Introduction to the Scraping Movement/KLOC-In the second half of the 9th century, the American commodity economy was highly developed, and capitalism moved from free competition to monopoly. Hundreds of economic giants control the economic lifeline of the United States. In order to consolidate this monopoly position, they simply ignored the interests of domestic employees, persecuted the public interest abroad, and pursued the business philosophy of "Only I can make a fortune, and let the public interest go to hell", which aroused strong dissatisfaction and criticism from public opinion. More than 2,000 articles exposed industry scandals and formed the famous "dung movement" (also known as the "ugly movement") in modern American history. American President theodore roosevelt ridiculed the exposure at that time. This is also the origin of the name of this sport. The shady struggle at that time promoted a series of reforms of the American government and left a far-reaching impact on later generations. Today, many journalists and editors still follow in the footsteps of pioneers and make unremitting efforts to improve this society. After the Civil War, the liberated slaves and millions of immigrants put into mechanized mass production, and the American economy developed rapidly. Economic development has not benefited the public, wealth is highly concentrated, capitalists monopolize the market and collude with corrupt officials. In the process of creating wealth, America seems to be in danger of losing its soul. Industrialization has prompted a large number of rural laborers to flood into cities, and the old urban management system can't adapt to the development of big cities, bringing many new problems. At that time, the central government under the loose federal government system was weak and at the mercy of state governments and large industrial enterprises. Enterprise disputes, labor disputes and urban-rural contradictions cannot be resolved. Finally, those intellectuals with conscience mercilessly exposed these social problems. The newspaper industry has created a broad stage for these people. Low-cost and popular mass magazines and newspapers have a wide readership, and shady articles are closely related to the people and become the focus of people's attention. The attention of ordinary citizens, the sense of responsibility of shady reporters and the loose platform provided by popular magazines gave birth to the vigorous dung scraping movement in the decade from 1903 to 19 12. The position of "Scraping Dung Movement" —— Macclure magazine: the participants in the bridgehead movement are journalists. The operators of popular newspapers also played a role in fueling the situation, such as Samuel S. McLuley, the founder of McLuley, which is considered to be the first magazine of the dung scraping movement (1857 ~ 1949). Macclure was born in Ireland, and his experience of emigrating to the United States with his family and Lincoln's assassination left an indelible impression on him. Macclure was born in 1893. Taking advantage of the unemployed workers' demand for low-priced magazines in the economic crisis, Macclure was published at a low price of 15 cents. Macclure put forward various ideas, and his friend John Phillips put some of them into practice. The core content of each issue of the magazine is to expose the shady work of "dung raking" workers. Many famous shady articles come from this magazine, such as Lincoln Steffens's series of reports on urban corruption. Macclure believes that the public has the right and even the obligation to know this. For shady people, the dung scraping movement, as a struggle for democratic rights, is a "moral war". They think that their work is equivalent to their parents' struggle against slavery. The common aspiration unites these people. Under the effective leadership of Macclure, the magazine's works have always maintained a certain level. Some people call these writers "the most talented employees in new york journals". In issue 1903, the magazine published Lincoln Steffens's The Shame of Minneapolis, Eda Tabell's The History of Mobil Oil Company: 1872 Oil War and Ray Baker's Right to Work, which sounded the horn of the climax of shady campaign. These three articles mercilessly exposed American society from the political, commercial and labor fields, and the authors of these articles were regarded as important figures in the shady exposure movement. Macclure published an editorial calling on people to uphold the law. "Government officials and capitalists are violating the law in collusion, and the ultimate price is our freedom." During the hottest decade of the movement, Macclure had a monthly circulation of more than 3 million copies, which was very impressive compared with the United States with a population of only 78 million at that time. Lincoln Steffens Lincoln Steffens, the hero of the dung scraping movement, was born in 1866. He was the editor-in-chief of Macclure at 190 1, and then transferred to a journalist to personally investigate the shady situation of urban corruption. His articles published in Macclure continuously exposed the corruption and scandals of government officials in St. Lewis, Minneapolis and Chicago, which caused a strong social sensation. He said, "Let every city represent a certain type of urban corruption" and choose St. Lewis to reflect the bribery problem; Minneapolis exposed the widespread police corruption in the city; All the citizens of Philadelphia have degenerated to the point where they are willing to give up their voting rights. Stephens used a lot of first-hand information, and his writing was catchy, compact and full of suspense, which was deeply loved by readers. A large number of readers sought after his articles, which not only promoted the best-selling of the magazine, but also made the citizens know more about the corruption in the city at that time, and people began to think about the roots and harm of these corruptions. Because of this, people regard him as the "leader" of the shady exposure movement and the "American journalist who opened the lid of hell". ▲ Eda Tabell Eda Tabell, born in 1857, was familiar with various events in the industry since she was a child because her father was engaged in oil exploration, and was later invited to join Macclure. In The History of Mobil Oil Company: The Oil War of 1872, she exposed the espionage and even terrorist acts of Mobil Company in the oil monopoly war, including controlling the railways where competitors exported oil, raising prices, imposing heavy taxes, obstructing or even destroying the shipment of competitors' products, and coercing competitors' sellers to cancel orders. Tabell's articles are informative and infectious. She spent five years investigating, only wrote 15, and finally compiled the History of Mobil Oil Company. In the end, the US government sued Mobil Oil Company and 70 related enterprises according to the anti-monopoly law of 1880, and then the Supreme Court ruled that the prosecution took effect in May of 19l 1. 1922, The New York Times listed Ada Tabell as one of "12 great women living in the United States". ▲ upton sinclair upton sinclair was born in 1878 and later became an active socialist. 1906, Sinclair finished the novel Jungle and serialized it in Qiushi, which increased the magazine circulation to 175000. Based on the tragic life of Lithuanian farmer Eugis and the slaughter industry in the United States, the novel reflects all aspects of American style and social problems in the early 20th century. The food industry and its poor sanitary conditions reflected in the novel angered the people. After reading this novel, President theodore roosevelt promoted the passage of the Pure American Food and Drug Administration Act. Sinclair is more like a socialist. In the 30 years after 1906, Sinclair continued to write many novels that exposed the dark side of capitalism, such as Coal King (19 17), in which Colorado coal miners went on strike. More and more intellectuals exposed the shady movement and wrote many influential articles. For example, in March issue of cosmopolitan, 1906, David Graham Phillips named more than 20 senators such as Nelson aldridge in treason in the Senate, which was extremely pungent and full of "treason". 19 12 A constitutional amendment was successfully passed, and the right to directly elect senators was finally returned to the people. The tentacles of unannounced reporters are all over life, and their accusations are meticulous, direct and ruthless. They found all kinds of problems. Everyone has cited the achievements of journalists who have been exposed: "The operating mechanism of the insurance industry is more perfect, banks are adding new preventive measures, advertisements are basically true, adulteration of food and drugs has been suppressed, and public transport companies are more concerned about people's lives and safety. Political bigwigs are no longer in sight, and all cities and counties are committed to building a clean government. Vulnerable groups are protected. " Historians call the era of shady disclosure the period of cleaning cobwebs and dust from worn-out furniture. After 1906, the flag publications of this movement were successively acquired by conservative enterprise groups, and in fact the movement to uncover the black market ended. However, in the 1960s and 1970s, investigative reporting, a variant of shady reporting, became popular, and the greatest achievement was Washington post's report on Watergate. 1985, Pulitzer Prize for Journalism established investigative journalism award. Although the vigorous shady exposure movement ended in vain, it had far-reaching influence and positive social effect. It not only promoted the awakening of American civic consciousness, but also made the concept of public opinion supervision deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, and finally created an investigative newspaper in the modern sense.