia, you need comprehensive therapy such as diet control and healthy lifestyle, supplemented by drug treatment if necessary.