How did the famous calligraphers of past dynasties show it?

Dachuan's views on success are similar and vary from person to person, so there is no definite way to write it!

The method of writing brush characters with fingers holding the pen tube.

Writing is the basic means of writing activities.

Generally speaking, there are the following points: double bracts (i.e. * double hooks), single bracts (i.e. * single hooks), back wrists, tube pinching, tube gripping and tube pinching.

From Zhong You, Wang Xizhi, Yu Shinan, Lu Yanyuan, etc. , the synthesis of the "five-character writing" (that is, drop, bet, hook, hook and touch). On behalf of calligraphers, after long-term writing practice, it is considered to be an effective and correct method that conforms to physiological functions.

"There is no fixed method in writing", which was said by Zhou Xinglian, Ouyang Xiu, Kang Youwei and Su Shi in Qing Dynasty. Su Shi's "On Books" said that "there is no fixed method in writing, so it must be empty and broad". It's not who spoke first, what's important is that this sentence tells the true meaning of writing.

The writing handed down by predecessors generally adopts the five-character method handed down by Lu Xisheng in the Tang Dynasty.

"Yi" means that the belly of the thumb is close to the pen tube; "Holding" means that the index finger and thumb hold the pen tube relatively; "Hook" means that the middle finger hooks the pen tube; "Grid" means that the joint between nameless nails and flesh blocks the pen tube; "Arriving" means that the little finger clings to the ring finger to help. The strength of the five fingers cooperates with each other, holding the pen tube to balance its force.

In addition, the fingers are required to be solid and the palms are empty, the palms are vertical and the wrists are flat, and the wrists and elbows are suspended. In this way, the pen is straight, the operation is easy, and the handwriting is perfect.

Writing is not complicated and profound, just like using chopsticks. Chopsticks are used to put food in your mouth, and writing is used to facilitate writing. When a table of people gather together for dinner, the method of "holding chopsticks" is different, but they are all neatly sandwiched. We think writing is really "uncertain".

Qian Zhenyong (1875-1944), a famous calligrapher in the Republic of China, said in "On Famous Mountains" that "in general, the ancients wrote only for convenience, while today's people write only for difficulty, so I can't help hurting today's stupidity".

Today we will look at how ancient calligraphers hold pens. Let's go through the Millennium and see the "Calligraphy Education Video" at that time.

Characters in the Eastern Han Dynasty

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, most of the brushstrokes were French, and the brushstrokes were open, so there must be a two-finger single hook method. Two-finger or three-finger single hook method can be regarded as a common pen-holding method for literati and folk.

Cang Xie of the Eastern Han Dynasty in Linyi Museum (Part)

In the picture, Cang Xie holds the pen with his left hand, sticks the pen with his thumb tilted, and holds the pen with his four fingers, which is a tubular pen holding method. This pen has a thick front and a thin tail.

"Illustrated Book" of Late Tang Dynasty (Part) Dunhuang Murals

Collection of British Museum

In the picture, the Bodhisattva and his disciples wrote with the method of holding the tube, which may be regarded as the legacy of the popular method of holding the tube in the Han Dynasty.

"Five-finger pen-holding method" is widely used today. All five fingers of the right hand come in handy. Hold the pen steadily with the method of "pressing, pressing, hooking, pushing and stretching" and let the fingers perform their duties.

The specific method of holding the pen is to press one side of the pen holder on the inside of the first book of the thumb, and the thumb is in a slightly horizontal lateral state. Press the pen from the outside to the inside at the first or second joint of the index finger. The middle finger is next to the index finger and hooks the pen. The ring finger is close to the middle finger, and the root of the first nail is close to the pen to resist the pressing force of the index finger and the middle finger. Press the little finger under the inside of the ring finger to help. In this way, the strength of the five fingers evenly surrounds the three sides of the pen, making the pen fixed and the palm empty (see Figure 2).

The same is the five-finger pen-holding method, which forms many forms because of the opening and closing of the hand lattice, whether the pen is held at the fingertip or at the second joint of the finger. The ancients called it "phoenix eye", "tiger's mouth" and "goose's head" and so on.

Jin dynasty writing

The popular writing method in the Eastern Jin Dynasty should be two fingers and one hook. Therefore, the writing method of Wang Xizhi, the book sage, is also very likely to be the two-finger single hook method.

The sculpture of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Western Jin Dynasty was Yongning for two years (302 years).

? Collection of Hunan Provincial Museum

The writing method of this statue is holding the tube, which can be regarded as the continuation of the mainstream writing method in Han Dynasty.

Gu Kaizhi's Illustration of Women's History in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (Part)

Collection of British Museum

In this picture, it is obvious that the thumb and forefinger hold the pen, but it is difficult to determine whether the middle finger does not hold the pen. If we infer from the writing style in Qin Tu written by the same author, the middle finger should not be able to draw a pen, and it can be judged as a two-finger single hook writing style.

Gu Kaizhi's Map of Qin Qin in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (Ⅱ)

The writing style of Gu Kaizhi's "Qin Tu" is obviously manifested in the writing style of two fingers and one hook. The pen he is holding may be a bamboo pen. But the writing method of brush and bamboo pen is probably the same.

? Modern people are generally as follows:

Pillow Wrist Pillow Wrist is a writing method in which the wrist pillow is placed on the desktop or on the back of the left hand. There is also a kind of bamboo called "handrail", which is used to let go and is usually used in summer. Because it is easy to sweat in summer, the sweat on your hands is easy to wet the paper. Because the wrist is smooth on the table, it is suitable for writing small characters or one-inch square middle characters, but it is also difficult to move because the wrist is dead. To write bigger words, you have to write in a hanging bowl.

? Hanging the wrist hanging the wrist is a writing method in which the wrist holding the pen hangs off the desktop and the elbow (the movable part protruding from the joint between the upper arm and the forearm) is still on the desktop. This method has a larger range of wrist movement than the pillow wrist method, and the arm and elbow joint are still on the table, which is relatively stable and can be written in block letters of two or three inches. Write couplets or broken Chinese characters by hanging your elbow.

? Hanging elbows and hanging elbows is a method of writing brush characters with all arms suspended. Because the arm is not on the desk, this method can be used freely, no matter whether it is written in big or small characters. It is the best way to write, and it is also a common method used by calligraphers. Miti, a great calligrapher in the Song Dynasty, even used the elbow hanging method to write fine print, which shows his deep skill. Of course, novices don't have to do this.

Writing in the Southern and Northern Dynasties

The limited brushwork images in figure painting in this period show that the brushwork in the Southern and Northern Dynasties was unified into a single hook brushwork. The writing method reasoning that appeared in the former Jin Dynasty and the later Tang Dynasty must have had the writing method of two fingers and one hook at that time.

It should be noted that most of the limited pen-lifting images in this period are easy to confuse the differences between two-finger, three-finger and four-finger pen-lifting, which not only needs in-depth discussion, but also expects new image data to be found as evidence.

Yang Zihua proofreading book map in Northern Qi Dynasty (II)?

Collection of Boston Art Museum, USA

There is no doubt that the author holds the pen with his thumb and forefinger, but it is difficult to determine whether the middle finger is involved. It is possible to hold the pen with two fingers and three fingers.

When modern people practice brush calligraphy, because they are completely unfamiliar with the performance of the brush, they can first write two or three inches square regular script by hanging their wrists. After a period of practice and a little mastery of brushwork, their hands are slowly under their control, and they can practice by hanging their elbows.

Of course, suddenly my arms are suspended, and it will be difficult to get up. Hands will be numb and sore, just stick to it and it will be solved. Fast is a week, slow is a month. If you are afraid of pain at first, or see that your handwriting is not as good as when your wrist is resting, and put your arm back on the table, it is likely that your arm will never hang up.

There was a calligrapher in the Qing Dynasty. Because I can't get through hanging my elbow, my wrist has been resting on the table when I write calligraphy, and I can't write big characters. So he hung a rope on the roof beam to form a rope loop and wrote his gloves in the loop. It can be seen that it is very troublesome not to hang your elbow.

Writing in Tang dynasty

The writing of this period is basically the same as that of the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties. The writing method is mainly single hook, two-finger single hook and three-finger single hook.

In addition, there are other ways of writing, such as grasping the pipe and taking the top. It should be noted that these images are almost all calligraphy (words), and no handwritten images similar to paintings are found.

Born of Gautama Buddha in the Tang Dynasty (partial)?

Osaka Municipal Art Collection, Japan

This work may be designated as a copy of the Song Dynasty and listed as a painting of the Song Dynasty. But as the image of using a pen, it should be regarded as a phenomenon in the Tang Dynasty.

This is a calligraphy image. In the picture, China officials hold a pen with their thumb and forefinger, and the middle finger, ring finger and little finger touch each other, and the forefinger helps instead of pulling out the pen, which is a typical writing method with two fingers and one hook (single bud).

Don's map (partial)?

Collection of Beijing Palace Museum

This work may have been written by Zhou Wenju in the Five Dynasties. In the picture, the author thinks about books, and his thumb and forefinger can confirm writing, but it is difficult to confirm whether the middle finger can touch the pen, so there are possibilities of two-finger single hook and three-finger single hook.

Japan's "Writing Methods of Buddhist Masters"

1996 was included in Japanese magazine Mo.

Five dynasties writing

The Five Dynasties period inherited the writing tradition of the Tang Dynasty, and the writing method seems to be mainly two-finger single hook method, supplemented by three-finger single hook method.

Li Yu wrote calligraphy in Shushu in the Southern Tang Dynasty, and put forward the "seven-character method" of pressing, hooking, uncovering, resisting, refusing, guiding and sending for the first time, which was related to stirrup.

The author thinks that this view can be used as the theoretical basis of five-finger brushwork, but it does not mean that it is the theory of five-finger brushwork advocated in modern times.

After the Five Dynasties, the autumn patterns of Shu spread the map of Wen Hui.

Collected by the National Palace Museum in Taipei

There are four pen-holding figures in the picture, all of which are single-hooked, but it is difficult to determine whether they are all three-fingered single-hooked.

Song dynasty writing

Song dynasty can be said to be a turning point in writing style.

From a considerable number of calligraphy images in Song Dynasty (figure13.1–13.20), we can see that while inheriting the mainstream calligraphy methods in Tang and Five Dynasties, the double hook calligraphy method gradually appeared.

The most famous writing theory in the Song Dynasty is Su Shi's famous saying, "There is no fixed method for writing, so it should be empty and wide."

Huang Tingjian himself how to use a pen, he said in "On Books", "The method of using a pen, if you want to hook your wrists with both hands and rely on the pen for your ring finger, is powerful."

Song's Anonymous Portrait of Master Ganoderma lucidum (part)?

Japanese Xiannu Temple Collection

This is a typical two-finger single hook writing.

Song Anonymous Eighteen Bachelor Degree Map (Part)

In the picture, the author holds the pen with his thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger and little finger bent without holding the pen, which is a typical three-finger double hook pen holding method.

Lu Xinzhong and Wang Zhiyi in Song Dynasty (Part)

This picture holds the author's index finger single hook, the middle finger bends with the name finger, and the little finger does not touch the pen. It is a typical double-finger single hook method.

Yuan dynasty writing

Just as the Yuan Dynasty lived in the historical position between the Song and Ming Dynasties, the brushwork of the Yuan Dynasty also belonged to the transitional period in which the first two-finger single hook was superior to the three-finger double hook and the last three-finger double hook was superior to the two-finger single hook, and a new situation appeared in which the two brushwork styles of the two-finger single hook and the three-finger double hook were alternately parallel.

Yuan Anonymous (formerly known as Lu Zhongxin) is one of the top ten kings of the earth.

? Collection of Yongyuan Temple in Japan

In this picture, the author uses the double hook method of index finger and middle finger. The little finger obviously does not have a stylus, and the name refers to bending, so it does not have a stylus when bending, so it is judged as the three-finger double hook method.

Zhang Yuanhe's "Li Jiuge" (partial)?

Collection of Jilin Provincial Museum

This picture should be written as a two-finger single hook with thumb and forefinger held together.

Writing in Ming dynasty

Xiang Shengmo's Self-Portrait in Ming Dynasty (I)

? Wengwangezang, New Hampshire

Xiang Shengmo was a famous painter and calligrapher in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. The writing method of selfie is that the thumb and forefinger are held together, and the middle finger, ring finger and little finger are idle and don't pick up the pen, which is a typical two-finger single hook writing method.

Mingming's Anonymous Ying Ying Festival (Part)

Collection of Liaoning Museum

On the left side of this picture, the writer holds the pen with his thumb, forefinger and middle finger, while the ring finger and little finger are idle and do not stick to the pen, which is a typical three-finger double hook pen holding method. The author on the right should write the same pen, which is the same as the three-finger double hook pen, but the angle is different, so it is difficult to judge whether the ring finger and the little finger are stylus pens. According to the overall situation of writing in the Ming Dynasty, it can be seen that the ring finger and the little finger should not be able to brush.

Writing in Qing dynasty

The emergence of brushwork or the excavation and inheritance of traditional brushwork, such as two-finger single hook, three-finger single hook and three-finger double hook; Or advocate the method of four fingers and five fingers close together; Or create your own methods, for example, He Ji Shao changed to wrist memorization in his later years.

Therefore, it can be seen from the calligraphy images in the works of fine arts in the Qing Dynasty that various calligraphy methods coexist in this era, which is the most free and diverse period in the history of calligraphy.

There is no money in the portrait of Emperor Qianlong in Qing Dynasty.

Collection of Beijing Palace Museum

Emperor Qianlong is not only an accomplished emperor, but also likes calligraphy very much. Many of his inscriptions and handwriting have been left in world-famous scenic spots. Therefore, as an emperor and calligrapher, his writing is very representative. As can be seen from this work, Gan Long's writing style should belong to the method of three fingers and one hook.

Map of Mid-Autumn Festival in Guan Peng, Ding Qing (part)?

Collection of Beijing Palace Museum

Ding, a famous court painter in the Qing Dynasty, once painted the image of writing Mid-Autumn Post, and the brushwork was two fingers and one hook. This writing is the two-finger single hook method.

Wrist writing on the back of the sun

Japanese calligraphers imitate He's brush strokes.

Writing in the Republic of China

From the analysis of the related pen images in the Republic of China, the pen use in the Republic of China is different from the parallel phenomenon of various pen use methods in the Qing Dynasty. The pen use with three fingers and two hooks and flat wrists and five fingers is the mainstream pen use method, and the pen use with one hook is less and less.

At the same time, some people adopted the palm vertical five-finger writing method. The single hook brushwork is an extinct brushwork, and the vertical palm and five fingers brushwork is a newly developed brushwork. However, these two methods are still a few phenomena compared with the three-finger double hook and flat wrist five-finger brushwork.

Zheng wrote.

Zheng (1860- 1938), a famous calligrapher, used to be the Prime Minister and Minister of Culture and Education of the Puppet Manchukuo. He held a pen with his thumb and middle finger, and it was difficult to judge whether his ring finger and little finger refused to write. If they refuse, it is the four-finger double hook method, if they don't refuse, it is the three-finger double hook method.

Luo Zhenyu wrote.

Luo Zhenyu (1866- 1940), a famous archaeologist and epitaph, kept his wrists and arms on the table, so he should write with his palms up and his fingers together.

Modern and contemporary writing

After experiencing the diversification of calligraphy and painting in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, 1949 entered a new era.

In this era, it can be said that the pen lifting has undergone earth-shaking changes, that is, the five-finger pen lifting method has gained unprecedented recognition and popularization, and it has become the mainstream pen lifting method for the first time since records began.

So that modern ordinary citizens only know that only the five-finger brushwork is the most orthodox, excellent and widespread brushwork since ancient times.

Modern typical five-finger writing method

This is the double cover of Bazaar 2065 438+00-2065 438+00. The figure in the picture holds a pen with five fingers, which is modern and popular.

Fengxiang clay sculpture painting pen

Extraordinary search (20 12.6. 12) "Hope from mud-Shaanxi Fengxiang clay sculpture self-help tour guide" with photos. The pens of two old artists are all single-hook pens. Is it traditional or convenient?

Shu Tong wrote.

Mr. Shu Tong is the first chairman of China Calligraphers Association, and his calligraphy is known as "Shu Tong Style". It can be seen from this photo of Shu Tong that Shu Tong used the method of three fingers and two hooks when writing a book.

Start working and writing.

Mr. Qi Gong was the chairman and honorary chairman of China Calligraphers Association, the chairman of the National Cultural Relics Appraisal Committee, the curator of central research institute of culture and history and the president of Xiling Printing Society. These prominent positions in the industry show the importance of writing research.

Qi Lao and Shen are very similar in writing. Although he advocates five-finger writing, he often uses two-finger double hook method when writing. From the two images selected by Mr. Qi Gong, it can be clearly seen that his ring finger and little finger are not pasted with a pen, and they play the role of "guiding".

Lin Sanzhi wrote.

Lin Sanzhi is a great calligrapher, who is known as the "sage of grass" in the contemporary era. In his later years, he used the traditional three-finger single hook method, which is common with modern hard pen law enforcement.

Pens can write.

This is an old photo of Confucius' second-hand book marketing (photo by Shao Yan), which is said to have been published in1986165438+10 in the People's Political Consultative Conference Daily.

The photo records the cooperation between old painters with pens in the 1980s. Careful observation shows that about two of them are single hooks (three fingers), two are double hooks (three fingers), and the other three are double hooks or five-finger pens (four fingers double hooks), which is difficult to determine. Although the painter painted more casually than the calligrapher wrote, it also showed that the writing method was not uniform at that time.

Therefore, modern and contemporary calligraphy should be divided into two parts, with the aim of taking Chinese mainland Chinese Cultural District as the unit, because this is the area where the five-finger calligraphy method is widely popular; On the other hand, non-five-finger writing is popular in Hongkong, Taiwan Province and some minority areas.

There is no popular five-finger writing method in Hong Kong and Taiwan, which proves from one side that the popular history of five-finger writing method is short.

I searched the photos of famous painters and painters in Hong Kong and Taiwan writing and painting on the Internet, and found that their writing situation can be said to be a copy of the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, with two fingers, three fingers, four fingers and five fingers in a pluralistic state.

Li wrote.

Born in 1925, Li is a famous international ink painter in Taiwan Province Province. At present, he is the chairman of the Confucius Institute in China and the Ethical Education Society in China, and the "Professor Li Art Foundation" was established in San Jose University. San Francisco, USA, designated October 29th as Li Day every year, becoming the first person in the Republic of China to receive this honor. Its brushwork is three-finger single hook brushwork.

Liang Jiehua wrote.

Liang Jiehua, a famous figure painter in Hong Kong, writes with three fingers and one hook.

Shen's writing.

Shen emphasized in "Calligraphy Essays": "Five-character calligraphy is the only tool suitable for arm physiology-the expression of brush."

He wrote in "Five-character Writing Method": Calligraphers have always had different opinions on writing methods, and I only admit that one of them is correct because it is reasonable, that is, the five-character writing method handed down by two kings in the Tang Dynasty and elaborated by Lu Xisheng.

The cover of the French post published by Zhonghua Book Company.

A calligrapher who especially advocates five-finger writing uses photos written obliquely by the author's three fingers.