Cultural connotation of 1 Duroc pig breed

The blood relationship of Duroc pigs can be traced back to 1493, when Columbus went to the West, he brought eight African Guinea red-haired pigs.

/kloc-In the first half of the 9th century, raising red-haired pigs in New England in North America became a common practice, forming three red-haired pig populations: ① Jersey Red of New Jersey; (2) producing dry red-haired Duroc pigs in New York; ③ Red Berkshire 0F0C0 Connecticut, Connecticut.

1883, these three kinds of pigs were officially named Duroc-Jersey Pig, 189 1 was called Duroc for short after the establishment of the National Duroc Pig Association.

By then, 23 families will have 5,020,000 purebred pigs.

From the origin analysis, it has three lineages from Africa (Guinea), Europe (Red Baxter pig) and Asia (Red Baxter pig with Asian pig gene), with rich genetic basis and wide selection.

Duroc pig is widely used in the world because of its fast growth rate, low feed-to-weight ratio and strong physique. It is the most widely used hybrid male parent today.

The best Duroc boar on the international market costs $32,000.

Due to the rich genetic basis, Duroc pigs quickly changed their breeding direction from fat type (figure 1) to lean type (figure 2) in the second half of last century.

The reason why Duroc pig stands out from the world pig breeding forest and can become the world's first hybrid male parent is that it has cultivated reserve pigs that keep pace with the times.

Taking Waldo original breeding pig farm as an example, the selection of breeding in this pig farm increased the selection of gene markers on the basis of BLUP.

SNP markers used in dnA detection and seed selection in this field include NCR298ASN (promoting growth), NC4R298ASP (promoting lean meat deposition), HMGA 1 (promoting lean meat deposition), CCKAR (promoting appetite and growth), PRKAG3 (improving meat color and meat quality) and CAST protease site (improving juiciness and tenderness).

Up to now, a total of growing pigs 189 56O, breeding pigs 942 1, 2 300 carcasses and meat samples 1 26O have been detected in this farm, which can be seen from its breeding workload.

Judging from the breeding results, the best Duroc boar in this farm only needs 108 d to reach 100Kg weight! (about 123 days old L 12.5kg) is the highest in the world.

Duroc pig was introduced to China as early as 1936. It was introduced by the great leader Mr. Xu Zhenying, but it did not form a scale.

During the period of 1936 ~ 197 1 in China, the imported breeds were mainly Yorkshire and Baksha, and only Mr. Xu introduced Duroc pigs.

A batch of recorded Duroc breeding pigs.

In l972, American President Jackson brought Duroc breeding pigs from China, which started the development of Duroc pigs in China.

Since then, the number of Duroc breeding pigs imported from China has been increasing, and now it has basically spread all over pig-raising areas in China provinces.

2 China's existing breeding technology and breeding concept of reserve pigs

The breeding quantity of pure Duroc pigs in China is increasing continuously, and 300 sows and breeding groups with pedigree above 1O are almost all over the country, and are continuously introduced from the United States, Canada, Denmark and other countries in batches every year.

Duroc pig is the most widely used hybrid male parent in our circle, and its quality directly affects the production performance and economic benefits of commercial generations.

The quality of a breeding pig will affect at least 500 commercial pigs.

Duroc's influence on his ancestors increased geometrically.

Because the national unified breeding has not yet been formed, it is difficult for Xin to give full play to the advantages of various breeding software (such as He Shepherd) for a while.

Waldo Company of the United States and seven joint-venture pig farms in Anhui, North, Chongqing, Fujian, Heilongjiang, Guangdong and Guizhou of China will incorporate China Duroc pig breeding technology into the herdsmen's breeding plan. However, judging from all Duroc pig farms in China,

The overall level is still in the primary stage of individual selection.

At present, individual selection is not only of great significance to small population breeding.

In addition, relevant measurement parameters can be integrated into GBS or herdsman software for future joint breeding.

This requires breeding technicians to accurately judge and judge the genetic quality of the standby sows to be selected.

Early selection (before the age of 70 days) is often neglected in the traditional breeding concept in China, which leads to a large number of 70-day-old boars being eliminated for economic reasons.

The remaining boars are often misjudged but do not have top breeding value.

Therefore, I suggest a primary election at the age of 28, similar to the sea election of film and television stars.

The 28-day-old boars should not be eliminated at the age of 7 O, and the live weight 10o ~ L 14kg should be measured as much as possible before making a decision to ensure the accuracy of seed selection.

This method is consistent with the most advanced breeding farm in the world today.

Considering the national conditions of China, the quantity and quality of the 28-year-old finalists is a key step in the primary election.

As far as Duroc pig breeding is concerned,

The key issues of specific seed selection are as follows:

2. 1 main weight

The birth weight of Duroc pig is the highest among all breeds.

The birth weight of modern imported Duroc pigs is about 65438 07 kg (initial production) and 65438 0.8 kg (economic production).

American counterparts like natural 4 kg pigs (about 1.8 kg).

The latest version of Duroc pig has a birth weight of 2.0 ~ 2? 5 kg is not rare.

Birth weight is the inevitable result of breeding in the direction of large size and rapid growth.

The birth weight of offspring of excellent boars often falls within 1.8 ~ 2? Between 5 k g.

Many colleagues are worried that offspring will accumulate this kind of big fetal trait, which will lead to dystocia of offspring sows.

At present, the problem of quasi-delivery of Du Longfan's primiparous sows has been reported from time to time, but the analysis of the reasons is extremely inconsistent.

There is still no relationship between fetal size and dystocia

Constitute an inevitable causal relationship.

There are not a few large-sized piglets that give birth naturally.

In order to reduce the loss of dystocia, reasonable feeding Duroc sows is an important means to prevent dystocia.

New Duroc sows began to estrus for the first time at about 7 months old (see table 1). When mating in estrus for the second time, its weight should be above 15O kg, which is much larger than the first mating weight of traditional Duroc sows (125 kg) and its bones are much larger. Therefore, the new Duroc sow should not be restricted before estrus, but should be in L2.

Some late-maturing Duroc queens

Sows won't have their first love until after 8 months old, when their weight is close to or even more than 20Jin (Figure 3), so it is very likely that such an individual will give birth to a big fetus of more than 2 Jin.

Among the excellent strains introduced at present, they are often in the head nests of these sows.

Choose the outstanding little doll among the piglets.

2.2 Weight and Primary Selection of 28-day-old Individuals

Traditional Duroc piglets weigh 7.5~8.5 kg at 28 days, but modern Duroc pigs have improved this trait to 8? O~ 1 1。 Ok.

The best (individual) achievement of Anhui Antai Breeding Pig Company in 2008 reached l4.6 (Figure 4).

1) 4-week-old male piglets whose weight exceeds the average +2 times the standard deviation should be closed twice.

Heart, can gradually carry out human-pig affinity training (Figure 5), in order to do a good job of follow-up investigation and observation.

The higher the uniformity, the more reliable the estimated breeding value of boars is.

2) Variety characteristics: The requirements basically conform to Duroc's body shape and coat color.

The coat color is normal from gold-reddish brown-reddish brown-dark brown (close to black, this coat color has stripes at birth).

There is also a small group of white Duroc in the United States, which is considered purebred.

Careful observation of Duroc pigs will reveal that quite a few Duroc have white spots on their noses, which are as small as mung beans and grow up to be like pecans.

This is a characteristic handed down by his ancestor, Baksha with red hair. Unfortunately, some domestic producers have condemned and eliminated many excellent "white nose" Duroc pigs as impure breeds.

3) Preliminary identification of reproductive related traits: Are nipples arranged neatly (Figure 6)? Do you have anything above l4? Is there a single testicular or scrotal hernia? Individuals with reproductive disorders should be strictly eliminated.

4) Preliminary identification of congenital quadriplegia: one foot touching the ground and two hooves ... one is recessive genetic defect of Duroc pig.

This deformed hoof shape is more common in dogs with muscular muscles and fat hind hips.

This kind of deformed hoof is already obvious at the age of 28 days. When the weight exceeds 90 kg, paralysis, limping and loss of the ability of western species begin to appear, which should be eliminated as soon as possible.

2.3 Weight and seed selection of 70-day-old individuals

The weight of suckling pigs at the age of 70 days should be above 3l ~ 33kg (seasonal difference of 2kg).

In 2008, the best Duroc boar in Anhui Antai Company reached 49 kg, indicating that the long-speed level of breeding pigs has been opened at this stage, and there is a great choice.

At this point, it is a critical moment to choose the heir of purebred boars, and the key points of choice are:

1) Weight: In general, breeding pigs should be kept above 35kg as far as possible to ensure that l53~l56 d can reach 1 14 k g live weight, which is the level that the latest version of the original Duroc fine breeding pigs should reach in 2OO8.

2) Body shape: At this time, the appearance characteristics of the well-grown and strong pig Han are mostly tall skeleton, slender and stretched without heavy feeling (far less beautiful than the short and muscular pig), and at first glance it is a bit thin.

If you don't look at the weight measurement records and have no practical experience, it is easy to miss the good pig.

3) The external genitalia should be strictly controlled: at this stage, the external genitalia characteristics of boars are not obviously exposed.

The most common defect is the long foreskin.

The probability of Duroc pigs over-packaging is much higher than that of Landrace, Large White and Hampton pigs.

Hernia of boars and abnormal extra-small vulva (everted vulva) of sows have been obviously exposed at this age and should be eliminated.

4) About 0. The probability that individuals of pure Duroc pigs have vertical earlobe variation is 1% (Figure 7), which should be excluded.

Whether vertical ear variation is due to gene mutation or homozygosity of its ancestor vertical ear recessive gene in Red Berkshire needs further study.

2.4 Selection of growth period (70 days old, one estrus).

Modern Duroc pigs tend to be large and mature late, but gain weight very quickly.

Long speed is the first choice for reserve pigs.

At present, the excellent terminal paternal level of Duroc pigs is l53-day-old ll4 kg live weight, and the international best level is l32-day-old 1l4 kg live weight.

The best individual for 2OO8 is 123 days ll4 kg (equivalent to 108 days 100kg live weight).

The corresponding adult boar is 2 14 cm (live weight is about 630 kg).

At present, the average growth rate of Duroc pigs in China is about 179 days old, reaching 1 14 kg live weight, which is 24 d worse than that in the United States.

The feeding cost of a big fat pig for 24 days is about 100 ~ 150 yuan RMB.

It can be seen that the selection quality of Duroc breeding boars can produce a profit difference of100 ~1500,000 yuan per year for a ten thousand pig farm.

Meiyuan pays attention to the choice of daily weight gain in the growing period because the growth rate is the most effective character to improve the ratio of feed to weight, turnover rate and economic benefit.

It is also the main technical lever in the strategy of raising pigs quickly.

Whether seed selection is in place during the growing period is the most critical and final measure to determine the breeding effect.

This is the biggest gap between China Duroc pig breeding and American Duroc pig breeding.

Mainly in two aspects:

First, the 70-day-old China Duroc breeding pigs are basically determined, and many potential breeding pigs have been sold before they can perform.

It's good that the reserve breeding pigs can have 1.3: 1.

In the United States, this ratio can be 5: L, which is a measure of the performance of the whole group.

Second, measure the differences of ideas.

Influenced by traditional ideas, Duroc breeding pigs in China have adopted different degrees of feeding restriction, in order to prevent sows from being overweight and reduce limb and hoof diseases.

As we all know, the modern version of lean pigs are often late-maturing, and the storage period is afraid that lack of fat will lead to lack of love and mismatch.

For limb and hoof disease, the author made a special trip in three different seasons (5 ~10℃ in early spring; 20 ~ 32℃ in early summer; 5 ~ 25℃ in late autumn) visited the core breeding group of 1 1 American typical reserve, from Ohio in the east, Nebraska in the west, Kansas in the south and Minnesota in the north.

The farm I went to was basically unrestricted, but no limb and hoof disease and dystocia were found.

Then why is limb and hoof disease prone to occur in domestic breeding farms without feeding? By comparing the feeding methods of reserve pigs in European breeding farms, the author found that the key lies in the structure of pig houses.

European and American-style reserve piggery has a sports field of 6 ~ 2 o meters (see Figure 8 and Figure 9). It is the carefree exercise of reserve pigs that improves limbs and feet and promotes growth.

There is basically no playground in the domestic reserve pig house, and breeding pigs are raised like fat pigs. If they grow fast and weigh a lot, their limbs and hooves will get sick.

In order to prevent hoof disease, food restriction is used to correct it.

The hoof disease was prevented, the daily weight gain decreased, and the fast-growing individuals with the best genetic potential had no chance to appear and were eliminated. This is the crux of China's failure in seed selection.

How do the existing breeding farms in China solve this problem? In the breeding pig farm of Anhui Antai Company, the author tried to get all the reserve pigs to 13300 m2 by the breeder in the morning and evening! The (20 mu) sports ground is active twice, and it has been fed indefinitely since childhood.

Through this method, the limb and hoof disease of the reserve pig was eliminated, and the reserve boar 1 head with 123 days old and sound limbs was bred (figure 10).

6-month-old reserve pigs should have the following reference records as far as possible: birth weight, 28-day-old weight, 70-day-old weight, day-old l 14 kg, body length (at this time, it should reach L35 ~ 145 cm), paternal or maternal index of father, paternal or maternal index of mother, fattening performance (feed-to-weight ratio) of siblings, carcass measurement performance of siblings, etc.

Need measurement data for fruit setting and herder software registration.

The more detailed the reference record, the more accurate the seed selection. When the reserve pigs reach sexual maturity, the qualification for seed retention can be confirmed.

At this time, the reserve boar should have the following external characteristics: big eyes, straight nose, wide mouth and drooping ears.

Small, tusks sprouting like winter bamboo shoots, full of foam like beer, and the neck ridge is fuller and grander than Spanish bullfighting. The shoulders are wide and thick, like heavy armor, and the deep chest ribs and the front shoulders form a triangular figure. The round shoulder protrudes from the arch curve of the foot, the foreskin under the shaft is tight, the testicles are abduction after the tail ring (Duroc pig testicles are much larger than other breeds), and the limbs are stout. At this time, the corresponding sow has big eyes, beautiful nose and mouth, round and dignified face and delicate neck.

Shoulders plump but not bloated, broad back and waist.

Round ribs and deep chest, big belly does not fall (sow avoid thin waist! ), the waist length is not collapsed, the abdomen line is slender, and the nipple 7 is aligned and not messy.

The egg is round and big, plump and open, the vulva is big and drooping, the limbs are strong, the gait is elegant, the overall curve is round, and it is not arrogant. I can tell at a glance that you are a genius.

3 environmental differences control

The Origin of Duroc Pig The climate of New England in the United States is equivalent to that of Heilongjiang Province in China.

At present, Duroc pig producing areas in the United States are concentrated in the western corn belt, and the climate in this area is equivalent to that in Beijing, China.

Therefore, Duroc pigs are best suited to the natural conditions of short summer and long winter. Adult pigs like cold and fear heat. As a pig farm in the north of the United States, Duroc pregnant sows can often be seen snoring freely in the snow during the day, and snoring sweetly in the simple shed with air leakage around at night.

Duroc pigs in rainy season and long summer in high temperature and humidity areas of South China

This season shows a considerable degree of inadaptability.

The excellent Duroc growing pigs with fast growth genes can not exert their genetic potential.

Under the condition of high temperature and high humidity, the "best" Duroc pig needs more than 18O d to approach 1OO kg, with flat body and large skin folds.

Such Duroc pigs have neither breeding value nor market value.

It can be seen that high temperature is the biggest environmental factor that interferes with Duroc pig breeding.

In order to ensure the stability of the breeding environment of Duroc growing pigs, farms in the south should adopt fully enclosed water curtain ventilation pigsty to raise reserve pigs to cool down and avoid mosquitoes in high temperature season, while farms in the north can flexibly set juice, follow the example of American reserve pigsty, and add puddles in the sports ground to let the pigs roll in the mud when they are hot, which can not only cool down but also prevent mosquitoes.

4 blue collar and white collar

The owners of Duroc original seed farm in the United States mostly come from animal husbandry classes or undergraduate courses or master's or doctor's degrees.

Usually, the boss will hire L ~ 3 breeding doctors or consultants to form a breeding echelon to coordinate the daily breeding work.

They spend about one-third of their time in piggery for determination and selection, two-thirds of their time in office and laboratory for processing records and simple routine physical and chemical determination (meat quality determination, genome determination and protein group determination with the help of universities), and one-third of their time attending domestic and foreign pig breeding and business meetings to communicate with their peers.

In this way, we can have a good understanding of the breeding and marketing of each breeding pig, and at the same time have a good understanding of the market, and we can adjust the proportion of keeping seeds and selling them at home.

This model of white-collar breeding is worth learning.

At present, the division of labor between blue-collar and white-collar workers in a Duroc breeding farm in China is too fine, and the epidemic prevention system is escalating day by day. White-collar workers basically don't go into the pigsty, only process report data in the office building, and are busy reporting projects and socializing from time to time.

Over time, it is getting farther and farther away from the live pigs and getting closer and closer to the wine and meat feast.

Can't concentrate on the court.

Results The formula, pedigree and liquor concentration were often forgotten, the selection intensity was wrong, the number of gifts representing the summit was calculated incorrectly, and the genetic parameters were wrong, which could identify the authenticity of brand cigarettes and confuse the first-line data.

As the main executor of breeding, white-collar workers in pig farms can only find young pigs if they go deep into the front line of reserve pig production and get along with pigs day and night.

The dynamic growth speed inspired the inspiration of seed selection, brewed a premonition of advanced breeding methods, and condensed the feelings of front-line breeding workers.

On the other hand, the proportion of blue-collar workers in the front line of original breeding farms in China is low, and personnel are frequently transferred, so the speed of professional training can't keep up with the speed of transfer.

Management pressure caused by personnel changes and systematic errors in determining traits are the main reasons for random variance in the calculation of genetic parameters of breeding population.

Of course, not all domestic farms have the above problems.

Some pig farms with advanced concepts have emerged a number of white-collar workers who have gone deep into pig houses.

When you meet and shake hands with this generation, you can immediately smell that there is a "pig fragrance" around the beam for three days. The newcomers must be blue-collar workers.

Pieces.

As the saying goes, an expert knows with one hand whether there is one.

Therefore, China Duroc Pig Breeding Farm urgently needs to establish a stable and specialized breeding technology echelon.

5 endurance and quick decision-making

The lasting strategic direction of pig breeding and the rapid decision of breeding technology are the basic guarantee for the success of breeding.

Persistence is a necessary condition for cultivating any pig breed.

A famous pig breed can only succeed through the efforts of several generations or even more than ten generations.

Duroc pig, like Landrace pig and other popular breeds, has a tortuous history of cultivation, popularization and improvement for hundreds of years.

It has been nearly 30 years since Duroc pigs began to form breeding groups in China in 1980s, and the population size and quality have made great progress.

China has become a big breeding country for Duroc breeding pigs.

1993 the establishment of China Duroc pig breeding technical cooperation group is a milestone in the history of China Duroc pig breeding, which has been 1 5 years.

In this primary stage of organized breeding, many excellent Duroc reserve breeding pigs have emerged in China, and excellent individuals have also emerged in all previous breeding pig competitions in the past decade.

Anhui, Hebei, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shanghai and other provinces and cities have introduced new Duroc reserve pigs from the old places in the United States many times. These reserve stone sauces have the latest genetic progress and played a positive role in improving the quality level of Duroc breeding pigs in China.

We must be soberly aware that it will take a long historical period for China to change from a big pig breeding country in Duroc to a strong one.

Take NWaldo Farm, the largest Duroc breeding pig company in the United States, as an example, which is owned by the current farm.

MaxWa 1d's grandfather started breeding Duroc pigs from 1895, and now all the children passed on to Max have raised one pig breed for four generations.

The ideal gene accumulation of this kind of breeding pig can be imagined.

In the United States, there are countless Duroc breeding farms, which reflects the persistence of breeding.

The age of Duroc breeding pig farms in China is mostly around 10 years old, and few of them are over 20 years old, belonging to the level of one or half generations. There is still a long way to go to implement the breeding strategy.

As a world brand, the selection direction of Duroc reserve pig is a long-term strategy that runs through many years and must remain relatively stable.

What is the breeding direction of the modern original Duroc? Author Waldo

After repeated discussions, Mr. Wang (figure 1 1) and Dr. Socha, a senior breeding expert at 1, reached a consensus that the highest yield and the fastest length of high-quality lean meat should adapt to the trend of raising pigs and raising fast pigs under the situation of world energy crisis.

In order to cooperate with this main direction, the breeding of reserve pigs must emphasize strong limbs, tall and slender physique and reproductive performance of primiparous sows, especially lactation ability (to ensure the early growth of piglets).

This established direction needs decades of efforts to become clear.

The implementation of sustainable development strategy depends on the rapid decision-making of power generation renewal. At present, many breeding farms still use the traditional technology of keeping seeds for the second child, which delays the progress of seed selection.

There are two reasons why the second child stays in seed: one is that the concept is outdated; Secondly, the breeding conditions of reserve pigs are not good. Due to the restriction of feeding, the weight reserve of gilts and their fetuses is insufficient, and it is difficult to express excellent genes after the growth rate is blocked.

In view of the above reasons, we should decisively adopt the unrestricted feeding strategy for the current breeding core group, seize the opportunity to retain the first-class seeds, and speed up the breeding progress.

In the new century, the competition in Duroc breeding pig industry is extremely fierce, even in China, which is crowded with people.

If the concept is deep, the strategy can be far-reaching; Only when technology is advanced can tactics be advanced, and only when advanced ideas and technology are combined can we have confidence in holding Duroc's breeding spike.

For reference only, please learn by yourself.

I hope it helps you.